Advances and New Trends in Environmental Informatics: Digital Twins for Sustainability

Preface
Contents
Industrial Environments and Processes
Designing for Sustainability: Lessons Learned from Four Industrial Projects
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Study Design and Execution
	4 Projects and Related Results
		4.1 Project P1: Sustainable Tourism in Indonesia
		4.2 Project P2: SGD Review Platform
		4.3 Project P3: Energy Provisioning via Flexible IoT
		4.4 Project P4: Search Automation for Literature Reviews
		4.5 Revised Sustainability Quality Model
	5 Lessons to Improve the SAF Toolkit
	6 Conclusions and Future Work
	7 Appendix: Custom Quality Attributes Definitions
	References
Web Tool for the Identification of Industrial Symbioses in Industrial Parks
	1 Introduction
	2 Method
	3 Web Tool for the Identification of Industrial Symbioses Within an Industrial Park
		3.1 Quantitative Methods for IS Identification
		3.2 Prototype
	4 Discussion and Concluding Impulses for Future Research
	References
Deriving Benchmarks for Construction Products Based on Environmental Product Declarations
	1 Introduction
	2 Methods
	3 Results
		3.1 Description and Selection of the Benchmarking Methods
		3.2 Application of Selected Benchmarking Methods
		3.3 Comparison of Results
	4 Discussion and Outlook
	References
Sustainability
Circular Economy in the Rostock Region. A GIS and Survey Based Approach Analyzing Material Flows
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Project Background
		1.2 Situation of the Circular Economy in Germany
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Gathering Spatial and Waste Related Data
		2.2 Survey
		2.3 Spatial Analyses
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Obsolescence as a Future Key Challenge for Data Centers
	1 Introduction
	2 Increasing Importance of Data Centers
	3 Obsolescence in Information and Communication Technology
	4 Obsolescence Management
		4.1 Definition of Obsolescence Management
		4.2 Obsolescence Management Phases
	5 Assessment of the Possibilities of Obsolescence Management in Data Centers
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
The Eco-label Blue Angel for Software—Development and Components
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
		2.1 Eco-label Blue Angel
		2.2 Other Labels
	3 Progress of the Investigation
	4 Stakeholders Within the Eco-label Progress
		4.1 Perspective of Purchasers
		4.2 Perspective of Software Companies
		4.3 Perspective of the Users of Software
	5 Main Components of the Blue Angel for Software
		5.1 Resource and Energy Efficiency
		5.2 Potential Hardware Lifetime
		5.3 Autonomy of Use
	6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Sustainable Processes on the Last Mile—Case Study Within the Project ‘NaCl’
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals and Innovations
		2.1 State of the Art and Challenges
		2.2 Innovations
	3 Case Study Within the Project NaCl
		3.1 Chances of NaCl-Approach
		3.2 Conceptional Components
	4 NaCl Model
		4.1 Crowd Logistics and Work Situation
		4.2 Logistical Processes
		4.3 SusCRM Approaches and Incentive Systems
		4.4 Pilot Phase
	5 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Environmental Modelling, Monitoring and Information Systems
Algorithmic Treatment of Topological Changes Within a Simulation Runtime System
	1 Motivation: Simulation and Geoinformation Systems
	2 Topological Changes Specified by Graph-Grammars
		2.1 Continuous, Discrete and Combined Model Specification
		2.2 The Application to Geo Objects
		2.3 Graph Grammars for Dynamics Specification
	3 Treatment of Graph Grammar Productions in a Simulation Runtime System
		3.1 Basic Algorithm for Simulation of Combined Models
		3.2 Integration of Topological Changes into the Basic Algorithm
		3.3 Problems Caused by This Approach
	4 Conclusion and Discussion
	References
Citizens in the Loop for Air Quality Monitoring in Thessaloniki, Greece
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Software and Hardware Related Materials
		2.2 Methods
	3 Results
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	References
WISdoM: An Information System for Water Management
	1 Introduction
	2 Digitalisation of Water Utilities
	3 Selection of Use Cases
	4 Water Management Information System: WISdoM
		4.1 Long-Term Water Demand Forecasts
		4.2 Groundwater Monitoring Management
		4.3 Precipitation Data Management
		4.4 Evaluation
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Exploring Open Data Portals for Geospatial Data Discovery Purposes
	1 Introduction
	2 Open Data Monitoring and Discovery
	3 Methods
		3.1 Software and Metadata Interfaces
		3.2 Metadata Fields
		3.3 Data Aggregation
		3.4 Spatial and Temporal Footprints
	4 Results
		4.1 Overview of the Evaluated Portals
		4.2 National Comparison
		4.3 Terms of Use
		4.4 Data Formats
		4.5 Spatial Footprints
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Urban Environments and Systems
Developing a Configuration System  for a Simulation Game in the Domain of Urban CO2 Emissions Reduction
	1 Introduction
	2 Background
	3 Related Work
	4 Developing the Configuration System
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Estimating Spatiotemporal Distribution of Moving People in Urban Areas Using Population Statistics of Mobile Phone Users
	1 Introduction
	2 Method of Estimating the Number of People Flowing in/out of Each Grid-Cell Per Unit Time
	3 Method of Estimating the Number of People Moving Between Grid-Cells Per Unit Time
	4 Temporal Change in Number of People Flowing in/out of Each Grid-Cell
	5 Number of People Moving Between Grid-Cells Per Unit Time
	6 Summary and Conclusions
	References
A Digital Twin of the Social-Ecological System Urban Beekeeping
	1 Introduction
	2 Sensor-Supported Urban Beekeeping
	3 Recording Bee Keeper's Actions and Expert Knowledge
	4 The Digital Twin as a Multi-agent System
	5 Connecting the Twin to Sensors
		5.1 Data Storage and System Architecture
	6 Decision Making Example
	7 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Utilizing CityGML for AR-Labeling and Occlusion in Urban Spaces
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Motivation
		1.2 State of the Art
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Requirements
		2.2 Hardware and Software
		2.3 Label Placement
		2.4 Processing the Data
		2.5 Occlusion Management
	3 Results and Conclusions
	4 Future Research
	References
Physical Environments
Can Animal Manure Be Used to Increase Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in the Mediterranean as a Mitigation Climate Change Strategy?
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Problem Description
		3.2 Data Collection and Pre-processing
		3.3 Modelling
		3.4 Simulation
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Future Work
	6 Conclusion
	References
Digital Twins, Augmented Reality and Explorer Maps Rising Attractiveness of Rural Regions for Outdoor Tourism
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
		1.2 Objective of the Project
	2 Explorer Maps
		2.1 Reference Trail Nohener Naheschleife
	3 Enrichment with Augmented Reality (AR)
		3.1 Digital Twins of Landscape Objects
		3.2 Tracking
		3.3 App Development Environment
	4 Discussion and Outlook
	Reference
Identification of Tree Species in Japanese Forests Based on Aerial Photography and Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Problem Description
		3.2 Data Collection
		3.3 Data Pre-processing
		3.4 Deep Learning Modelling
	4 Results
	5 Discussion
		5.1 Study Implications
		5.2 Policy-Making
		5.3 Limitations and Assumptions
		5.4 Future Work
	6 Conclusion
	References