Advances in Direction-of-Arrival Estimation (Artech House Radar Library)

Advances in Direction-of-Arrival
Estimation......Page 1
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 17
Acknowledgments......Page 19
Part 1: 
Overview......Page 21
1.1 Introduction 3......Page 23
1.2 Spinning DF Antenna 4......Page 24
1.3 Common DF Antennas 6......Page 26
1.4 Antenna Arrays 7......Page 27
1.4.1 Linear Arrays 8......Page 28
1.4.2 Adcock Array 9......Page 29
1.4.3 Array Element Spacing 10......Page 30
1.4.4 Butler Matrix 12......Page 32
1.4.6 Wullenweber Array 15......Page 35
1.4.7 Planar Array 17......Page 37
1.5 DF Algorithms and Arrays 18......Page 38
References 19......Page 39
2.1 Introduction 21......Page 41
2.2 GLRT Philosophy for the Detection-Estimation Problem 24......Page 44
2.3.1 Superior Case......Page 50
2.3.2 Conventional Case 33......Page 53
2.4 Conclusions 39......Page 59
References 42......Page 62
Part 2: DOA Methods......Page 67
3 DOA Estimation of Wideband Signals 49......Page 69
3.2 Coherent Wideband DOA Estimation 52......Page 72
3.2.1 Coherent Signal Subspace Method 53......Page 73
3.2.2 BICSSM 54......Page 74
3.2.3 WAVES 55......Page 75
3.3 TOPS 56......Page 76
3.3.1 Theory 57......Page 77
3.3.2 Signal Subspace Projection 62......Page 82
3.3.3 Performance Assessment 63......Page 83
3.3.4 Modification of TOPS for Localization 66......Page 86
3.4 Conclusions 67......Page 87
References 68......Page 88
4.1 Introduction 71......Page 91
4.2 System Model 72......Page 92
4.3 Focusing Matrices for Coherent Wideband Processing 73......Page 93
4.4 Spatial Resampling Method 74......Page 94
4.5.1 Linear Arrays 75......Page 95
4.5.2 Modal Truncation 76......Page 96
4.6.1 Focusing Matrices 77......Page 97
4.6.2 Spatial Resampling Matrices 78......Page 98
4.7 Modal Space Algorithm 79......Page 99
4.8.1 A Group of Two Sources 80......Page 100
4.8.2 Three Groups of Five Sources 82......Page 102
References 85......Page 105
5.1 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Method 87......Page 107
5.1.1 Extraction of yi 90......Page 110
5.1.3 Extraction of di 91......Page 111
5.1.6 Noisy Signals 92......Page 112
5.2 Distance Estimation Method 93......Page 113
5.3 Target Location Estimation and Simulation Results 96......Page 116
References 101......Page 121
6.1 Introduction 103......Page 123
6.2.2 Spatial Time-Frequency Distributions 105......Page 125
6.3.1 Polarimetric Modeling 106......Page 126
6.3.3 Spatial Polarimetric Time-Frequency Distributions 108......Page 128
6.4 Polarimetric Time-Frequency MUSIC 110......Page 130
6.5 Spatio-Polarimetric Correlations 111......Page 131
6.6 Moving Sources with Time-Varying Polarizations 112......Page 132
6.6.1 Polarization Diversity and Selection of Data Samples 113......Page 133
6.6.2 Polarization Diversity Consideration in PTF-MUSIC 114......Page 134
6.7 Simulation Results 117......Page 137
6.8 Conclusions 118......Page 138
References 120......Page 140
7.1 Introduction 123......Page 143
7.2 System Model 124......Page 144
7.3.1 S-ESPRIT 127......Page 147
7.3.2 T-ESPRIT 128......Page 148
7.3.3 TST-ESPRIT 131......Page 151
7.4 Simulations and Discussions 138......Page 158
References 141......Page 161
8.1 Introduction 145......Page 165
8.2 Switched Parasitic Arrays 146......Page 166
8.3 Wideband Direction-Finding Method for a Two-Path Model 148......Page 168
8.3.2 Method Description 149......Page 169
8.3.3 Method Performance Analysis 151......Page 171
8.4 A Modified MUSIC Algorithm for Switched Parasitic Arrays 153......Page 173
8.4.1 Method Performance Analysis 155......Page 175
8.5 Conclusions 157......Page 177
References 159......Page 179
9.1 Introduction 161......Page 181
9.2 Array Signal Model 162......Page 182
9.3.1 MUSIC-Like Algorithms Built Only from Riy, T 163......Page 183
