Advances in food-producing systems for arid and semi-arid lands / A

Front Cover......Page 1
Advances in Food-Producing Systems for Arid and Semiarid Lands......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 6
Contributors for Parts A and B......Page 10
Preface......Page 14
Contents for Part Β......Page 16
Keynote Address......Page 18
CHAPTER 1. FOOD AND RESOURCE NEEDS OF THE WORLD......Page 20
The Population Explosion......Page 22
Food Production Increases......Page 24
The Poor in Low-income Countries......Page 26
The World Food Crisis of the 1970s......Page 27
Population vs . Food Production Potential......Page 29
Food Production Stability and Food Reserves......Page 31
Food Production and Rising Energy Costs......Page 32
Fragile Lands and Environmental Disasters......Page 33
Need for Improved Technologies......Page 34
Research Inperative......Page 37
Research for Adverse Environments......Page 39
Research on Other Than Cereals......Page 40
Long-range Research......Page 41
Research on Social and Economic Factors......Page 42
Incentives for Farmers......Page 43
A Ray of Hope......Page 44
Facing the Future......Page 45
References......Page 46
PART 1: MEETING THE NEEDS OF ARID LANDS SESSION A......Page 50
CHAPTER 2. ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AND RELATED CENTERS IN FOOD RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT IN AIRD AND SEMIARID LANDS......Page 52
HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF THE IARC NETWORK......Page 53
CREATION OF THE CGIAR......Page 54
COMMON ELEMENTS OF IARC PROGRAM ACTIVITIES......Page 56
CRITERIA FOR CGIAR SUPPORT OF RESEARCH ACTIVITIES......Page 59
RELEVANCE OF THE IARCs TO FOOD PRODUCTION IN ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS......Page 60
CIMMYT PROGRAM ACTIVITIES ORIENTED TOWARD ARID AND SEMIARID PRODUCTION REGIONS......Page 61
CROP MANAGEMENT RESEARCH......Page 63
PROGRAMS FOR STAFF DEVELOPMENT......Page 64
ACHIEVING GREATER FOOD SECURITY IN ARID AND SEMIARID REGIONS—THE ROLE OF THE IARCs......Page 66
CHAPTER 3. FUTURE FOR OVERCOMING FOOD DEFICITS IN ARID LANDS......Page 70
II. SIGNIFICANCE OF WORDS IN THE TITLE OF THIS PAPER......Page 71
IV. ORIGINS OF FOOD DEFICITS......Page 74
V. STRATEGIES FOR ELIMINATING FOOD DEFICITS......Page 80
VI. TECHNICAL ISSUES......Page 82
VII. CONCLUSIONS......Page 84
CHAPTER 4. THE TURKISH EXPERIENCE IN INCREASING FOOD PRODUCTION IN ARID AND SEMIARID LANDS......Page 86
INTRODUCTION......Page 87
WHEAT PRODUCTION IN TURKEY......Page 89
THE GREEN REVOLUTION AND TURKEY......Page 90
SUMMARY......Page 97
APPENDIX......Page 99
REFERENCES......Page 100
CHAPTER 5. BASIC BIOENERGETICS AND THE SOLAR SPECTRUM......Page 102
I. SOURCE OF ENERGY - THE SUN......Page 103
II. PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 105
III. OPTIMIZING SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION......Page 114
IV. CONCLUSION......Page 118
APPENDIX......Page 119
NOTES......Page 120
CHAPTER 6. SOLAR ENERGY THROUGH BIOLOGY FUEL FOR THE FUTURE......Page 122
I. INTRODUCTION......Page 123
III. IMPLEMENTATION OF BIOMASS ENERGY SCHEMES......Page 127
IV. STATUS OF VARIOUS BIOMASS PROJECTS THROUGHOUT THE WORLD......Page 139
V. FUTURE PHOTOSYNTHESIS......Page 144
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 148
REFERENCES......Page 149
SUMMARY......Page 156
HAVENER PAPER......Page 157
DARLING PAPER......Page 159
KRONSTAD PAPER......Page 162
MANASSAH PAPER......Page 166
HALL PAPER......Page 168
PART 2: BIOTECHNOLOGY SESSION B......Page 170
CHAPTER 8. PROGRESS IN FERMENTATION TECHNOLOGY RESULTING FROM SINGLE-CELL PROTEIN PROCESS RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT......Page 172
INTRODUCTION......Page 173
CONTINUOUS FLOW FERMENTER OPERATION AND CULTURE PHYSIOLOGY......Page 174
NON-CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION FEEDSTOCKS......Page 178
DEFINED MIXED CULTURES......Page 179
FERMENTER DESIGNS FOR SCP PRODUCTION......Page 185
PROCESS INTEGRATION AND WATER RECYCLE......Page 193
CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 197
REFERENCES......Page 200
CHAPTER 9. COMPOSTING AND URBAN WASTE RECYCLING......Page 208
PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSTING......Page 209
PROCESS FACTORS......Page 216
PRACTICAL PROCESSES......Page 223
LARGE-SCALE COMPOSTING PLANTS......Page 224
COMPOSTING OF SEWAGE SLUDGE......Page 234
PATHOGENS......Page 235
COMPOST USES......Page 237
REFERENCES......Page 239
CHAPTER 10. CELLULOSIC CONVERSION......Page 242
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 243
2. DELIGNIFICATION OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC RESIDUES......Page 244
3. CELLULASE ENZYME PRODUCTION BY DYNAMIC CONTROL......Page 249
4. MECHANISM OF ENZYMATIC CELLULOSE DEGRADATION......Page 253
5 . ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM BAGASSE HYDROLYSATE BY CELL RECYCLE (GHOSE AND TYAGI 1979 a,b)......Page 256
7 . RAPID ETHANOL FERMENTATION FROM CANE MOLASSES IMMOBILIZED WHOLE CELL (GHOSE AND BANDHYOPADHYAY 1980)......Page 260
8 . SIMULTANEOUS SACCHARIFICATION AND FERMENTATION (SSF) OF CELLULOSE TO ETHANOL (ROY CHOUDHURY et al. 1980)......Page 265
9. ISOMERIZATION OF CELLUSLOSE HYDROLYZATE USING IMMOBILIZED MICROBIAL CELLS (GHOSE AND SUBASH CHAND 1980)......Page 267
10. CELL MASS PRODUCTION FROM DEGLUCOSED BAGASSE HYDROLYSATE (DBH) (GHOSE AND VISHNOI 1980)......Page 271
11. BI0C0NVERSI0N OF RICE STRAW INTO IMPROVED CATTLE FODDER (GHOSE AND GEORGE 1980)......Page 275
REFERENCES......Page 283
CHAPTER 11. PROCESSING OF LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS FOR ANIMAL CONSUMPTION......Page 284
CHARACTERISTICS OF CEREAL STRAW......Page 285
CHARACTERISTICS OF POULTRY WASTE......Page 288
TREATMENT OF STRAW TO IMPROVE FEEDING VALUE......Page 291
TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTE TO IMPROVE FEEDING VALUE......Page 299
SILAGE PRODUCTION UTILIZING MIXTURES OF CEREAL STRAW AND WET POULTRY MANURE......Page 305
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 314
REFERENCES......Page 315
CHAPTER 12. FUTURE INTEGRATED BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 320
II. RESOURCE INTEGRATION......Page 321
III. INDUSTRIAL INTEGRATION......Page 326
IV. FACTORY SHIPS AS INSTRUMENTS FOR LARGE-SCALE RESOURCE TRADING......Page 327
V. INTEGRATED BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS IN THE CONTEXT OF COASTAL ZONE DEVELOPMENT......Page 330
VI. CONCLUSIONS......Page 334
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT......Page 337
REFERENCES......Page 338
SUMMARY......Page 342
HAMER PAPER......Page 343
BIDDLESTONE PAPER......Page 346
GHOSE PAPER......Page 348
KIM PAPER......Page 350
HEDEN PAPER......Page 352
PART 3: WATER AND WATER MANAGEMENT SESSION C......Page 354
CHAPTER 14. WATER CONSERVATION, MANAGEMENT, AND UTILIZATION IN SEMIARID LANDS......Page 356
WATER CONSERVATION AND WATER DEVELOPMENT......Page 357
CLIMATE AND SOILS OF THE SEMIARID TROPICS......Page 358
PRODUCTION SYSTEMS, EROSION, AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE SAT......Page 361
PAST APPROACHES TO WATER CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION PROBLEMS IN SEMIARID LANDS......Page 364
CONCEPTS, PROBLEMS, HYPOTHESIS, AND GOALS OF FARMING SYSTEMS RESEARCH......Page 365
OPERATIONAL-SCALE SYSTEMS RESEARCH ON NATURAL AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS......Page 368
WATERSHED-BASED SYSTEM OF SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND UTILIZATION......Page 382
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 390
REFERENCES......Page 393
CHAPTER 15. CONCEPTS FOR CONSERVING AGRICULTURAL WATER......Page 396
INTRODUCTION......Page 397
REDUCING AGRICULTURAL WATER LOSSES......Page 398
EFFECTS OF REDUCING AGRICULTURAL WATER LOSSES......Page 401
CONCLUSIONS......Page 404
REFERENCES......Page 405
CHAPTER 16. PRINCIPLES OF SALINITY CONTROL IN IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE......Page 408
INTRODUCTION......Page 409
DYNAMICS OF WATER AND SALTS......Page 411
