Advanced Situational Awareness - TC-3-22.69

Cover
Contents
Figures
Tables
Preface
Part One
	Advanced Situational Awareness as a Force Multiplier
Chapter 1
	Introduction
		Definition
		Principles
			Observable Behaviors—Mental State, Motives, and Intentions
			Determine a Baseline—Environmental Signs, Characteristics, events, and Interactions
			Determine a Baseline—Identifying Anomalies
				Situational Analysis
				Rule of Threes
			Initiate Decision-making Process—Analyzing Anomalies
			Determine Course of Action
			Detect and Deter Imminent Threat Events
Chapter 2
	Skill Refinement for Situational Awareness
		Predictive Profiling
		Critical Thinking and Diligent Observation
		Accurate Reporting
		Communication
		Cultural Awareness, Proactive Thinking, and Adaptability
		Performance Enhancement and Resilience
		Advanced Situational Awareness Multipliers
			Tactical Cunning
				Military Deception
				Ruse, Feint, Demonstration, and Wargaming
			Tactical Patience
			Interlocking Fields of Observation, Reporting, and Fires
			Guardian Angel
			Good Shepherd
		Social Awareness and Self Analysis
Part Two
	The Five Senses to Enhance Advanced Situational Awareness
Chapter 3
	Observation
		Four Elements of Observation
			Awareness
			Understanding
			Recording
			Response
		Observation Techniques
		Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Sight
			How Sight Works
			Visual Acuity
				Light and How it Impacts the Eye
				Light Conditions
					Impact of Dark Conditions
					Impact of Low-light and Shifting Light Conditions
				Why Objects are Seen
					Shape and Shadow
					Sillhouette, Surface, and Spacing
					Anomolies, Color, and Movement
				Vision and Perspective
				Positive, Negative, and Dead Spaces
			Search Methods
				Hasty Search
				Detailed Search
			Visual Observation Techniques
		Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Sound
			How Hearing Works
				Air Conduction
				Bone Conduction
			Detection by Sound
				Direction
				Distance and Activity
				Impact of Nighttime on Observation
			Other Methods for Gathering Information
				Tactical Questioning
				Direct Questioning
			Listening Process
			Effective Listening
		Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Touch
			How Touch Works
			Types of Receptors
			Differing Degrees of Stimulation
		Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Smell
			How Smell Works
			Odor
				Odor Classification
					Odor Wheels
					Odor Strengths
				Human Odors
		Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Taste
			How Taste Works
			Taste Classification
Part Three
	Critical Thinking and Problem Solving to Promote Cognitive Dominance
Chapter 4
	Cognition and Memory
		Decision-making
			Observe
			Orient
			Decide
			Act
		Data Selection and Attention
			Short-Term Memory
			Long-Term Memory
			Procedural Memory
		Information Processing, Storage, and Retrieval
			Mental File Folders (Memories)
			Memory Emotion Links and Mental Imagery
		Issues Associated with Cognition and Memory
			Cognitive Blindness
			Channel Capacity, Cognitive Overload, and Cognitive Dissonance
			Tunnel Vision and Stress
Chapter 5
	Perception
		Context
		Common Biases/Effects
		Motivation
		Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
		Culture
		Age, Mood, and Emotion
		Affiliations with Organizations
Chapter 6
	The Nervous System and Its Functions
		Human Nervous System
		Central Nervous System
			Division of the Brain
			Spinal Cord
		Peripheral Nervous System
			Sympathetic Nervous System
			Parasympathetic Nervous System
		Function of the Nervous System
Part Four
	Sense-Making to Promote Cognitive Dominance
Chapter 7
	Understanding Human Behavioral Cues
		Heuristics as a Lens for Observation
			Positive Aspects of Using Heuristics
			Negative Aspects of Using Heuristics
		Individual Behavioral Cues
			Kinesics
				Individual Kinesic Cues Baseline
				Clusters of Kinesic Cues Clusters
				Alignment Between Kinesic Cues and Speech Alignment
			Autonomics
		Group Behavioral Cues
			Proxemics
				Proximity
				Proxemic Push or Pull
			Atmospherics
				Collective Emotion
				Symbolism
					Colors, Words, and Location
					Context of Symbols
			Geographics
				Habitual Areas
				Natural Lines of Drift, Pathways, Reference Points and Landmarks
Chapter 8
	Understanding Indicators Left Behind by People
		Definition
		Types of Sign
		Classification of Sign
		Origin of Sign
			Disturbance
			Characteristics of Sign
		Examples of Sign
			Characteristics of Human Gait
			Litter
			Blood Sign and Bodily Waste
		Rules of Analyzing Sign and the Effects of Light
		Assessing the Age of Sign
		Interpreting Information
		Using the Information Collected
Chapter 9
	Understanding Context through Assessing the Environment
		Cultural Competency
			Culture Defined
			Enculturation and Factors that Impact Culture
				Anthropology, Sociology, and Values
				Sociocultural Factors, Interests, and Cultural Manifestations
				Theology
				Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
				Culture Shock and Reentry Shock
			Cultural Similarities
		Operational Environment and Mission Variables in Human Context
			Civil Considerations
			Blending Operational Variables and Civil Considerations
Chapter 10
	Understanding Context by Comprehending the Threat Mindset and Tactics
		Actors in A Threat Environment
			Types of Actors