9.3.2 MUSIC-Like Algorithms Built from Both Ry, T and Riy, T 164......Page 184
9.4 Asymptotically Minimum Variance Estimation 170......Page 190
9.5 Stochastic Crame´r-Rao Bound for Noncircular Gaussian Signals 173......Page 193
9.6 Stochastic Crame´r-Rao Bound for BPSK Signals 175......Page 195
9.7 Illustrative Examples 177......Page 197
9.8 Conclusions 187......Page 207
References 188......Page 208
10.1 Introduction 191......Page 211
10.2 Array Model 192......Page 212
10.2.1 Coherently Distributed Source Model 193......Page 213
10.2.2 Incoherently Distributed Source Model 195......Page 215
10.3.1 Estimation Techniques for CD Sources 197......Page 217
10.3.2 Estimation Techniques for ID Sources 200......Page 220
References 209......Page 229
Part 3: Source Localization Problems......Page 231
11.1 Introduction 213......Page 233
11.2 Mathematical Preliminaries 215......Page 235
11.3.1 Unknown Waveforms Signals 217......Page 237
11.3.2 Known Waveform Signals 219......Page 239
11.4.1 Example 1 222......Page 242
11.4.3 Example 3 223......Page 243
11.5 Conclusions 225......Page 245
References 227......Page 247
Appendix 11.A Crame´r-Rao Bound for Known Waveforms 228......Page 248
Appendix 11.B CRB for Unknown Gaussian Waveforms 230......Page 250
Appendix 11.C DPD Performance Analysis for Unknown Waveforms 233......Page 253
11.C.1 Expressions for Ohmega 234......Page 254
11.C.2 Expressions for C 235......Page 255
11.C.3 Special Case: Uniform Linear Array......Page 257
Appendix 11.D The Frequency Domain Representation of Finite
 Length Observations 238......Page 258
12.1 Introduction 241......Page 261
12.2 Basic DOA Estimation Signal Model 242......Page 262
12.3 Uncertainties in Signal Model and System Parameters 244......Page 264
12.3.2 Improving the Robustness 245......Page 265
12.4 Uncertainty in Noise Model 247......Page 267
12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Robustness 248......Page 268
12.4.2 Robust Procedures 250......Page 270
12.5 Array Processing Examples 254......Page 274
12.6 Conclusions 255......Page 275
References 256......Page 276
13.1 Introduction 259......Page 279
13.2 Antenna Steering Vector Model 260......Page 280
13.3 Steering Vector Errors and Their Influence in DOA Estimation 264......Page 284
13.4 Coupling Model 266......Page 286
13.5 Coupling Influence in DOA Estimation 272......Page 292
13.6 Error Compensation 273......Page 293
13.7 Conclusions 278......Page 298
References 280......Page 300
Part 4: Specific Applications of DOA Estimation......Page 303
14.1 Introduction 285......Page 305
14.2 MLE Algorithm for Estimation of Target Angular Coordinates 286......Page 306
14.3 CRLB of Estimation of Target Angular Coordinates 288......Page 308
14.4 MLE Algorithm Simulation Results 292......Page 312
14.5 Test on Recorded Live Data 294......Page 314
14.5.1 Description of the Radar for Data Capture 295......Page 315
14.5.2 Data Capture Experimental Setup 296......Page 316
14.5.3 Comparison Between the Theoretical and Real Radar Beams 297......Page 317
14.6 Conclusions 301......Page 321
References 302......Page 322
15.1 Introduction 305......Page 325
15.2 Scenario and Model 306......Page 326
15.3 Characteristics of Natural Sound Sources 307......Page 327
15.5 DOA Estimation Based on Time Delays and Relative Attenuation 308......Page 328
15.5.2 DOA Estimation Using Time Delay Between the Sensors 309......Page 329
15.5.3 Subspace Methods in a Reverberant Room 310......Page 330
15.5.4 DOA Estimation Using Relative Attenuation Between the Sensors 311......Page 331
15.6 Spectrally Weighted DOA Estimate 313......Page 333
15.7 Source Separation Algorithm 314......Page 334
15.8.1 Parameter Values Used in the Implementation 316......Page 336
15.8.3 Performance of the Algorithm with Increasing Number of Sources 318......Page 338
