Advanced Materials for Biomechanical Applications (Mathematical Engineering, Manufacturing, and Management Sciences)

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Aim and Scope
Preface
Editors
Acknowledgments
Contributors
Chapter 1 Bio-Mechanical Engineering and Health
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Artificial Organs and Prostheses
		1.2.1 Bone/Joint Replacement
		1.2.2 Prostheses
		1.2.3 Soft Tissue/Skin Replacement
		1.2.4 Internal Organs
		1.2.5 Sensory Organs
	1.3 Monitoring, Controls, and Health Care
	1.4 Bio-mechanics
	1.5 Materials
		1.5.1 Toxic and Allergic Behavior
		1.5.2 Surface Roughness, Hardness, and Stiffness
		1.5.3 Possibility of Corrosion
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2 Introduction to Cross Rolling of Biomedical Alloys
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Cross Rolling
	2.3 Property Requisites and Testing Methods for Biomedical Materials
		2.3.1 Property Requisites for Biomedical Materials
		2.3.2 Testing Methods to Study the Properties of Biomedical Materials
			2.3.2.1 Microstructural and Textural Characterisation
			2.3.2.2 Mechanical Characterisation
			2.3.2.3 Corrosion Characteristics
	2.4 Cross Rolling of Biomedical Alloys
		2.4.1 Microstructural and Textural Characterisation
		2.4.2 Mechanical Characterisation Investigations
		2.4.3 Corrosion Characterisation Investigations
	2.5 Summary
	2.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 3 Additive Manufacturing and Characterisation of Biomedical Materials
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Classification of Biomaterials
	3.3 Classification of Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Biomaterial Fabrication
	3.4 Metallic Biomaterials
	3.5 Bioceramics
	3.6 Biopolymers and Co-polymers
	3.7 Characterisation of Biomaterials
		3.7.1 Structural and Chemical Characterisation
			3.7.1.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
			3.7.1.2 Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
			3.7.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy
			3.7.1.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
			3.7.1.5 Ultraviolet (UV)-Vis Spectroscopy
			3.7.1.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
			3.7.1.7 Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP)
			3.7.1.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
			3.7.1.9 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
			3.7.1.10 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
		3.7.2 In-Vitro Characterisation
			3.7.2.1 Cytotoxicity Testing
			3.7.2.2 Haemocompatibility Testing
			3.7.2.3 Genotoxicity and Carcinogenicity Testing
			3.7.2.4 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR)
		3.7.3 In-vivo Characterisation
			3.7.3.1 Sensitisation, Irritation and Toxicity Tests
			3.7.3.2 Implantation Testing
			3.7.3.3 Biodegradation Test
	3.8 Summary and Future Outlooks: From the Authors’ Viewpoint
	References
Chapter 4 Cellulose – A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Cellulosic Materials
		4.2.1 Bacterial Cellulose
		4.2.2 Cellulose Nanocrystals
		4.2.3 Cellulose Nanofibrils
		4.2.4 Cellulose Derivatives
	4.3 Biomedical Application
		4.3.1 Drug Delivery System
		4.3.2 Wound Dressing Material
		4.3.3 Tissue Engineering Scaffold
		4.3.4 Wearable Sensor
	4.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 5 Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Synthesis of IONPs
		5.2.1 Coprecipitation
		5.2.2 Thermal Decomposition
		5.2.3 Microemulsion
		5.2.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Treatment
		5.2.5 Aerosol/Vapor Technology
	5.3 Special Features of IONPs
		5.3.1 Superparamagnetism
		5.3.2 Self-Assembly
		5.3.3 Cytotoxic Behavior and Antibacterial Activity
	5.4 Surface Functionalization of IONPs
		5.4.1 Based on the Magnetic Behavior of a Surface-Functionalizing Material
			5.4.1.1 Magnetically Inert
			5.4.1.2 Magnetically Active
		5.4.2 Based on the Nature of a Surface-Functionalizing Material
			5.4.2.1 Polymeric Materials
			5.4.2.2 Non-polymeric Materials
	5.5 IONPs as a Biomedical Device
	5.6 IONPs in Biomedical Applications
		5.6.1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		5.6.2 Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI)
		5.6.3 In-Vitro Bioseparation
		5.6.4 Targeted In-Vivo Drug Delivery
		5.6.5 Hyperthermia
	5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 6 Magnesium-Based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Magnesium Alloys Used in Biomedical Applications
		6.2.1 Magnesium Zinc (Mg–Zn) Alloy
		6.2.2 Magnesium Calcium (Mg–Ca) Alloy
		6.2.3 Magnesium Strontium (Mg–Sr) Alloy
		6.2.4 Magnesium Silicon (Mg–Si) Alloys
		6.2.5 Magnesium Rare-Earth Alloys
	6.3 Fabrication Techniques of Mg Used in Biomedical Applications
		6.3.1 Equal Channel Angular Extrusion
		6.3.2 Powder Metallurgy
		6.3.3 Microwave-Assisted Powder Metallurgy
		6.3.4 Dual-Stage Sintering-Assisted Powder Metallurgy
		6.3.5 Additive Manufacturing
		6.3.6 Friction Stir Process
		6.3.7 Spark Plasma-Assisted Powder Metallurgy Sintering
		6.3.8 Accumulative Roll Bonding Process
	6.4 Characterization of Mg Alloys
		6.4.1 Surface Characterization
		6.4.2 MAF Treatment
		6.4.3 Electrochemical Corrosion Test
		6.4.4 Immersion Corrosion Test
	6.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Magnesium Alloy for Biomedical Applications
	7.1 Introduction
