Advanced Functional Porous Materials: From Macro to Nano Scale Lengths

Contents
Contributors
Fundamentals of Porous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Pores
		2.1 Porosity
	3 Classification of Porous Materials
		3.1 Based on Pores Size
		3.2 Based on Building Framework
		3.3 Artificial Porous Materials
	4 Applications of Porous Materials
	5 Conclusion
	References
Synthesis of Macro Porous Ceramic Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Structural Characters of Porous Ceramic Materials
	3 Synthesizing Method
		3.1 Partial Sintering
		3.2 Replica Template
		3.3 Sacrificial Template
		3.4 Direct Foaming
		3.5 Advantages and Limitations of Partial Sintering, Replica Template, Sacrificial Template and Direct Foaming
	4 Future Trends in Producing Porous Ceramics Components
	5 Conclusion
	References
Emulsion Templated Hierarchical Macroporous Polymers
	1 Introduction
	2 HIPE Formation and Structure of HIPEs
		2.1 Stabilization of HIPEs
	3 Polymerization Strategies for HIPEs
		3.1 Chain-Growth Polymerization
		3.2 Step-Growth Polymerization
		3.3 Ring Opening Polymerization (ROP)
	4 PolyHIPE Properties
	5 PolyHIPE Applications
		5.1 Adsorption/Separation/Filtration Processes
		5.2 Tissue Engineering
		5.3 Organic Reactions and Catalysis
		5.4 Energy Storage
	6 Conclusion
	References
Characterization of Macroporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Computerized X-Ray Tomography
	3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
	4 Electron Microscopy
		4.1 3D Electron Tomography (3DET) Technique
		4.2 Dual-Beam Electron Microscope
	5 Conclusions
	References
Synthesis of Mesoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Properties of Mesoporous Materials
	3 Preparation Methods of Mesoporous Materials
	4 Template-Assisted Synthesis of OMMs
		4.1 Preparation of OMMs by Soft-Templating Method
		4.2 Preparation of OMMs by Hard-Templating Method
	5 Template-Free Synthesis of OMMs
	6 Doping in OMMs
	7 Advantages and Limitations of Different Preparation Methods
	8 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
Characterization of Mesoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of Mesoporous Materials
		2.1 X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
		2.2 Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption
		2.3 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
		2.4 Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
		2.5 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
		2.6 Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX)
		2.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
		2.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
	3 Limitations of Techniques
	4 Conclusion
	References
Role of Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Carriers: Evaluation of Diverse Mesoporous Material Nanoparticles as Potential Host for Various Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Chemistry and Synthesis of Mesoporous Material
	3 Functionalization of Mesoporous Material
	4 Methods of Drug Loading and Release of Drugs from MSNs
	5 Mesoporous Material as a Potential Drug Carrier
	6 Applicability of Mesoporous Material for Fast or Immediate Drug Delivery Systems
	7 Applicability of Mesoporous Material for Sustained or Controlled Drug Delivery Systems
	8 Mesoporous Nanotechnology Approaches for Infectious Diseases
	9 Conclusion
	References
Applications and Future Trends in Mesoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Conversion and Storage
		2.1 Rechargeable Batteries
		2.2 Supercapacitors
		2.3 Fuel Cells
		2.4 Solar Cells
	3 Carbon Capture
	4 Filtration
	5 Catalysis
	6 Optics
	7 Drug Delivery
	8 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Advanced Ordered Nanoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Zeolites
		2.1 Structure and Physicochemical Properties
		2.2 Zeolite Synthesis
		2.3 Applications of Zeolites
	3 Ordered Mesoporous Materials
		3.1 Mesoporous Silica
		3.2 Mesoporous Alumina
		3.3 Mesoporous Metal/Metal Oxide
		3.4 Mesoporous Carbon
	4 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		4.1 Structure and Physicochemical Properties
		4.2 Synthesis Techniques
		4.3 Applications
	5 Covalent Organic Frameworks
		5.1 Structure and Physicochemical Properties
		5.2 Synthesis Techniques
		5.3 Applications
