Advanced Soft Electronics in Biomedical Engineering

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1: Advanced Soft Electronic Materials and Structures for Biomedical Engineering
	1.1 Overview of Advanced Soft Electronic Materials and Structures
	1.2 Liquid Metals
		1.2.1 Properties of Liquid Metals
		1.2.2 Approaches for the Fabrication of Liquid Metal–based Bioelectronics
		1.2.3 Application of Liquid Metals in Bioelectronics
	1.3 Conductive Nanomaterials
		1.3.1 Metal- and Carbon-based Nanomaterials
		1.3.2 Synthesis of Nanomaterials
		1.3.3 Preparation of Bioelectronics by Incorporating Nanomaterials into Soft Substrates
	1.4 Hydrogels, Conductive Polymers, and Elastomers
		1.4.1 Hydrogels
		1.4.2 Conductive Polymer
		1.4.3 Elastomer
	1.5 Advanced Structures of Soft Electronics for Biomedical Engineering
		1.5.1 Wavy Structure
		1.5.2 Serpentine Structure
		1.5.3 Porous Structure
		1.5.4 Interconnection Structure
		1.5.5 Origami and Kirigami Structures
		1.5.6 Cracks
		1.5.7 Metasurface
		1.5.8 3D Structure
		1.5.9 Fibre and Textile
	1.6 Self-healing Electronics
	1.7 Adhesive Electronics
	1.8 Biodegradable Electronics
	1.9 Enhancing Property and Performance through Material- and Structure-based Approaches
	1.10 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2: Advanced Fabrication Technology for Soft Electronics
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Soft Lithography
		2.2.1 Replica Molding
		2.2.2 Microtransfer Molding
		2.2.3 Microcontact Printing
		2.2.4 Capillary Microforming Technology
		2.2.5 Solvent-Assisted Micromolding in Capillaries
	2.3 Soft Transferring
		2.3.1 Kinetically Controlled Transfer Printing
		2.3.2 Surface Protrusions of Adhesion-Assisted Transfer Technique
		2.3.3 Inflatable Stamp-Assisted Transfer Technique
		2.3.4 Glue-Assisted and Surface Chemical Transfer Technique
		2.3.5 Laser-based Non-contact Transfer Technique
		2.3.6 Adhesion Pad-assisted Transfer Technique
	2.4 3D printing
		2.4.1 Stereolithography
		2.4.2 Inkjet Printing Technique
		2.4.3 Selective Laser Sintering
		2.4.4 Direct Ink Writing
		2.4.5 Shape Deposition Manufacturing
		2.4.6 Fused Deposition Modeling
	2.5 Textile technology
		2.5.1 Coating
		2.5.2 Spinning
		2.5.3 Thermal Drawing
	2.6 Other Fabrication Technologies
		2.6.1 Kirigami Technology
		2.6.2 Spray Coating Technology
		2.6.3 Screen-Printing Technology
	2.7 Summary and Outlook
	References
Chapter 3: Soft Electronics for Monitoring and Diagnostics
	3.1 Main Principles and Types of Soft Sensors
		3.1.1 Piezoresistive and Capacitive Devices
		3.1.2 Piezoelectric and Triboelectric Devices
		3.1.3 Photoelectric Devices
		3.1.4 Electrochemical Devices
		3.1.5 Hydrogel Devices
	3.2 Monitoring and Diagnosis of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases
		3.2.1 Heart Rate and Rhythm
		3.2.2 Blood Pressure
		3.2.3 Blood Oxygen
		3.2.4 Blood Flow
	3.3 Monitoring and Diagnosis of Respiratory Diseases
	3.4 Monitoring and Diagnosis of Skin Disease
	3.5 Monitoring and Diagnosis of Actions and Postures
	3.6 Monitoring and Diagnosis of Biochemical Indicators
	3.7 Wearable Disease Monitoring and Diagnosis based on Artificial Intelligence
	3.8 Summary and Prospect
	References
Chapter 4: Soft Electronics for Medical Treatment
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Smart Wound Dressings
	4.3 Bioelectronic Patch for Transdermal and Epidermal Treatments