		7.1.1 Need of Coating on Magnesium Alloys
		7.1.2 Coating Techniques
			7.1.2.1 Dry Coating Methods
			7.1.2.2 Wet Coating Techniques
	7.2 Methodology
		7.2.1 Mechanism of the MAO Process
	7.3 Results and Discussion
		7.3.1 Electrolyte
		7.3.2 Frequency
		7.3.3 Temperature of Electrolyte
		7.3.4 Current Density
		7.3.5 Duty Cycle
		7.3.6 Mg Alloys Corrosion Performance
			7.3.6.1 Electrolyte
			7.3.6.2 Electrical Parameters
			7.3.6.3 Oxidation Time
	7.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8 Investigation of Titanium Lattice Structures for Biomedical Implants
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Materials and Methods
	8.3 Results and Discussion
	8.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Chapter 9 Cost Estimation of Polymer Material for Biomedical Application
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Materials and Methods
		9.2.1 3D CAD Model
		9.2.2 Slicing and Effect of Process Parameters
		9.2.3 Design of Experiments
		9.2.4 Experimental Works
	9.3 Results and Discussion
		9.3.1 Analyzing the Stress Distribution
		9.3.2 Stress–Strain Curve
		9.3.3 Cost Estimation of the Liner Component
		9.3.4 Comparative Study
	9.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10 Nanostructured Biomaterials for Load-Bearing Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanostructured Biomaterials
		10.2.1 Metallic Biomaterials
		10.2.2 Ceramic Biomaterials
		10.2.3 Polymeric Biomaterials
		10.2.4 Composite Biomaterials
	10.3 Nanostructuring Using Severe Plastic Deformation (SPD) Techniques
		10.3.1 Various Severe Plastic Deformation Techniques
			10.3.1.1 Equal Channel Angular Press Technique
			10.3.1.2 High-Pressure Torsion (HPT) Technique
			10.3.1.3 Hydrostatic Extrusion (HE)
			10.3.1.4 Twist Extrusion (TE)
			10.3.1.5 Friction Stir Processing
			10.3.1.6 Accumulative Roll Bonding Process
			10.3.1.7 Constrained Groove Pressing
			10.3.1.8 Ball Milling (BM)
			10.3.1.9 Severe Shot Peening (SSP)
	10.4 Applications of Nanostructured Biomaterials
		10.4.1 Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
		10.4.2 Drug Delivery
		10.4.3 Antibacterial Applications
		10.4.4 Load-Bearing Applications
		10.4.5 Other Applications of Nanomaterials
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Improved Biodegradable Implant Materials for Orthopedic Applications
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Biodegradable Metallic Implants
		11.2.1 Iron-Based Implants
		11.2.2 Zinc-Based Implants
		11.2.3 Magnesium-Based Implants
			11.2.3.1 Fabrication of Magnesium Matrix Composite by Stir Casting
			11.2.3.2 Fabrication of Magnesium Matrix Composite by Powder Metallurgy
			11.2.3.3 Friction Stir Processing (FSP)
	11.3 Polymer-Based Implants
	11.4 Ceramic-Based Implants
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12 Fracture Performance Evaluation of Additively Manufactured Titanium Alloy
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Extended Finite Element Method Formulation
		12.2.1 Impact Toughness as a Crack Growth Criterion
	12.3 Results and Discussion
		12.3.1 Tension Test Simulation
		12.3.2 Crack Growth Simulation
	12.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13 Design of a Low-Cost Prosthetic Leg Using Magnetorheological Fluid
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Magnetorheological Fluids
		13.1.2 Working of an MR Damper
		13.1.3 Twin-Tube MR Damper
		13.1.4 Application of MR Damper in the Biomedical Field
	13.2 Design and Analysis
		13.2.1 Designing the Prosthetic Leg
			13.2.1.1 Inputs for Simulation
			13.2.1.2 Outputs of the Simulation
	13.3 Analytical Model of the Human Leg
	13.4 Calculation of Damping Force
	13.5 Damping Force Analysis of MR Damper
		13.5.1 CFD on Twin-Tube MR Damper
		13.5.2 Magnetic Analysis of MR Damper
	13.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 14 FEA of Humerus Bone Fracture and Healing
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Research Methodology
	14.3 Modeling and Boundary Conditions
	14.4 FEA Results
	14.5 Cup Radius Variation
	14.6 Fracture Analysis of Humerus Bone
	14.7 Static Structural Analysis
	14.8 Supporting Plate and Screw Design
		14.8.1 Assembly of Humerus Bone and Supporting Plate with Screw
		14.8.2 Material Properties of Supporting Plate and Screw
	14.9 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 15 Design of Energy Harvesting Mechanism for Walking Applications
	15.1 Introduction
		15.1.1 Electromechanical Equations of Cantilever Beam-Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters
		15.1.2 Perturbation Analysis
		15.1.3 Finite Element Modeling
	15.2 Modeling of Energy Harvester
		15.2.1 Designing the Rough Model
		15.2.2 Static Analysis on Crank and Connecting ROD
		15.2.3 Kinematic Analysis on the Slider-Crank Mechanism
		15.2.4 Dynamic Analysis on the Slider-Crank Mechanism
	15.3 Results and Discussion
		15.3.1 Variation of Torque with Crank Angle
		15.3.2 Time Domain Representation of Generated Voltage
		15.3.3 Variation of Power with Frequency of Excitation
		15.3.4 Voltage–Time Response of the System when Just Tapping the Top Edge of the Beam
		15.3.5 Effect of Beam Material on Induced Voltage in a Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
	15.4 Development of Control Strategies
		15.4.1 Choice of Control Strategies
		15.4.2 Development and Tuning of PID Using MATLAB
	15.5 Conclusion
	References
Index