Advances in Environmental Fluid Mechanics

Contents......Page 32
Preface......Page 8
Editors......Page 14
Contributors......Page 15
Part One — Theoretical and Modeling Aspects......Page 34
Turbulent Dispersion: How Results for the Zero Molecular Diffusivity Case Can Be Used in the Real World Nils Mole, Philip Christopher Chatwin and Paul J. Sullivan......Page 36
1. Introduction......Page 37
2.1. Uniform source......Page 38
2.2. Non-uniform source......Page 39
3. The effects of molecular diffiusion......Page 41
3.1. Intermittency......Page 42
3.2. Concentration moments......Page 43
4.1. The overall pdf......Page 46
4.2. Large concentrations......Page 48
5. Discussion......Page 53
Appendix B.......Page 54
References......Page 55
Hierarchy and Interactions in Environmental Interfaces Regarded as Biophysical Complex Systems Dragutin T. Mihailovic and Igor Balaz......Page 58
1. Introduction......Page 59
2. Algebraic Representation of Local Hierarchies in Biophysical Systems......Page 61
3. Energy Balance Equation for Environmental Interface......Page 65
4. Interaction Between Environmental Interfaces......Page 68
5. Conclusion......Page 77
Acknowledgement......Page 78
Appendix - list of symbols......Page 79
References......Page 80
Some Recent Advances in Modeling Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layers Branko Grisogono......Page 82
1. Introduction......Page 83
2.1. Mixing length-scale......Page 85
2.2. Coriolis effect in the VSABL......Page 87
2.3. Simplified TKE equation and a new generalized “z-less” length-scale......Page 91
3. Concluding Remarks......Page 95
Appendix - list of symbols......Page 96
References......Page 97
1. Introduction......Page 100
2. Basic Equations......Page 102
2.1. Simplification of conservation equations......Page 103
2.2. Dimensionless form of equations......Page 104
3. Stratified Flow......Page 105
4. Results of Stratified Flow Modelling......Page 106
4.1. Lid-driven cavity......Page 107
4.2. Flow past a square cylinder......Page 108
5. Implicit Large Eddy Simulation......Page 111
5.1. Results of computations of the Taylor–Green vortex using ILES......Page 113
7. Conclusions......Page 116
APPENDIX- LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 117
References......Page 118
1. Introduction......Page 120
2. Understanding Boundary Roughness......Page 123
2.1. Defining boundary roughness......Page 125
2.2. Parametrizing boundary roughness......Page 129
2.3. Determining the spatial complexity of boundary roughness......Page 130
2.3.2. Random field approach to characterizing boundary roughness......Page 132
3. Hydrodynamics of Rough Boundaries......Page 133
3.1. Outer flow region vs the roughness layer......Page 134
3.2.1. Geometrical parameters......Page 135
3.2.2. Key flow parameters......Page 136
3.3.2. The role of roughness geometry......Page 138
3.3.3. The role of relative depth......Page 140
3.3.4. The importance of Reynolds number......Page 142
3.3.5. The importance of 2D transverse bar shape......Page 144
3.4. Three-dimensional surfaces......Page 146
3.4.1. Idealized 3D roughness......Page 147
3.4.2. Complex 3D roughness......Page 149
4. Summary and Key Findings......Page 152
APPENDIX- LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 154
References......Page 156
1. Introduction......Page 160
2. Formulation......Page 162
3. Numerical Method......Page 165
4. Results......Page 166
Appendix......Page 174
References......Page 176
1. Introduction......Page 178
2.1. Introduction to basic assumptions......Page 179
2.2. Analytical treatment......Page 180
2.3. A numerical approach......Page 182
3. Numerical Tests......Page 185
4. Conclusions......Page 189
List of Symbols......Page 194
References......Page 195
Part Two — Applicative, Software and Experimental Issues......Page 198
1. Introduction......Page 200
2. Theoretical Background......Page 203
3. Short Description of the Puff Model......Page 204
4.1. Direct approach......Page 205
4.2. The library approach......Page 207
6. Appendix......Page 211
APPENDIX - LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 214