15.8.4 Performance of the Algorithm When the Sensor Spacing Is Varied 319......Page 339
15.8.6 Performance of the Sound Source Separation from Real Two Sensor Array Recordings in Multitalker Scenario 320......Page 340
15.8.7 Performance Measure for Listening Tests 321......Page 341
15.8.8 Performance of the Algorithm with Headlike Structure 322......Page 342
References 323......Page 343
Selected Bibliography 324......Page 344
16.1 Introduction 327......Page 347
16.2 Data Model and Problem Statement 328......Page 348
16.3.1 Asymptotic Maximum Likelihood Estimation 329......Page 349
16.3.2 The AML-RELAX Estimator 332......Page 352
16.4 Numerical Performance Analysis 334......Page 354
References 342......Page 362
17.1 Introduction 345......Page 365
17.2 UWB Double Directional Channel Sounding System 346......Page 366
17.3.1 Multipath Model 347......Page 367
17.3.3 Spherical Wave Model 349......Page 369
17.3.4 Two Single Directional Measurements, Pairing, and Clusterization 350......Page 370
17.4 ML-Based Parameter Estimation for UWB Directional Channel 351......Page 371
17.4.2 Expectation Maximization Algorithm 352......Page 372
17.4.3 SAGE Algorithm 353......Page 373
17.4.4 Successive Interference Cancellation-Type Procedure 354......Page 374
17.5.1 Specification of Measurement Equipment 356......Page 376
17.5.3 Results 357......Page 377
17.6 Conclusions 358......Page 378
References 360......Page 380
18.1 Cyclostationarity 363......Page 383
18.2 Data Model 364......Page 384
18.3.2 Extended Cyclic MUSIC Algorithm 365......Page 385
18.3.3 Root Cyclic MUSIC Algorithm 369......Page 389
18.4 Nonselective Beamforming Techniques 372......Page 392
18.4.1 Data Model 373......Page 393
18.4.3 Minimum Variance Beamforming for Cyclostationary Signals 374......Page 394
18.4.5 Simulations 375......Page 395
18.5 Conclusions 376......Page 396
References 377......Page 397
Part 5: Experimental Setup and Results......Page 399
19.1 Introduction 381......Page 401
19.2 Steering Vector Model 382......Page 402
19.3 Calibration Process 386......Page 406
19.3.1 Coupling Through Terminals 387......Page 407
19.3.2 Radiation Pattern Measurements 388......Page 408
19.3.3 Calibration Process for the RF Subsystem 389......Page 409
19.3.4 Application Example 391......Page 411
19.4 Conclusions 392......Page 412
References 393......Page 413
20.1 Introduction 395......Page 415
20.2.1 Structure and Formulation 397......Page 417
20.2.2 Signal Model 400......Page 420
20.3 High-Precision DOA Estimation 401......Page 421
20.3.1 Correlation Matrix for Single-Port Antennas 402......Page 422
20.3.2 Reactance-Domain Signal Processing 403......Page 423
20.3.3 Computer Simulations 405......Page 425
20.3.4 Experimental Verification 408......Page 428
20.4.1 Satellite Attitude and Direction Control 412......Page 432
20.4.2 Wireless Locator and Homing System 413......Page 433
20.5 Conclusions 414......Page 434
References 415......Page 435
21.1 Introduction 419......Page 439
21.2 Review of MUSIC and BS-MUSIC 421......Page 441
21.4 Two-Dimensional Prefiltering-Based MUSIC 423......Page 443
21.6 Performance Analysis 427......Page 447
21.6.1 Formulation of Sample Null Spectra for MUSIC, BS-MUSIC, and 2DP-MUSIC 428......Page 448
21.6.2 Expectation of 2DP-MUSIC’s Null Spectrum 429......Page 449
21.6.3 Resolution Threshold 430......Page 450
21.7 Simulations 431......Page 451
21.8 Experimental Result 433......Page 453
References 435......Page 455
Appendix 21.A Derivation of (21.24) 437......Page 457
Appendix 21.B Resolution of Spectral MUSIC 438......Page 458
List of Symbols 441......Page 461
Acronyms 443......Page 463
About the Authors 445......Page 465
Index 459......Page 479
Recent Titles in the Artech House Radar Library......Page 495