CROP RESPONSE TO SALINITY......Page 416
THE LEACHING REQUIREMENT......Page 424
WATER MANAGEMENT FOR SALINITY C0NTROL......Page 426
SUMMARY......Page 434
REFERENCES......Page 436
SUMMARY......Page 438
KRANTZ PAPER......Page 439
RAWLINS PAPER......Page 442
PART 4: ENVIRONMENTAL TOLERANCE SESSION D......Page 446
CHAPTER 18. SALT TOLERANCE–NEW DEVELOPMENTS......Page 448
II. EFFECT OF SALINITY ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 449
III. OSMOREGULATION BY BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......Page 450
IV. MECHANISMS OF SALT TOLERANCE IN PLANTS......Page 459
V. GENETIC MANIPULATION OF HIGHER PLANTS FOR SALT TOLERANCE......Page 463
REFERENCES......Page 469
CHAPTER 19. RESISTANCE TO HEAT STRESS IN CROP PLANTS......Page 474
INTRODUCTION......Page 475
HIGH TEMPERATURE STRESS......Page 476
HEAT RESISTANCE......Page 480
FRUIT SET......Page 493
EVALUATION OF HEAT TOLERANCE......Page 500
REFERENCES......Page 502
CHAPTER 20. UNDERSTANDING AND APPLICATION OF HEAT TOLERANCE IN ANIMALS......Page 506
INTRODUCTION......Page 507
HEAT TRANSFER......Page 509
GROWTH AND PRODUCTION......Page 513
REPRODUCTION......Page 514
ADAPTATION......Page 516
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT......Page 518
IMPROVING LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENT......Page 520
REFERENCES......Page 522
CHAPTER 21. AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT OF CROPS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS FOR ARID AND SEMIARID LANDS......Page 528
CHOICE OF CROPS AND CROPPING SYSTEMS......Page 529
INCREASING DROUGHT RESISTANCE OF DRYLAND CROPS THROUGH EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONTROL......Page 535
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CONTROL AS A MEANS OF INCREASING IRRIGATION WATER USE EFFICIENCY......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 548
SUMMARY......Page 550
RAINS PAPER......Page 551
ROUBICEK PAPER......Page 556
DE PAPER......Page 557
PART 5: RANGE MANAGEMENT IN ARID LANDS SESSION E......Page 558
CHAPTER 23. STRATEGIES AND CONSTRAINTS IN THE USE OF ARID RANGELANDS......Page 560
INTRODUCTION......Page 561
THE ENVIRONMENT OF ARID LANDS......Page 564
THE GRAZING MANAGEMENT OF ARID LANDS......Page 566
ANIMAL MANAGEMENT......Page 567
STRATEGIES FOR RANGELAND USE......Page 568
IMPROVING THE USE OF RANGELANDS......Page 571
CONCLUSIONS......Page 572
REFERENCES......Page 573
CHAPTER 24. MANIPULATIVE RANGE IMPROVEMENTS–PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES......Page 574
INTRODUCTION......Page 575
CONTROL OF UNWANTED PLANTS......Page 578
REVEGETATION......Page 583
FERTILIZATION......Page 587
SUMMARY......Page 591
REFERENCES......Page 593
CHAPTER 25. MYCORRHIZAE AND PRODUCTIVITY OF ARID AND SEMIARID RANGELANDS......Page 598
THE BELOWGROUND ECOSYSTEM......Page 599
FUNCTIONS OF MYCORRHIZAE......Page 600
MYCORRHIZAE OF RANGELAND PLANTS AND THEIR ASSOCIATED FUNGI......Page 601
MYCORRHIZAL ECOLOGY OF RANGELANDS......Page 606
MYCORRHIZAL MANAGEMENT FOR IMPROVED RANGELAND PRODUCTIVITY......Page 608
RESEARCH NEEDED......Page 610
REFERENCES......Page 611
CHAPTER 26. SHRUBS FOR FODDER PRODUCTION......Page 618
INTRODUCTION......Page 619
REVIEW OF LITERATURE......Page 621
PALATABILITY......Page 622
DRY MATTER PRODUCTION......Page 627
NUTRITIVE VALUE......Page 632
UTILIZATION......Page 640
NEEDS AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR FODDER SHRUB RESEARCH......Page 644
REFERENCES......Page 650
CHAPTER 27. KUWAIT’S RANGE RESEARCH MODEL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A VIABLE SHEEP INDUSTRY......Page 660
RANGELANDS OF KUWAIT......Page 661
CURRENT RANGE RESEARCH EFFORTS BY KISR AND DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, M.P.W.......Page 668
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 681
REFERENCES......Page 682
SUMMARY......Page 684
BOX PAPER......Page 685
HERBEL PAPER......Page 686
IBRAHIM PAPER......Page 689
KRUEGER AND TAHA PAPER......Page 691