Advanced Ultrasonic Methods for Material and Structure Inspection

Table of Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 14
1.1. Introduction......Page 16
1.2. Issues in connecting failure mechanism, NDE and SHM......Page 17
1.3.1. High level classification......Page 19
1.3.2. Second level classification......Page 22
1.4. Physics of failure of ceramic matrix composites......Page 36
1.4.1. Fracture......Page 38
1.4.2. Material loss......Page 40
1.6.1. Ultrasonic waves used for SHM......Page 41
1.6.3. Transmitter-receiver arrangements for ultrasonic inspection......Page 45
1.6.4. Different types of ultrasonic scanning......Page 46
1.6.5. Guided wave inspection technique......Page 47
1.6.6. Advanced techniques in ultrasonic NDE/SHM......Page 51
1.8. Bibliography......Page 53
2.1. Introduction......Page 58
2.2. Guided (Lamb) wave propagation in plates......Page 61
2.3.1. Experimental set-up......Page 75
2.3.2. Impact-acoustic emission test on a cross-ply composite plate......Page 79
2.3.3. Impact test on a stringer stiffened composite panel......Page 86
2.4. Autonomous active damage monitoring in composite plates......Page 90
2.4.1. The damage index......Page 91
2.4.2. Applications of the damage index approach......Page 92
2.5. Conclusion......Page 100
2.6. Bibliography......Page 101
3.1. Introduction......Page 104
3.2.1. Acoustic microscopy between 100 and 200 MHz......Page 106
3.2.2. Sound speed acoustic microscopy......Page 110
3.2.3. Acoustic microscopy at 1.1 GHz......Page 113
3.3.1. Gastric cancer......Page 114
3.3.2. Renal cell carcinoma......Page 118
3.3.3. Myocardial infarction......Page 119
3.3.4. Heart transplantation......Page 121
3.3.5. Atherosclerosis......Page 122
3.5. Bibliography......Page 127
4.1. Introduction......Page 130
4.2. Ultrasonic guided wave monitoring of average wall thickness in pipes......Page 133
4.2.1. Guided wave inspection with dispersive Lamb-type guided modes......Page 134
4.2.2. Averaging in CGV inspection......Page 138
4.2.3. The influence of gating, true phase angle......Page 144
4.2.4. Temperature influence on CGV guided wave inspection......Page 147
4.2.5. Inversion of the average wall thickness in CGV guided wave inspection......Page 149
4.2.6. Additional miscellaneous effects in CGV guided wave inspection......Page 151
4.3.1. Laboratory tests......Page 160
4.3.2. Field tests......Page 166
4.4. Conclusion......Page 168
4.5. Bibliography......Page 170
5.1. Introduction......Page 174
5.2.1. Planar transducer modeling by the distribution of point source method......Page 175
5.2.2. Computation of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid using DPSM......Page 176
5.2.3. Matrix formulation......Page 178
5.2.4. Modeling of ultrasonic field in a homogenous fluid in the presence of a solid scatterer......Page 180
5.2.5. Interaction between two transducers in a homogenous fluid......Page 184
5.3. Numerical results and discussion......Page 186
5.3.1. Interaction between two parallel transducers......Page 187
5.3.2. Interaction between an inclined and a flat transducer......Page 199
5.3.3. Interaction between two inclined transducers......Page 200
5.5. Acknowledgments......Page 201
5.6. Bibliography......Page 202
6.1. Introduction......Page 204
6.2.1. Ensemble average response......Page 206
6.2.2. Spatial correlation function......Page 210
6.3.1. Orientation distribution function......Page 212
6.3.2. Effective elastic stiffness for rolling texture......Page 214
6.3.3. Christoffel equation......Page 216
6.3.4. Wave velocity and polarization......Page 217
6.3.5. Phase velocity during annealing......Page 222
6.3.6. Attenuation......Page 225
6.4. Attenuation in hexagonal polycrystals with texture......Page 230
6.4.1. Effective elastic stiffness for fiber texture......Page 231
6.4.2. Attenuation......Page 235
6.4.3. Numerical simulation......Page 238
6.5. Diffuse backscatter in hexagonal polycrystals......Page 244
6.6. Conclusion......Page 247
6.8. Bibliography......Page 248
7.1. Introduction to piezoelectric wafer active sensors......Page 252
7.2. Guided-wave ultrasonic NDE and damage identification......Page 255
7.3. PWAS ultrasonic transducers......Page 257
7.4. Shear layer interaction between PWAS and structure......Page 259
7.5. Tuned excitation of Lamb modes with PWAS transducers......Page 261
7.6. PWAS phased arrays......Page 264
7.7. Electromechanical impedance method for damage identification......Page 270
7.8. Damage identification in aging aircraft panels......Page 273
7.8.1. Classification of crack damage in the PWAS near-field......Page 274
7.8.2. Classification of crack damage in the PWAS medium-field......Page 275
7.10. Conclusion......Page 283
7.12. Bibliography......Page 284
8.1. Introduction......Page 288
8.1.1. Passive modulation spectrum......Page 289
8.2. Damage in concrete......Page 290
8.3. Stress wave modulation......Page 295
8.3.1. Material non-linearity in concrete......Page 296
8.3.2. Generation of non-linearity at crack interfaces......Page 297
8.3.3. Unbonded planar crack interface in semi-infinite elastic media......Page 304
8.3.4. Unbonded planar crack interface with multiple wave interaction......Page 310
8.3.5. Plane crack with traction......Page 316
8.3.6. Rough crack interface......Page 322
8.4. Summary and conclusion......Page 329
8.5. Bibliography......Page 330
9.1. Introduction......Page 334
9.2.1. Drug tablet as a composite structure: structure of a typical drug tablet......Page 336
9.2.2. Basic manufacturing techniques: cores and coating layers......Page 337
9.2.3. Tablet coating......Page 338
9.2.4. Types and classifications of defects in tablets......Page 340
9.2.5. Standard tablet testing methods......Page 342
9.2.6. Review of other works......Page 345
9.3. Non-contact excitation and detection of vibrational modes of drug tablets......Page 347
9.3.1. Air-coupled excitation via transducers......Page 349
9.3.2. LIP excitation via a pulsed lazer......Page 351
9.3.3. Vibration plate excitation using direct pulsed lazer irradiation......Page 353
9.3.4. Contact ultrasonic measurements......Page 355
9.4.1. Basics of tablet integrity monitoring......Page 356
9.4.2. Mechanical characterization of drug tablet materials......Page 371
9.4.3. Numerical schemes for mechanical property determination......Page 376
9.5. Conclusions, comments and discussions......Page 380
9.7. Bibliography......Page 382
10.1. Introduction......Page 386
10.2. Split Hopkinson bars......Page 387
10.3. Using bar waves to determine fracture toughness......Page 389
10.4. Determination of dynamic biaxial flexural strength......Page 395
10.5. Dynamic response of micromachined structures......Page 396
10.6. Conclusion......Page 398
10.7. Bibliography......Page 399
List of Authors......Page 402
C......Page 406
I......Page 407
Y......Page 408