Advances in Clinical Immunology, Medical Microbiology, COVID-19, and Big Data: Immunology, Microbiology, Biostatistics, and Big Data (Current Issues in Medicine, 2)

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Deciation
The Editor
Table of Contents
Corresponding Authors
Note from the Series Editor
Dr. Robert Koch addressing a conference at St James’s Hall, Piccadilly, London
Dr. Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis
Lord Lister with his house surgeons and dressers
Chapter 1: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: A Perspective
	1.1: Pandemics: A Clear and Present Danger
	1.2: The Invader and the Host: A Delicate Dance
	1.3: Did SARS-CoV-2 Leak from a Chinese Lab?
	1.4: COVID-19 Vaccines: Facts and Fiction
	1.5: Will We Ever Achieve Herd Immunity?
	1.6: Patents and COVID-19
	1.7: Vaccine Passports: Another Bad Government Idea
	1.8: COVID-19 Testing
	1.9: COVID-19 Convalescent Plasma: Is There a Benefit?
	1.10: Looking Back and Moving Forward: Will We Win?
Section 1: Clinical Immunology
	Chapter 2: Specific Reactivity of Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies to Citrullinated Peptides Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
		2.1: Introduction
		2.2: Materials and Methods
		2.3: Results
		2.4: Discussion
	Chapter 3: Complement Activation, Immunogenicity, and Immune Suppression as Potential Side Effects of Liposomes
		3.1: Introduction
		3.2: Types and Features of Immune Responses to Liposomes
		3.3: General Causes behind Immune Recognition of Liposomes
		3.4: Consequences of Immune Recognition of Liposomes
		3.5: Immunogenicity of Liposomes
		3.6: Immune Suppression by Liposomes
		3.7: Conclusions and Outlook
	Chapter 4: Human Clinical Relevance of the Porcine Model of Pseudoallergic Infusion Reactions
		4.1: Introduction
		4.2: Challenge to the Pig Model’s Human Relevance and Utility in Preclinical Safety Assessment
		4.3: Scrutiny of the Challenge to the Pig Model: Facts and Questionable Conclusions
		4.4: The Paradox of Healthy Disease Model
		4.5: Concordant Symptoms of Pseudoallergy in Pigs and Humans
		4.6: The Predictive Power of the Pig Test
		4.7: Research Needed to Further Validate the Pig Model
		4.8: Problems in the Criticism of the Pig Model
		4.9: Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	Chapter 5: Myelin Antigens and Antimyelin Antibodies
		5.1: Introduction
		5.2: Myelin
		5.3: EAE and Anti-MBP Antibodies
		5.4: Other CNS Myelin Antigens
		5.5: PNS Myelin Antigens and EAN
		5.6: Significance of Antimyelin Antibodies
		5.7: Human Demyelinating Disorders
		5.8: Conclusions
	Chapter 6: Advances in the Understanding of the Inflammatory Milieu and Its Correlations with Neurological Disorders
		6.1: Inflammation and Mechanism in the Body
		6.2: Immune Molecules and Proteins of the Inflammatory Milieu
		6.3: Neurotrauma and Secondary Neurodegeneration
		6.4: Role of Inflammation in Oncogenesis
		6.5: Emerging Methods for Diagnosis and Follow-Up
		6.6: Future Outlook and Conclusion
	Chapter 7: Role of Ligustrum in Allergic Disease
		7.1: Introduction
		7.2: Ligustrum and Allergic Disease
		7.3: Ligustrum Allergens
		7.4: Conclusions
	Chapter 8: Protective or Detrimental? The Role of Host Immunity in Leishmaniasis
		8.1: Introduction
		8.2: Clinical Aspects of Leishmaniasis
		8.3: The Immunobiology of Leishmaniasis
		8.4: Promising Approaches for Drug Development: A Special Focus on the Host
		8.5: Vaccines for Leishmaniasis
		8.6: Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 9: Personalized Nanomedicines for Treatment of Autoimmune Disease
		9.1: Introduction
		9.2: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus as Representative Autoimmune Disease
		9.3: Immune-Mediated Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: Features of Autoimmune Disease
		9.4: Therapeutic Modulation of Immune Cells and Their Cytokine Secretion
		9.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 10: Intracellular Antibody Immunity and Its Applications
		10.1: What Is Intracellular Antibody Immunity?
