Advanced Materials for a Sustainable Environment: Development Strategies and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1 Advanced Materials towards Environmental Protection: Attributes and Progress
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Need for the Advanced Materials
		1.2.1 Emerging Pollutants in Atmosphere
			1.2.1.1 Pharmaceutical Residues
			1.2.1.2 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDC)
			1.2.1.3 Dyes and Dye-Containing Hazardous Substances
			1.2.1.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)-Based Emerging Contaminants
			1.2.1.5 Biocide Contaminants
			1.2.1.6 Gaseous and Volatile Pollutants
		1.2.2 Emerging Demand of Renewable and Clean Energy Resources
	1.3 Design and Engineering of Advanced Materials
		1.3.1 Doped Metal Compounds
		1.3.2 Mixed Metal Compounds
		1.3.3 Carbon Nitride (C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)])-Based Materials
		1.3.4 Polymer-Assisted Materials
		1.3.5 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		1.3.6 Mxene-Based Materials
		1.3.7 Ionic Liquid (IL)-assisted Nanomaterials
		1.3.8 Clay-Based Nanomaterials
		1.3.9 Zeolite-Based Nanomaterials
	1.4 Advanced Materials Application towards Sustainable Environment
		1.4.1 Photocatalytic Decontamination
		1.4.2 Hydrogen (H[sub(2)]) Production and Storage
		1.4.3 Chemical Sensing
		1.4.4 Adsorption
		1.4.5 Lithium-Ion Batteries
	1.5 Conclusion and Future Remarks
	References
Chapter 2 Green Approaches to Catalytic Processes under Alternative Reaction Media
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Catalysis in the Green Chemistry Context
	2.3 Alternative Solvents and Reaction Media
		2.3.1 Water as Solvent for Catalytic Industrial Processes
		2.3.2 Ionic Liquids in Industry
		2.3.3 Carbon Dioxide and Other Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Catalysis
		2.3.4 Renewable Solvents in Industry
	2.4 Solventless Reactions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Chapter 3 Sensing of Environmental Contaminants Using Advanced Nanomaterial
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 pH Sensor
	3.3 Humidity Sensor
	3.4 Heavy Metal Sensor
		3.4.1 Adsorption Methods
			3.4.1.1 Adsorption Isotherms and Kinetics
			3.4.1.2 Adsorption Kinetics
		3.4.2 Electrochemical Detection
		3.4.3 Photocatalyst
		3.4.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 4 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Decontamination of Hazardous Organics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Adsorption Application
		4.2.1 Activated Carbon-Based Hybrid
		4.2.2 Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids
		4.2.3 Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Hybrids
		4.2.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Hybrid
		4.2.5 Silica-Based Hybrid
		4.2.6 Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-Based Hybrid
		4.2.7 Natural Plant Seed Framework-Based Hybrid
		4.2.8 Bio-Silica Xerogel-Based Hybrid
	4.3 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Biodegradation Process
		4.3.1 Providencia Vermicola-Based Hybrid
		4.3.2 Phosphotriesterase-Based Hybrid
		4.3.3 Bacillus Licheniformis-Based Hybrid
		4.3.4 Laccase Enzyme-Based Hybrid
	4.4 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Electrochemical Processes
		4.4.1 Boron-Doped Diamond
		4.4.2 Titanium Dioxide Nanotube Arrays
		4.4.3 Other Materials
	4.5 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Filtration
	4.6 Nano-Engineered Hybrid Materials for Photocatalysis
	References
Chapter 5 Polyaniline-Based Adsorbents and Photocatalysts for the Elimination of Toxic Heavy Metals
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Preparation Methods
	5.3 Materials Types
		5.3.1 Polyaniline (PANI)
		5.3.2 PANI-Based Nanocomposites
	5.4 Removal of Heavy Metals
		5.4.1 Photocatalytic Removal
		5.4.2 Adsorption
	5.5 Heavy Metal Removal Mechanisms
		5.5.1 Mechanism of Photocatalysis
		5.5.2 Mechanism of Adsorption
	5.6 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6 Emerging MXene-Based Materials for the Removal of Environmental Pollutants
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 MXene and MXene-Based Materials for Adsorption-Based Environmental Remediation
		6.2.1 Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater
		6.2.2 Dye Degradation by MXenes
		6.2.3 Radionuclide Elimination by MXenes
	6.3 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7 Metal Oxide-Biochar Nanocomposites for the Effective Removal of Environmental Contaminants
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Formation of Metal Oxide-Biochar Composites
		7.2.1 Impregnation
		7.2.2 Co-Precipitation Method
		7.2.3 Pyrolysis
		7.2.4 Ball Milling Method
		7.2.5 Application of Ultrasound
	7.3 Morphological Changes in the Metal-Oxide Composite
	7.4 Application of Metal Oxide-Biochar Composites as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Emerging Contaminants
		7.4.1 Removal of Organic Pollutants
