Advances in Dental Implantology using Nanomaterials and Allied Technology Applications

Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Nanotechnology in Implant Dentistry
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Nanotechnology Definition
		1.2 Historical Review
		1.3 Classification of Nanomaterials
		1.4 Approaches in Nanotechnology
	2 Concept of Osseointegration
	3 Interactions of Surface Dental Implants with Blood
		3.1 Role of Macrophage Cells
		3.2 Interactions Between Surfaces and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
		3.3 Nanosurface and Bacterial Proliferation
	4 Surface Functionalization for Enhanced Osseointegration
		4.1 Topographical Features of Titanium Surfaces
		4.2 Physicochemical Composition of Titanium Surfaces
		4.3 Nanotopographical Modification of Titanium Surfaces
	5 Implant Coatings
		5.1 Nanoparticle Coatings with Antimicrobial Activity
			5.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles
			5.1.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticles
			5.1.3 Copper Oxide (CuO) Nanoparticles
			5.1.4 Quercitrin-Nanocoated Implants
			5.1.5 Chlorhexidine (CHX) Nanoparticles
		5.2 Vitamin D3 Nanoparticle Coatings
	6 Tissue Regeneration Scaffolds
	7 Structural Implant Materials and Bone Repair
		7.1 Bioresorbable Materials
	8 Conclusion
	References
Nanobiomaterials in Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
	1 Introduction
	2 Biological Mechanism of Bone Repair
	3 Nanobiomaterials for Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
		3.1 Nanobiomaterials-Based Bone Substitutes
			3.1.1 Nanocomposite Scaffolds
			3.1.2 Nanofiber Scaffolds
			3.1.3 Nanoparticle Incorporation in Scaffolds
		3.2 Nano-Based Delivery Systems for Bone Regeneration
			3.2.1 Physical Influential Factors
				3.2.1.1 Shape and size
				3.2.1.2 Surface Modifications and Surface Roughness
			3.2.2 Current Application of Nanocarriers in Bone Regeneration
				3.2.2.1 Liposomes
				3.2.2.2 Dendrimers
				3.2.2.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
				3.2.2.4 Nanofibers
				3.2.2.5 Silica and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
				3.2.2.6 Ceramic and Glass Nanoparticles
				3.2.2.7 Carbon Nanotubes
				3.2.2.8 Metallic Nanoparticles
				3.2.2.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles
		3.3 Nano-Modified Membrane Barriers for Guided Bone Regeneration
	4 Current State and Challenges of Nanobiomaterials Application
	5 Conclusion and Future Direction
	References
Nanomaterials in Prosthetic Rehabilitation of Maxillofacial Defects
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Maxillofacial Skeletal Reconstruction
	3 Drawbacks in Present Reconstructive Options
	4 Maxillofacial Prosthesis
	5 Case Reports
		5.1 CASE 1: Nasal Prosthesis for a Patient with Mammalian Bite Injury [25]
		5.2 CASE 2: Prosthetic Rehabilitation of a Midfacial Defect Resulting from Lethal Midline Granuloma [26]
		5.3 CASE 3: Orbital Prostheses in Patients with History of Carcinoma [27]
		5.4 CASE 4: Orbital Prosthesis in Patient with Rhabdomyosarcoma [28]
		5.5 CASE 5: Implant-Retained Nasal Prosthesis for a Patient Following Partial Rhinectomy [29]
		5.6 CASE 6: Rehabilitation of a Missing Ear with an Implant-Retained Auricular Prosthesis [30]