		10.2: What Is Tripartite Motif-Containing Protein 21 (TRIM21)?
		10.3: What Does TRIM21 Do?
		10.4: How Does TRIM21 Work?
		10.5: How Can We Exploit TRIM21?
		10.6: What Next?
	Chapter 11: Maternal Antibody Interference Contributes to Reduced Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy in Developing Countries
		11.1: Rotavirus Vaccine Eficacy Is Reduced in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
		11.2: Evidence Supports matAb Interference as a Mechanism of Reduced RV Vaccine Efficacy
		11.3: Establishing a Causal Link between matAb Interference and Low RV Vaccine Efficacy in LMICs and Defining Mechanisms
		11.4: Potential Solutions for matAb Interference to RV Vaccines
		11.5: Prospects for Overcoming matAb Interference to Infant RV Vaccination
Section 2: Medical Microbiology
	Chapter 12: Reflections on 40 Years of AIDS
		12.1: Evolving Epidemiology
		12.2: Evolving Science and Program
		12.3: Evolving Global Health
		12.4: Preparing for the Fifth Decade of AIDS
		12.5: Lessons from HIV/AIDS and Other Epidemics
		12.6: Conclusions
		12.7: Addendum
	Chapter 13: Formation and Maturation of the Oral Microbiota
	Chapter 14: Could the Environment Affect the Mutation of H1N1 Influenza Virus?
		14.1: Introduction
		14.2: Methods
		14.3: Results
		14.4: Discussion
		14.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 15: Current Perspectives in Medical Microbiology
		15.1: Continued Poxvirus Research: From Foe to Friend
		15.2: Staphylococcus epidermidis—Skin Friend or Foe?
		15.3: When Pigs Fly: Pandemic Influenza Enters the 21st Century
		15.4: Clostridioides dificile Biofilms: A Mechanism of Persistence in the Gut?
		15.5: Cesarean Section and Childhood Infections: Causality for Concern?
		15.6: Infectious Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease
		15.7: Insights into Malaria Pathogenesis Gained from Host Metabolomics
		15.8: Japanese Encephalitis Virus and Its Mechanisms of Neuroinvasion
		15.9: Bringing the Path toward an HIV-1 Vaccine into Focus
		15.10: Quorum Sensing across Bacterial and Viral Domains
		15.11: Coinfections in Wildlife: Focus on a Neglected Aspect of Infectious Disease Epidemiology
		15.12: Isoniazid-Resistant Tuberculosis: A Problem We Can No Longer Ignore
	Chapter 16: Bacterial Virulence Plays a Crucial Role in Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Sepsis
		16.1: Introduction
		16.2: Results
		16.3: Discussion
		16.4: Materials and Methods
		16.5: Supporting Informaion
	Chapter 17: Where Cancer and Bacteria Meet
		17.1: Introduction
		17.2: Infection and Neoplasia
		17.3: Head and Neck Cancers and Bacterial Oral Microbiota
		17.4: Bacteria and Bacterial Products in Cancer Treatment
	Chapter 18: Fungal Diseases as Neglected Pathogens: A  Wake-Up Call to Public Health Officials
		18.1: Fungal Diseases: A Real Threat to Public Health
		18.2: AIDS and Opportunistic Fungal Diseases: Problem Solved or Current Threat?
		18.3: Systemic Mycoses Are Neglected Diseases
		18.4: Present and Future Problems: The Unknown
		18.5: The Need for Improved Diagnosis of Fungal Infections
		18.6: Funding for Research and Innovation in Fungal Diseases
		18.7: Perspectives
	Chapter 19: Catch the Wave: Metabolomic Analyses in Human Pathogenic Fungi
		19.1: Introduction
		19.2: What Methods Are Available to Study Metabolomics?
		19.3: How to Get the Most Out of Your Metabolomics Data?
		19.4: Integrated OMICs Approaches
		19.5: What Have We Learned from Metabolomics of Human Pathogenic Fungi to This Date?