		7.4.2 Removal of Inorganic Pollutants
	7.5 Catalytic Removal of Emerging Contaminants
		7.5.1 General Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation
			7.5.1.1 Adsorption
			7.5.1.2 Photodegradation
			7.5.1.3 Ozonization
		7.5.2 Photocatalytic Applications of Biochar
	7.6 Environmental Aspects of Metal Oxide/Biochar Composite
	7.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8 Metal Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Advanced Materials for Clean Environment
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Synthetic Approaches
	8.3 Capturing of Toxic Gases
	8.4 Storage of Gases
	8.5 Purification of Fuel
	8.6 Water Treatment
	8.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9 Photoactive Nanostructured Materials for Antibacterial Action: A Self-Sterilization
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Photoactive Nanomaterials
	9.3 Mechanism of Antimicrobial Activity
		9.3.1 Photocatalytic Disinfection
		9.3.2 Photothermal Disinfection
	9.4 Factors Affecting Kinetics of Light-Mediated Microbial Disinfection
	9.5 Photocatalytic Antimicrobial Nanomaterials
		9.5.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials
		9.5.2 Metal-Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		9.5.3 Metal-Organic Polymer-Based Nanomaterials
	9.6 Photothermal Antimicrobial Nanomaterials
	9.7 Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 10 Advanced Materials for Hydrogen Production and Storage: A New Era of Clean Energy
	10.1 Introduction: Background
	10.2 Characteristic of Hydrogen as a Clean Energy Source
	10.3 Utility of Hydrogen Production and Storage
	10.4 Overview of Photocatalytic H[sub(2)] Generation
	10.5 Characteristics of Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic H[sub(2)] Generation and Storage
		10.5.1 Metal Organic Frameworks
		10.5.2 Perovskite Oxides
		10.5.3 Layered Double Hydroxides
		10.5.4 Carbon Materials
		10.5.5 Metal Sulfides
		10.5.6 Metal Oxides
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11 Advancement in Biofuels Production: Sustainable Perception towards Green Energy and Environment
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Classification of Biofuels on the Basis of their Feedstock
		11.2.1 Oil Extraction Methods for First-Generation Biofuels
		11.2.2 Oil Extraction Methods for Second-Generation Biofuels
			11.2.2.1 Conventional Solvent Extraction (CSE)
			11.2.2.2 Physical-Supported Solvent Extraction (PSSE)
			11.2.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
			11.2.2.4 Novel Methods
		11.2.3 Oil Extraction Methods for Third-Generation Biofuels
			11.2.3.1 Extraction of Lipids from Algal Biomass Using CSE Method
			11.2.3.2 Extraction of Lipids from Algal Biomass Using PSSE Method
			11.2.3.3 Extraction of Lipids from Algal Biomass Using SFE Method
			11.2.3.4 Extraction of Lipids from Algal Biomass Using Novel Method
		11.2.4 Fourth-Generation Biofuels
	11.3 Techniques Used in Production of Biofuels
		11.3.1 Hydrolysis and Fermentation
		11.3.2 Pyrolysis
		11.3.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction (HTL)
		11.3.4 Anaerobic Digestion
		11.3.5 Gasification
		11.3.6 Transesterification
	11.4 Purification of Biofuels
		11.4.1 Distillation Process
		11.4.2 Membrane-Based Process
		11.4.3 Liquid-Liquid Extraction Process
		11.4.4 Adsorption Process
	11.5 Applications of Biofuels
	11.6 Summary
	References
Chapter 12 Advanced Fluids in Chemical Absorption of CO[sub(2)]: Development in CO[sub(2)] Capture Technology
	Glossary Chemistry
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Conventional Solvents
		12.2.1 Amine-Based Solvents
		12.2.2 Aqueous Ammonia
		12.2.3 Dual Alkali Process
		12.2.4 Sodium Carbonate
		12.2.5 Gas Absorption Membrane
	12.3 Ionic Liquids
	12.4 Cutting-Edge Solvents
		12.4.1 Phase-Change Solvents
			12.4.1.1 CO[sub(2)]-Loading-Dependent Biphasic Solvents
			12.4.1.2 Temperature-Dependent Biphasic Solvents
			12.4.1.3 Hydrate-Based Separation Solvents
		12.4.2 Solid-Supported Liquid Solvents
			12.4.2.1 Polymeric Solvents
			12.4.2.2 Nanosolvents
			12.4.2.3 Porous Liquid Solvents
	12.5 Commercial Solvents Used at Industrial Scale
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13 Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO[sub(2)]
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO[sub(2)]
	13.3 Metal Oxide Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Reduction of CO[sub(2)]
		13.3.1 Titania (TiO[sub(2)])-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.2 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.3 Tungsten Oxide (WO[sub(3)])-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.4 Copper Oxide (CuO & Cu[sub(2)]O)-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.5 Cerium Oxide (CeO[sub(2)])-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.6 Zirconium Dioxide (ZrO[sub(2)])-Based Nanocomposites
		13.3.7 Other Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites
	13.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index