		5.7 CASE 7: Rehabilitation of Orbital Defect with Silicone Orbital Prosthesis Retained By Dental Implants [31]
	6 Role of Nanobiomaterials in Maxillofacial Prosthesis
	7 Materials Proposed
	8 Advanced Approaches for Maxillofacial Rehabilitation
	References
Potential Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Biomedical, Dental, and Implant Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Production of Graphene
	3 Properties and Characterization of Graphene
	4 Classification of Graphene-Based Materials
		4.1 Chemical Modification
		4.2 Production Methods
		4.3 Number of Layers
		4.4 Physical Forms
		4.5 Chemical Doping on Graphene
		4.6 Graphene-Based Nanocomposites
	5 Graphene for Dental and Implant Applications
		5.1 Antibacterial Application
		5.2 Coating and Anticorrosion
		5.3 Friction Reduction
		5.4 Drug Delivery and Therapeutics
	6 Conclusion
	References
Implant Materials and Surfaces to Minimizing Biofilm Formation and Peri-implantitis
	1 Introduction
	2 Titanium
		2.1 Superficial Characterization of Titanium
		2.2 Microbiological Interaction with Surfaces Characterized by Different Roughness Wettability and Texture
		2.3 The Release of Titanium Particles and their Role in Peri-Implant Inflammation
	3 Zirconia
		3.1 Comparative Studies of Zirconia Versus Titanium
	4 PEEK
	5 Conclusions
	References
Biomaterials for Bone Grafting and Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Brief Introduction of Craniofacial Bone Regeneration
	2 Biomaterials Used for Craniofacial Bone Grafts
		2.1 Natural Biomaterials
			2.1.1 Autografts
			2.1.2 Allografts
			2.1.3 Xenografts
			2.1.4 Natural Degradable Polymers
		2.2 Synthetic Biomaterials
			2.2.1 Biometals
				2.2.1.1 Biodegradable Metals
				2.2.1.2 Nondegradable Metals (Titanium and its alloy)
					Tantalum Alloy
					Stainless Steel
					Niobium and Zirconium Alloys
			2.2.2 Synthetic Biopolymers
				2.2.2.1 Degradable
				2.2.2.2 Nondegradable
			2.2.3 Bioceramics
				2.2.3.1 Bioinert Ceramics
				2.2.3.2 Bioactive Ceramics
					Bioactive Glass and Glass-Ceramics
					Hydroxyapatite
				2.2.3.3 Bioresorbable Ceramics
		2.3 Biocomposites and Their Hybrids
	3 Advancements in Biomaterials for Craniofacial Regeneration
		3.1 Biomaterials for Controlled Delivery
			3.1.1 Drug-Loaded Biomaterials
			3.1.2 Growth Factor Delivery
			3.1.3 Stem Cell Delivery
			3.1.4 Bioprinting and Additive Manufacturing
	4 Conclusion
	References
Nanobiomaterials: Stem Cell Interaction and Role in Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Tissue Engineering
	3 Nanobiomaterials
		3.1 Desirable Properties of Nanoparticles
		3.2 Application of Nanomaterials in TE
			3.2.1 Bone TE
			3.2.2 Cartilage TE
		3.3 Nanomaterials and Stem Cell Interaction
	4 Conclusion
	References
Polyurethane Foam as a Model to Study Primary Implant Stability: A Series of In Vitro Studies
	1 Introduction
	2 Short (SI) vs. Standard Length (SL) Cone Morse Connection Implants
		2.1 Primary Stability of Dental Implants in Low-Density (10 and 20 PCF) Polyurethane Foam Blocks: Conical vs. Cylindrical Implants
	3 Insertion Torque (IT), Pull-Out Torque Values, and Resonance Frequency Analysis (RFA) in NanoShort (2.5/3.5 mm Length) Implants
	4 Effects of a Self-condenser Dental Implant on Insertion and Pull-Out Torque Values
	5 Discussion and Conclusions
	References