		19.6: Conclusions and Perspectives
	Chapter 20: The Unmet Medical Need for Trypanosoma  cruzi-Infected Patients: Monitoring the Disease Status
		20.1: Introduction
		20.2: Direct Biomarkers
		20.3: Indirect Biomarkers
		20.4: Conclusion
	Chapter 21: Present and Future of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections
		21.1: Introduction
		21.2: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
		21.3: Current Resistance Status
		21.4: Treatment Options
		21.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 22: Human Plague: An Old Scourge That Needs New Answers
		22.1: Introduction
		22.2: Which Hosts and Vectors Should Be Targeted for Human Plague Control?
		22.3: What Are the Drivers of Human Plague?
		22.4: Which New Diagnostic Tools for Plague Are Needed?
		22.5: How Can Plague Surveillance and Case Management Be Improved?
		22.6: What Are the Gaps in Knowledge about Y. pestis Biology?
		22.7: Discussion
Section 3: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
	Chapter 23: Human Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.1: Introduction
		23.2: The Human Brain
		23.3: The Cloud
		23.4: Potential of Current Technologies toward a  Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.5: Neuralnanorobotic Brain/Cloud Interface
		23.6: Human Brain/Cloud Interface Applications
		23.7: Conclusion
	Chapter 24: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: What Is New, and What Is Next?
		24.1: Designing a Computational Computer Chemist
		24.2: The Computer Brain versus the Human Brain for Drug Design
		24.3: Harnessing AI for Hit Identification
		24.4: Who Holds the IP in AI Drug Discovery?
		24.5: The Inevitable Question of Ethics
		24.6: Open Source
		24.7: So What Is Next for AI in Drug Discovery?
	Chapter 25: Now the Future, We See Our Dreams: Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery
	Chapter 26: Big Data and Artificial Intelligence Meet the COVID-19 Pandemic: Potential Applications and Promises
		26.1: The Ongoing COVID-19 Outbreak
		26.2: Artificial Intelligence and Big Data
		26.3: Short-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: A Quick and Effective Pandemic Alert
		26.4: Short-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Tracking and Diagnosing COVID-19 Cases
		26.5: Medium-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Identifying a Potential Pharmacological Treatment
		26.6: Medium-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Facilitating the Implementation of Public Health Interventions
		26.7: Long-Term Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data: Building Smart, Health, Resilient Cities
		26.8: Artificial Intelligence and Big Data for COVID-19: Conclusions and Future Prospects
	Chapter 27: Paradigm Shift in Medicinal Chemistry towards Data-Driven Approaches
		27.1: Introduction
		27.2: Data-Driven Medicinal Chemistry
		27.3: Historical Data
		27.4: Data Integration
		27.5: Data Science
		27.6: Machine Learning and Data Mining
		27.7: Large-Scale Modeling
		27.8: Perspective
	Chapter 28: The Importance of Proper Statistical Methods in Developing Robust Predictive Models Using Chemodescriptors and Biodescriptors in the Twenty First Century
		28.1: Introduction
		28.2: Chemodescriptors: How Much Can Structural Chemistry Alone Help?
		28.3: The Advent of Rank Deficiency and Need for Robust Statistical Methodology
		28.4: Biodescriptors: Descriptors Derived from Proteomics and DNA/RNA Sequence Data
		28.5: Quo Vadimus?
	Chapter 29: Fit-for-Purpose?—Challenges and Opportunities for Applications of Blockchain Technology in the Future of Healthcare
		29.1: Background
		29.2: Using Privacy-Preserving Predictive Models and Blockchain Technology for Electronic Health Records
		29.3: Blockchain-Enabled Medical Professional Credentialing and Licensing
		29.4: Can We Use Blockchain to Improve Clinical Trial Management?
		29.5: Blockchain Technology to Advance Biomedical Research?
		29.6: Blockchain Technology Set to Modernize the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain?
