ADVANCED HEAT TRANSFER

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
List of Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Fundamental Concepts and Definitions
	1.2 Conservation of Energy
	1.3 Thermophysical Properties
		1.3.1 Thermodynamic Properties
		1.3.2 Transport Properties
	1.4 Heat Conduction
	1.5 Convection
	1.6 Thermal Radiation
	1.7 Phase Change Heat Transfer
	1.8 Mass Transfer
	References
	Problems
Chapter 2: Heat Conduction
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 One-dimensional Heat Conduction
		2.2.1 Heat Conduction Equation
		2.2.2 Steady Conduction in a Plane Layer
	2.3 Thermal Resistance and Shape Factor
	2.4 Fins and Extended Surfaces
	2.5 Multidimensional Conduction
		2.5.1 Cartesian Coordinates
		2.5.2 Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates
		2.5.3 Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
	2.6 Method of Separation of Variables
	2.7 Nonhomogeneous Systems
	2.8 Conformal Mapping
	2.9 Transient Heat Conduction
		2.9.1 Lumped Capacitance Method
		2.9.2 Semi-Infinite Solid
		2.9.3 Finite Regions
	2.10 Time-Dependent Boundary Conditions
	2.11 Conduction in Porous Media
	2.12 Heat Transfer in Living Tissue
	2.13 Microscale Conduction
	References
	Problems
Chapter 3: Convection
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Governing Equations
		3.2.1 Conservation of Mass (Continuity Equation)
		3.2.2 Conservation of Momentum (Navier–Stokes Equations)
		3.2.3 Total Energy (First Law of Thermodynamics)
		3.2.4 Mechanical Energy Equation
		3.2.5 Internal Energy Equation
	3.3 Nondimensional Form of Equations
		3.3.1 Dimensionless Variables
		3.3.2 Buckingham–Pi Theorem
	3.4 Convection Boundary Layer
		3.4.1 Boundary Layer Equations
		3.4.2 Heat and Momentum Analogies
	3.5 Evaporative Cooling
	3.6 Flat Plate Boundary Layer
		3.6.1 Scaling Analysis
		3.6.2 Integral Solution
		3.6.3 Similarity Solution
	3.7 Flow Past a Wedge
	3.8 Cylinder in Cross Flow
	3.9 Other External Flow Configurations
		3.9.1 Sphere
		3.9.2 Tube Bundles
	3.10 Internal Flow
		3.10.1 Poiseuille Flow in Tubes
		3.10.2 Non-Circular Ducts
	3.11 Free Convection
		3.11.1 Vertical Flat Plate
		3.11.2 Body Gravity Function Method
		3.11.3 Spherical Geometries
	3.12 Introduction to Turbulence
		3.12.1 Turbulence Spectrum
		3.12.2 Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes Equations
		3.12.3 Eddy Viscosity
		3.12.4 Mixing Length
		3.12.5 Near-Wall Flow
		3.12.6 One- and Two-Equation Closure Models
	3.13 Entropy and the Second Law
		3.13.1 Formulation of Entropy Production
		3.13.2 Apparent Entropy Production Difference
		3.13.3 Dimensionless Entropy Production Number
	References
Chapter 4: Thermal Radiation
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Fundamentals of Radiation
		4.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum
		4.2.2 Radiation Intensity
		4.2.3 Blackbody Radiation
	4.3 Radiative Surface Properties
	4.4 Radiation Exchange between Surfaces
	4.5 Thermal Radiation in Enclosures
		4.5.1 Radiation Exchange at a Surface
		4.5.2 Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces
		4.5.3 Two-Surface Enclosures
	4.6 Radiation in Participating Media
		4.6.1 Attenuation by Absorption and Scattering
		4.6.2 Scattering from Other Directions
		4.6.3 Enhancement of Intensity by Emission
	4.7 Equations of Energy Transfer for Participating Media
		4.7.1 General Equation of Transfer
		4.7.2 Radiative Flux Vector
		4.7.3 Conservation of Energy
	4.8 Approximate Solutions of the Equation of Transfer
		4.8.1 Transparent Gas Approximation
		4.8.2 Emission Approximation
		4.8.3 Rosseland Approximation