Acknowledgement......Page 215
References......Page 216
1. Introduction......Page 218
2.1. Short history of the early years of micrometeorological studies......Page 219
2.2. Measurement projects since 1990......Page 220
3.1. Raw fluxes......Page 222
3.2. The generalized Bowen ratio......Page 223
3.3. The eddy accumulation and the band pass covariance technique......Page 224
3.4. Chamber techniques......Page 227
4.1. Turbulent exchange of ozone, sulfur-dioxide and nitrogen oxides over tall vegetation......Page 228
4.3. Design of the basic climatological network for the detection of long-term effects of climate change......Page 230
6. Acknowledgement......Page 234
List of symbols......Page 235
References......Page 236
1. Introduction......Page 242
2.1. Spatio-temporal data......Page 244
2.2. Object-oriented data models......Page 245
2.4. Surface laser scanning and GPS mapping......Page 246
2.5. Pre-processing of meteorological data......Page 247
2.7. GIS analysis and visualization......Page 248
3.1. A case study: spatio-temporal modeling of the dust transport over a surface coal mine......Page 249
3.2. Discussion......Page 251
5. Recommendation and Perspectives......Page 257
APPENDIX - LIST OF SYMBOLS......Page 258
References......Page 259
1. Introduction......Page 262
1.1. The Pathogen Intrusion phenomenon......Page 263
2. Models for Pathogen Intrusion in Water Mains......Page 265
2.1. The physical model......Page 266
2.2. Computational model......Page 268
3.1. Validation of the numerical simulations for the hydrodynamic model......Page 272
3.2. Quality model......Page 275
4. Conclusion......Page 278
5. Acknowledgements......Page 279
References......Page 280
1. Introduction......Page 282
2.1. Dead zone effect on mass transport in rivers. The Dead-Zone-Model......Page 283
2.2. Flow patterns in a dead zone......Page 288
2.3. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies......Page 290
3. Numerical Simulations......Page 291
4. Results. Discussion......Page 297
5. Conclusions......Page 302
Appendix – List of Symbols......Page 303
References......Page 305
Modeling Mercury Fate and Transport in Aquatic Systems Arash Massoudieh, Dušan Žagar, Peter G. Green, Carlos Cabrera-Toledo, Milena Horvat, Timothy R. Ginn, Tammer Barkouki, Tess Weathers and Fabian A. Bombardelli......Page 308
1. Introduction......Page 309
1.1. Sediment transport......Page 310
1.2. Model tools for understanding mercury fate and transport......Page 312
2. Model Development......Page 316
2.1. Fate and transport of mercury in the overlying water......Page 317
2.2. Sediment Resuspension/Deposition......Page 318
2.3. The fate of mercury in sediments (burial, resuspension, diffusive mass exchange)......Page 319
2.4. Modeling mercury bio-geochemistry......Page 322
4. Demonstration Simulation (Colusa Basin Drain)......Page 324
4.1. Flow and sediment transport......Page 325
4.2. Multi-component reactive transport......Page 326
5.2. Sediment particle size heterogeneity, compaction, erodibility and mercury transport......Page 330
5.3.2. Wetting/drying cycles and mercury transformation/mobilization......Page 332
Appendix – List of Symbols......Page 333
References......Page 335
1. Introduction......Page 342
2.1. The physical model......Page 344
2.2. The ecological model......Page 346
3. Results......Page 350
4. Discussion and Conclusions......Page 354
Acknowledgements......Page 355
List of symbols......Page 356
References......Page 357
1. Introduction......Page 360
2. Generalities and State of the Art about Resistance Formulas......Page 361
4. Synthesis of the Methodology to Evaluate the Absolute Roughness Through Boundary Layer Measurements......Page 362
5. Experimental Calibration of the Methodology......Page 364
6. Relation between Roughness Coefficients n and......Page 367
7. Comparison with Manning’s n Literature Data......Page 369
8. Comparison Between f and   Values in Single and Double Density......Page 370
9. Conclusions......Page 372
APPENDIX - List of symbols......Page 373
References......Page 374
Index......Page 378