Peri-implantitis: A Serious Problem of Dental Implantology
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Definition and Classification
		1.2 Incidence and Prevalence of Peri-implantitis
	2 Bacteria Species in Peri-implantitis
	3 Risk Factors
		3.1 Factors Related to Patient
			3.1.1 Previous History of Periodontitis
			3.1.2 Plaque Index and Oral Hygiene
			3.1.3 Full Mouth Bleeding Score
			3.1.4 Maintenance After Implant Placement
			3.1.5 Patient Sociodemographic Information
			3.1.6 Smoking
			3.1.7 Concurrent Health Conditions
		3.2 Factors Related to Prosthesis
			3.2.1 Type of Implant-Supported Prosthesis and Prosthesis Design
			3.2.2 Occlusal Overload and Remnants of the Cement
		3.3 Factors Related to Surgery/Operator/Implant
			3.3.1 The Characteristics of the Implant Site
			3.3.2 Implant Characteristics
			3.3.3 Technical Performance of the Surgery
			3.3.4 Implant Position and Angulation
			3.3.5 Bone Grafting and Antibiotics
			3.3.6 Number of Implants and Distance Between Them
	4 Treatment
	5 Conclusion
	References
Lasers in Implant Dentistry
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Lasers
		2.1 Light
		2.2 Wavelength
		2.3 Amplitude
		2.4 Amplification
		2.5 Stimulated Emission
		2.6 Radiation
		2.7 Laser Delivery Systems
		2.8 Spot Size
		2.9 Emission Modes
	3 Laser Wavelengths
		3.1 Diode Laser
		3.2 Nd:YAG Laser
		3.3 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Laser
		3.4 Erbium Laser
	4 Laser Application in Clinical Practice
		4.1 Pre-operative Frenectomy and Tissue Ablation
		4.2 Preparation of Surgical Site
		4.3 Decontamination and Implant Placement
		4.4 Osteotomy
			4.4.1 Soft Tissues
			4.4.2 Haemostasis
			4.4.3 Hard Tissue
			4.4.4 Block Graft Procedure
			4.4.5 Lateral Window Sinus Lift
			4.4.6 Uncovering Implants
		4.5 Mucositis and Peri-implantitis
			4.5.1 Conventional Therapy
			4.5.2 Laser-Assisted Therapy
				4.5.2.1 Erbium Laser
				4.5.2.2 CO2 Laser
			4.5.3 Non-surgical Therapy
				4.5.3.1 Erbium Lasers
				4.5.3.2 CO2 Laser
	5 Future of Laser in Implant Dentistry
	6 Conclusions
	References
Applications of CAD/CAM Technology in Dental Implant Planning and Implant Surgery
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Technology
	3 Need for Computer-Based Implant Surgery
	4 What Is Computer-Guided Surgery?
		4.1 Classification of Computer-generated Surgical Guides
		4.2 Step-By-Step Protocol Involved in Fabrication of 3D Printed Surgical Guides for Dental Implant Surgery
			4.2.1 Fabrication of Scan Prosthesis
			4.2.2 CBCT Scanning Procedure
				4.2.2.1 Indications
				4.2.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of CBCT
				4.2.2.3 Display Modes in CBCT
			4.2.3 Virtual Planning and Transfer of Data to Production Unit
			4.2.4 Fabrication of Surgical Guide
		4.3 Case Reports Illustrating Application of Computer-Guided Technology to Dental Implant Planning and Dental Implant Surgery
			4.3.1 Patient 1 (Courtesy of Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Goa Dental College and Hospital)
			4.3.2 Patient 2 (Courtesy of Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Goa Dental College and Hospital)
			4.3.3 Patient 3 (Courtesy of Department of Prosthodontics and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Goa Dental College and Hospital)