	4.9 Coupled Radiation and Convection
	4.10 Solar Radiation
		4.10.1 Components of Solar Radiation
		4.10.2 Solar Angles
		4.10.3 Incident Solar Radiation
	4.11 Solar Collectors
		4.11.1 Collector Efficiency and Heat Losses
		4.11.2 Temperature Distribution
		4.11.3 Heat Removal Factor
	References
	Problems
Chapter 5: Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flows
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Pool Boiling
		5.2.1 Physical Processes
		5.2.2 Nucleate Pool Boiling
		5.2.3 Film Pool Boiling
	5.3 Forced Convection Boiling in External Flow
		5.3.1 Over a Flat Plate
		5.3.2 Outside a Horizontal Tube
		5.3.3 Other Surface Configurations
	5.4 Two-phase Flow in Vertical Tubes
		5.4.1 Vertical Flow Regimes
		5.4.2 Formation of Bubbles
		5.4.3 Models of Annular Flow and Heat Transfer
	5.5 Internal Horizontal Two-phase Flows
		5.5.1 Flow Regimes in Horizontal Tubes
		5.5.2 Dispersed Bubble Flow
		5.5.3 One-dimensional Model of Stratified Flow
		5.5.4 Plug and Annular Flow Correlations
		5.5.5 Multi–Regime Nusselt Number Correlations
	5.6 Turbulence Modeling of Two-phase Flows
	5.7 Laminar Film Condensation
		5.7.1 Axisymmetric Bodies
		5.7.2 Other Configurations
	5.8 Turbulent Film Condensation
		5.8.1 Over a Vertical Plate
		5.8.2 Outside a Sphere
	5.9 Forced Convection Condensation
		5.9.1 Internal Flow in Tubes
		5.9.2 Outside a Horizontal Tube
		5.9.3 Finned Tubes
	5.10 Thermosyphons and Heat Pipes
		5.10.1 Transport Processes
		5.10.2 Operational Limitations
	References
	Problems
Chapter 6: Multiphase Flows with Droplets and Particles
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Dispersed Phase Equations
		6.2.1 Particle Equation of Motion
		6.2.2 Convective Heat and Mass Transfer
	6.3 Carrier Phase Equations
		6.3.1 Volume Averaging Method
		6.3.2 Conservation of Mass
		6.3.3 Momentum Equations
		6.3.4 Conservation of Energy (Total Energy Equation)
		6.3.5 Thermal Energy Equation
	6.4 Heat Transfer from Droplets
		6.4.1 Lumped Capacitance Solution
		6.4.2 Internal Temperature Distribution within a Droplet
		6.4.3 Solidification of Droplets
	6.5 Impinging Droplets on a Freezing Surface
	6.6 Droplet to Particle Transition
		6.6.1 Physical Processes
		6.6.2 Solvent Evaporation and Droplet Shrinkage
	6.7 Forced Convection Melting of Particles
	6.8 Radiative Heat Transfer from Particles
		6.8.1 Absorption and Emission in a Gas Layer
		6.8.2 Particulate Radiation
	6.9 Internal Flows with Particles
		6.9.1 Slurries
		6.9.2 Vertical Flows in Pipelines
		6.9.3 Horizontal Transport of Solid Particles
		6.9.4 Packed Bed Flow
	6.10 Nanofluids and Nanoparticles
		6.10.1 Transport Phenomena
		6.10.2 Governing Transport Equations
		6.10.3 Thermal Conductivity
		6.10.4 Heat Transfer and Nusselt Number
	References
	Problems
Chapter 7: Solidification and Melting
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Change
	7.3 Governing Equations
		7.3.1 General Scalar Transport Equation
		7.3.2 Mass and Momentum Equations
		7.3.3 Energy Equation
		7.3.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics
	7.4 Freezing in a Semi-infinite Domain
		7.4.1 Stefan Problem
		7.4.2 Integral Solution
	7.5 Uniform Phase Interface Velocity
	7.6 Solidification with Convective Boundary Cooling
		7.6.1 Perturbation Solution
		7.6.2 Quasi-Stationary Solution
		7.6.3 Frozen Temperature Approximate Solution
		7.6.4 Multicomponent Systems
	7.7 Cylindrical Geometry
		7.7.1 Solidification in a Semi-infinite Domain
		7.7.2 Heat Balance Integral Solution
		7.7.3 Melting with a Line Heat Source
		7.7.4 Superheating in the Liquid Phase
	7.8 Spherical Geometry
	References
Chapter 8: Chemically Reacting Flows