				Nation State Actors
				Nonstate Actors
				Hybrid Threats
			Primary Types of Warfare
				Regular Forces
				Irregular Forces
			Enemy Combatants
				Insider Threats
				Self Radicalization
		Organizations
			Criminal Organizations
				Petty Crime, Gangs, and Organized Crime Networks
				Paramilitary, Insurgent, Guerrilla, and Mercenary Organizations
			Terrorists
				Terrorist Organizations
				Terrorist Behaviors
			Categories of Organizations
				Government-Affiliated Categories
				Political Categories
				Ideological Categories
				Location or Geographic Categories
			Organizational Structure
		Killing Mindset
			Stages of an Active Shooter
			Terrorist Planning Cycle
				Intelligence Gathering and Surveillance
				Specific Target Selection
				Actions on the Objective
		Common Threat Tactics
			Offensive Tactics
				Threats or hoaxes
				Arson
				Sabotage
				Kidnapping and Hostage Taking
				Assassination
				Hijacking
				Raids or Ambushes
				Seizure
				Man-Portable Air-Defense System
				Environmental Destruction
				Weapons of Mass Destruction
				CBRN Threats and Hazards
				Bombing
				Suicide Attacks
				Maritime Delivery Tactic
				Civil Disturbance
			Defensive Tactics
				Area Defense and Retrograde
				Dispersion and Hiding
				Operational Shielding
				Enemy Information Activities
			Other Methods
		Threat Analysis
Part Five
	Conducting Advanced Situational Awareness Training
Chapter 11
	Training Strategy
		Training Strategy and Philosophy
		Objectives
		Components
			Institutional Training
			Sustainment Training
		Instructors
			Instructor Training
			Effective Instructor
			Types of Instructors
				Primary Instructor
				Assistant Instructor
Chapter 12
	Eight-Step Training Model
		Step 1: Plan the Training
		Step 2: Train and Certify Leaders
		Step 3: Reconnoiter the Training Site
		Step 4: Issue an Operation Order for the Training
		Step 5: Rehearse
		Step 6: Execute the Training
		Step 7: Conduct an After-Action Review
		Step 8: Retrain and Retry as Necessary Until the Standard is Achieved
Chapter 13
	Applying Advanced Situational Awareness Principles in Training
		Observation, Recall, Retention, and Communication
			Keep In Memory Game
			Micro-Observation Pit Exercise
			Range Estimation Exercise
			Observation Lane Exercise
			Observation House Exercise
			Ground Sign Awareness Pit Exercises
			Aging Pit Exercise
			Red Cell Exercise
				Day One Homework
				Day Two Homework
				Day Three Red Cell
				Mission
		Cultural Competency
		Resilience and Performance Enhancement
			ArmyFit
			Global Assessment Tool
			Comprehensive Resilience Models
		Operational Scenarios
			Scenario Development
			Integrating Role-Players Into Scenarios
				Types of Role Players
				Role-Player Dynamics
					Scenario Evolution
					Scenario Writing
				Quality of Role-Players and Resourcing
					Step 1: Training Strategy Analysis
					Step 2: Operational Environment Assessment
					Step 3: Resource Analysis
				Assign Characters
					Step 1: Frame the Scenario and Identify Applicable Role Players
					Step 2: Identify Operational Variables in Conjunction with Training Objectives
					Step 3: Address Role-Player Dynamics
					Step 4: Consider the Unit’s Demographic
				Assess Scenario Fidelity
				Character Development to Enhance Role-Player Competence and Confidence
				Familial Relationships
				Outfitting Role Players (Attire and Materiel
					Clothing and Resource Management
					Vehicles and Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations
				Training Role Players
				Sample Scenario: Village Entry Exercise
	Appendix A
	Performance Enhancement and Resilience
		Performance Enhancement
		Resilience
			Physical Dimension
				Activity
				Nutrition
				Sleep
			Emotional Dimension
			Social, Spiritual, and Family Dimensions
		Effects of Stress
	Appendix B
	Methods for Depicting Relationships between People and Activities
		Link Diagram and Association Matrix
		Relationship Activities Matrixes, and Time Event Charts
	Appendix C
	Range Estimation
		100-Meter Unit of Measure
		Appearance of Object Method
		Flash-to-Bang Method
		Mil Relation Formula Method
		Laser Range finder
	Appendix D
	Observation Device Use and Selection
		Day and Night Optical Devices
			Image Intensification Devices
			Thermal Imaging Devices
			Aiming Lasers
		Employment of Optical Devices
		Considerations for All Optical Devices
			Electromagnetic Spectrum
			Infrared Waves and Sources of Infrared Energy
				Nuclear Energy
				Combustion
				Friction
			Characteristics of Infrared Energy
			Physical Properties
				Surface Texture, Density, and Mass
				Temperature/Infrared Relationship and Display of Infrared Energy Levels
			Temperature Differences
			Infrared Image Adjustment
				Clutter
				Human Activity
			Using Infrared and Thermal Devices to Detect, Classify, Recognize, and Identify Target Types
			Position of the Target
			Enemy Activity
			Amount of Target Exposure
	Appendix E
	Chronological Plan to Train Role Players
	Appendix F
	Improvised Explosive Devices
		Source Notes
		Glossary
		Section I – Acronyms and Abbreviations
		Section II – Terms
		References
			Required Publications
			Related Publications
				Department of Defense and Joint Publications
				Army Publications
				Navy Publications
				Other Publications
				Websites
			Prescribed Forms
			Referenced Forms
		Index