		29.7: Entering the Genomics Age with the Help of Blockchain Technology
		29.8: The Future of the Health Blockchain: Promising Use Cases and the Importance of Technical Standards Setting
	Chapter 30: mHealth Approach to Clinics in Rural Settings in Nutrition Counseling
		30.1: Introduction
		30.2: Materials and Methods
		30.3: Results
		30.4: Discussion
		30.5: Conclusions
	Chapter 31: Ten Simple Rules for Engaging with Artificial Intelligence in Biomedicine
		31.1: Introduction
		31.2: Conclusion
	Chapter 32: Five Key Aspects of Metaproteomics as a Tool to Understand Functional Interactions in Host Associated Microbiomes
		32.1: What Information Can Be Gained Using Metaproteomics?
		32.2: What Are the Prerequisites for Starting a Metaproteomics Study?
		32.3: What Does a General Metaproteomics Workflow Look Like?
		32.4: How Accessible Is Metaproteomics to the General Scientific Community, and How Much Does It Cost as Compared to Other Meta-Omics Technologies?
		32.5: What Do the Data Look Like, and How Can They Be Analyzed?
Section 4: SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19
	Chapter 33: COVID-19: Hundred Questions and Answers for Healthcare Providers and the Public
		33.1: FDA, EUA, and COVID-19 Vaccines
		33.2: General Information on Safety and Prevention
		33.3: Biologics, Human Tissues, and Blood Products
		33.4: Development and Use of FDA-approved Drugs for COVID-19
		33.5: Diagnostic Testing for SARS-CoV-2
		33.6: Pregnancy and COVID-19
		33.7: Personal Protective Equipment
		33.8: Food Products
		33.9: Animals, Pets, and Animal Drug Products
	Chapter 34: SARS-CoV-2 Tropism, Entry, Replication, and Propagation: Considerations for Drug Discovery and Development
		34.1: Introduction
		34.2: Scope/Prior Reviews
		34.3: Entry Mechanisms and Proteases
		34.4: TMPRSS2 and Furin in Cell Surface Entry
		34.5: Lysosomal Cathepsins and Endocytosis
		34.6: Cell Line Tropism/Expression
		34.7: Nucleotide/Side Import and Conversion
		34.8: Primary Cells/Model Systems
		34.9: Innate Immune Cells
		34.10: Concluding Remarks
	Chapter 35: Presence of Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 Plasma
		35.1: Introduction
		35.2: Materials and Methods
		35.3: Results
		35.4: Discussion
	Chapter 36: Performance of SARS-CoV-2 Serology Tests: Are They Good Enough?
		36.1: Introduction
		36.2: Materials and Methods
		36.3: Results
		36.4: Discussion
		36.5: Supporting Information
	Chapter 37: Forecasting the Novel Coronavirus COVID-19
		37.1: Introduction
		37.2: Analysis and Forecasting
		37.3: Discussion and Conclusion
	Chapter 38: Pandemic Responses: Planning to Neutralize  SARS-CoV-2 and Prepare for Future Outbreaks
	Chapter 39: Pandemic Preparedness and Responses: WHO to Turn to in a Crisis?
	Chapter 40: Links between Integrin αvβ3 and COVID-19: Impact on Vascular and Thrombotic Risk
	Chapter 41: The Ocular Surface and the Coronavirus Disease 2019: Does a Dual ‘Ocular Route’ Exist?
		41.1: Introduction
		41.2: Ocular Surface Findings in Case of COVID-19 and Controversial Issues
		41.3: Ocular Transmission and the ACE2 Receptors in the Ocular Surface
		41.4: Discussion
	Chapter 42: Exploring Links between Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19
		42.1: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Cytokine Storm
		42.2: Vitamin D and the Host Immune System
		42.3: Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19
		42.4: Conclusions
	Chapter 43: Convalescent Serum Therapy for COVID-19: A 19th Century Remedy for a 21st Century Disease
		43.1: Bridging the Gap between Now and Then
		43.2: Historical Precedent for the Use of Antibody Therapy
		43.3: Buying Time with the Help of the Convalescent
		43.4: Limitations and Potential Risks
		43.5: Future Perspectives
	Chapter 44: Preexisting and Inducible Endotoxemia as Crucial Contributors to the Severity of COVID-19 Outcomes
Index