	5 What Is Computer-Navigated Surgery?
	6 What Is Computer-Oriented Surgery?
	7 Complications Associated with CT-Based Dental Implant Planning and Surgery
	8 Conclusion
	References
Modelling and Impressions in Implants
	1 Introduction
	2 Conventional Impression Techniques
		2.1 Direct Impressions Without Impression Copings
		2.2 Abutment Level Impressions with Snap-on Copings
		2.3 Implant Level Impressions
			2.3.1 Closed Tray Impression Technique
			2.3.2 Open Tray Impression (With or Without Splinting of Impression Copings)
		2.4 Splinting of Implants
	3 Digital Impression Techniques
		3.1 Development of Dental CAD/CAM Systems
		3.2 Intraoral Scanning Devices
			3.2.1 IOS Technology (Device Construction and Engineering)
			3.2.2 IOS Clinical Factors
				3.2.2.1 Distance and Path of Scanning
				3.2.2.2 Tracking with Software
				3.2.2.3 Image Accuracy and Mesh Quality
		3.3 Clinical Applications
			3.3.1 Abutment Level Impression
			3.3.2 Implant Level Digital Impression
	4 Workflow of Scanning with Scan Body and Fabrication of Prosthesis
		4.1 Without Model
		4.2 With Model
	5 Advantages, Complications, and Technical Challenges
		5.1 Scanning-Related Complications
		5.2 Software Integration Complications
	6 Conclusion
	References
3D Printing in Dentistry: Fundamentals, Workflows and Clinical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals
		2.1 What Is 3D Printing?
		2.2 Brief History
		2.3 Why Use 3D Printing?
		2.4 Need to Know Information
	3 3D Printing in Dentistry
		3.1 Workflows
			3.1.1 In-Office Printing
			3.1.2 Outsourcing
		3.2 Materials
		3.3 Applications
			3.3.1 Models
			3.3.2 Removable Appliances
			3.3.3 Guides
			3.3.4 Dentures
				3.3.4.1 Case Study
				3.3.4.2 Clinical Procedures
					Oral Surgery
					Prosthodontics
					Appointment 1
					Appointment 2: Try-In
					Appointment 3: Delivery
					Discussion
					Conclusions
			3.3.5 Provisionals
			3.3.6 Metal Prosthetic Frameworks
	4 Developments
		4.1 Dental Research
		4.2 Industry
		4.3 Medicine
	5 Conclusions
	References
Maxillofacial Reconstruction: From Autogenous Bone Grafts to Bone Tissue Engineering
	1 Introduction
	2 Maxillofacial Reconstruction
		2.1 Autogenous Bone Grafts
		2.2 Guided Bone Regeneration (GBR)
		2.3 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)
		2.4 Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) and Platelet Rich Fibrin (PRF)
		2.5 Distraction Osteogenesis (DO)
		2.6 Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE)
	3 Final Considerations
	References
Use of Three-Dimensional Dental Impressions in Maxillofacial Surgeries
	1 Introduction
	2 CAD/CAM Bucco-Maxillofacial Surgeries
	3 CAD/CAM Maxillofacial Pathology and Reconstruction
		3.1 The Principal Aim of Using CAD/CAM in Maxillofacial Pathology Reconstruction
	4 CAD/CAM Correction of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
	5 CAD/CAM Orthognathic Surgery
	6 CAD/CAM Esthetic Facial Surgery
	7 CAD/CAM Maxillofacial Prosthetics
	8 CAD/CAM Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
	9 CAD/CAM Robotic Maxillofacial Surgery
	10 The CAD/CAM Implant Manufacturing Procedure
	11 Conclusion
	References
Use of Zygomatic Implant on the Severe Atrophic Maxilla
	1 Introduction
	2 Indications
		2.1 Contraindications
	3 Biomechanics of Zygomatic Implants
		3.1 Finite Element Analyses (FEA)
	4 Surgical Technique
		4.1 The Zygoma Implant Set
		4.2 Classical Zygomatic Approach
		4.3 Sinus Slot Approach
		4.4 Extramaxillary Approach
		4.5 Minimally Invasive Approach
		4.6 Implant Head Position
		4.7 Drill Sequence
		4.8 Postoperative Care
	5 Complex Cases
		5.1 Orosinusal Communications and Zygomatic Implants
		5.2 Orthognathic Surgery and Zygoma Implants
	6 Conclusion
	References
Index