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Mixture Properties
	8.3 Reaction Rates
	8.4 Governing Conservation Equations
		8.4.1 General Mole Balance Equation
		8.4.2 Energy Balance
	8.5 Types of Chemical Reactors
		8.5.1 Batch Reactor
		8.5.2 Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor
		8.5.3 Plug Flow Reactor
		8.5.4 Packed Bed Reactor
	8.6 Diffusive Transport Phenomena
		8.6.1 Heterogeneous Reaction
		8.6.2 Homogeneous Reaction
		8.6.3 Reaction in a Porous Catalyst
	8.7 Heat and Fluid Flow with Chemical Reactions
	8.8 Fuels and Combustion
		8.8.1 Combustion Process
		8.8.2 Burning Fuel Droplet
		8.8.3 Radiation Exchange
	8.9 Multiphase Reacting Mixtures
		8.9.1 Physical Processes
		8.9.2 Shrinking Core Model
		8.9.3 Progressive Conversion Model
	8.10 Fluidized Beds
		8.10.1 Hydrodynamics
		8.10.2 Heat and Mass Transfer
		8.10.3 Reaction Rates for Solid Conversion
		8.10.4 Non-catalytic Gas–Solid Reaction Model
	References
	Problems
Chapter 9: Heat Exchangers
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Types of Heat Exchangers
	9.3 Heat Exchanger Analysis
		9.3.1 Log Mean Temperature Difference
		9.3.2 Correction Factor for Complex Configurations
		9.3.3 Pressure Drop
	9.4 Effectiveness – NTU Method
	9.5 Honeycomb Heat Exchangers
	9.6 Moving Bed Heat Exchangers
	9.7 Thermal Enhancement with Metal Foams
	9.8 Microchannel Heat Exchangers
	9.9 Thermal Response to Transient Temperature Changes
	9.10 Three-Fluid Heat Exchangers
	9.11 Two-phase Heat Exchangers
		9.11.1 Compact Heat Exchanger
		9.11.2 Helically Coiled Tube Heat Exchanger
	9.12 Optimization by Entropy Generation Minimization
		9.12.1 Counterflow Heat Exchanger
		9.12.2 Heat Exchangers with Flow Imbalance
		9.12.3 Entropy Generation with Phase Change
		9.12.4 Finned Tube Crossflow Heat Exchanger
	References
	Problems
Chapter 10: Computational Heat Transfer
	10.1 Finite Difference Method
		10.1.1 Steady-state Solution
		10.1.2 Transient Solutions
	10.2 Finite Element Method
		10.2.1 Weighted Residuals
		10.2.2 Solution Procedure
	10.3 Spatial and Temporal Interpolation
		10.3.1 Triangular Elements
		10.3.2 Quadrilateral Elements
		10.3.3 Time-dependent Problems
	10.4 Applications to Heat and Fluid Flow
		10.4.1 Two-dimensional Formulation of Heat Conduction
		10.4.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics
	10.5 Finite Volume Method
		10.5.1 Discretization of General Scalar Conservation Equation
		10.5.2 Transient, Convection, Diffusion, and Source Terms
		10.5.3 SIMPLE and SIMPLEC Methods
		10.5.4 Turbulent Flow Modeling
	10.6 Control-Volume-Based Finite Element Method
		10.6.1 General Scalar Conservation Equation
		10.6.2 Transient, Convection, Diffusion and Source Terms
		10.6.3 Assembly of Subcontrol Volume Equations
	10.7 Radiation Heat Transfer
		10.7.1 Discrete Transfer Radiation Model
		10.7.2 Discrete Ordinates Model
		10.7.3 Finite Volume Method
	10.8 Two-phase Flows
		10.8.1 Liquid–Gas Phase Change
		10.8.2 Solid–Liquid Phase Change
	10.9 Machine Learning
		10.9.1 Introduction
		10.9.2 Artificial Neural Networks
		10.9.3 Case Studies of Conduction and Forced Convection
		10.9.4 Linear Regression
	10.10 Other Methods
	References
Appendices
	Appendix A: Vector and Tensor Notations
	Appendix B: Conversion of Units and Constants
	Appendix C: Convection Equations in Cartesian, Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
	Appendix D: Properties of Solids
	Appendix E: Properties of Gases
	Appendix F: Properties of Liquids
	Appendix G: Radiative Properties
	Appendix H: Atomic Weights of Elements
	Appendix I: Thermochemical Properties
	References
Index