	4.4 Soft Actuators for Drug Delivery
	4.5 Other Soft Electronics for Medical Treatment
	4.6 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 5: Soft Electronics for Neural Engineering
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Soft Neural Electronics for Neural Recording
		5.2.1 Neural Signals and Interfaces
		5.2.2 Conductive Material in Soft Neural Electronics for Neural Recording
		5.2.3 Metals
		5.2.4 Conductive Polymers
		5.2.5 Carbon-Based Materials
		5.2.6 Graphene
		5.2.7 Carbon Nanotubes
		5.2.8 Hydrogels
	5.3 Soft Neural Electronics for Electrical Neuromodulation
		5.3.1 Evaluation of NES Electrodes Performance
		5.3.2 The CIC of Various Materials
	5.4 Mechanical Properties for Soft Neural Interfaces
		5.4.1 Soft Substrate Materials
		5.4.2 Implantation Strategies
		5.4.3 Structure Design
	5.5 Soft Electronics for Multimodal Neural Interfaces
		5.5.1 Flexible Transparent Electrodes
		5.5.2 Soft Electronics for Optogenetics
		5.5.3 Soft Electronics for MRI-Compatible Electrodes
	5.6 Recent Advances in Soft Electronics for Neural Interfaces
	References
Chapter 6: Soft Electronics for Wearable and Implantable Systems
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Soft Electronic Skins
		6.2.1 Sensing Mechanisms of e-skins
			6.2.1.1 Piezoresistive Sensor Skin
			6.2.1.2 Capacitive Sensor Skin
			6.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Sensor Skin
			6.2.1.4 Triboelectric Sensor Skin
		6.2.2 Structural Design of E-skins
	6.3 Soft Implantable Sensors
	6.4 Energy Storage Strategies for Soft Wearable Systems
		6.4.1 Structural Stretchability
		6.4.2 Wearable and Implantable Supercapacitors
		6.4.3 Wearable and Implantable Batteries
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Advanced Soft Robotics for Biomedical Applications
	7.1 Mechanism and Designing of Soft Robotics
	7.2 Soft Robots for Surgery and Drug Delivery
	7.3 Artificial Muscles
	7.4 Micro Soft Robotics for Biomedical Applications
	7.5 Other Soft Robotics for Biomedical Applications
	7.6 Outlook
	References
Chapter 8: Advanced Fiber Sensing Technologies in Bio-Integrated Systems
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials Selections and Manufacture Techniques
		8.2.1 Materials Selections in Bio-integrated Systems
			8.2.1.1 Materials Selections for Optical Fibers in Bio-Integrated Systems
			8.2.1.2 Materials Selections for Optoelectronic Fibers in Bio-Integrated Systems
		8.2.2 Fabrication Techniques
			8.2.2.1 Thermal Drawing
			8.2.2.2 Spinning
			8.2.2.3 3D Printing
	8.3 Multifunctional Fiber-Based Biophysical and Biochemical Sensing Systems
		8.3.1 Detecting Biophysical Signals
		8.3.2 Biochemical Signals and Biosensors
	8.4 Other Advanced Fiber Technologies in Bio-Integrated Systems
		8.4.1 Human–Machine Interfaces
		8.4.2 Photobiomodulation (PBM) Therapy
		8.4.3 Others
	8.5 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 9: Optimizing Power Strategies and Circuit Designs for Soft Electronics in Bio-Integrated Systems
	9.1 Self-Power Technologies
	9.2 Flexible Solar Cells
	9.3 Flexible Wireless Energy Transmission
	References
Chapter 10: International Standardization Activities
	10.1 International Standardization for Wearable Technologies
	10.2 International Standardization for Implantable Bioelectronics
	10.3 International Standardization for Systems
	10.4 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Index