	6 Summary and Prospects
	References
Characterization of Nanoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Crystalline Structure
		2.1 Single Crystal and Powder XRD
		2.2 Electron Crystallography
	3 Oxidation State and Coordination
		3.1 X-Ray Absorption Spectrum
		3.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectrum
		3.3 UV–Vis Spectra
		3.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
	4 Chemical Composition
	5 Pore Analysis
	6 Morphology: SEM
	7 Pore Structure: TEM
	8 Conclusions
	References
Emerging Biomedical and Industrial Applications of Nanoporous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Nanobiomedicine Applications
		2.1 Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) and Tissue Engineering
		2.2 Bioseparation, Sorting and Analysis
		2.3 Antifouling and Antibacterial Coatings
		2.4 Microfluidic Bioassays and Organ-on-Chip Devices
		2.5 Biosensors and Theranostic Devices
		2.6 Flexible Bioelectronics and Biointerfaces
		2.7 Future Horizon and Challenges
	3 Industrial Applications
		3.1 Chromatography and Filtration Applications
		3.2 Photocatalytic and Adsorption Applications
		3.3 Nanoreactors
		3.4 Biosensing and Photonic Applications
		3.5 Energy Harvesting and Storage Applications
		3.6 Future Horizons and Challenges
	4 Conclusion
	References
Fundamentals of Hierarchically Porous Materials and Its Catalytic Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Catalytic Applications of Hierarchical Porous Materials
		2.1 Photocatalytic Materials
		2.2 Fuel Chemistry
		2.3 Valorisation of Biomass
		2.4 Selective Organic Transformation Process
		2.5 Pollution Abatement
	3 Recent Studies in Hierarchical Porous Materials
	4 Conclusion and Future Aspects on Hierarchical Porous Materials
	References
Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Materials
	1 Introduction
	2 Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Materials by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		2.1 Oxide
		2.2 Carbon
		2.3 Metal
	3 Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Materials by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
		3.1 Oxide
		3.2 Polymer
		3.3 Metal
	4 Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Materials by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
		4.1 Oxide
		4.2 Carbon
		4.3 Ceramic
		4.4 Polymer
	5 Characterization of Hierarchical Porous Materials by Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)
		5.1 Oxide
		5.2 Carbon
		5.3 Polymer
	6 Conclusion
	References
Hierarchical Porous Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks: Microporous to Macroporous Regime
	1 Introduction
	2 Structure of ZIFs
	3 Synthesis of ZIFs
		3.1 Modulation-based Method
		3.2 Template-based Method
		3.3 Template-free Synthesis
		3.4 Defect Formation
		3.5 Freeze-drying and Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
		3.6 3D Printing Method
	4 Characterization of Porosity
	5 Conclusion
	References
Porous Metals
	1 Introduction
	2 Types of Porous Metals
	3 Fabrication of Porous Metals
		3.1 Liquid-State Processing Routes
		3.2 Solid-State Processing Route
		3.3 Metal Deposition Methods
	4 Properties of Porous Metals
		4.1 Microstructure of Porous Metals
		4.2 Mechanical Properties
		4.3 Acoustic Properties
		4.4 Thermal Properties
	5 Applications of Porous Metals
		5.1 Structural Applications
		5.2 Functional Applications
	6 Conclusion
	References
Porous Ceramic Properties and Its Different Fabrication Process
	1 Introduction
	2 Classification of Porous Ceramics
		2.1 Different Methods for Enhancing the Porosity of Porous Ceramic Materials
	3 Fabrication of Porous Ceramics
		3.1 Particle Stacking Sintering
		3.2 Addition of Pore-Forming Agent
		3.3 Polymeric Sponge Impregnation Process
		3.4 Foaming Process
		3.5 Sol–Gel Process
		3.6 Other Processing Process of Porous Ceramics
	4 Porous Ceramic Honeycombs
	5 Porous Ceramic Composites
	6 Conclusion
	References
Application of Porous Ceramics
	1 Introduction
	2 Ion Exchange
		2.1 As, Zn, Cd, Cs
		2.2 Li+
		2.3 Na+
		2.4 NH4+
		2.5 O2−
	3 Catalyst Carrier
	4 Porous Electrodes and Membranes
		4.1 Battery
		4.2 Photo-Fenton
		4.3 Fuel Cell
	5 Filtration and Separation
		5.1 Hot-Gas Filtration
		5.2 Fluid Separation
		5.3 Filtration of Molten Metals
		5.4 Microfiltration
	6 Functional Materials
		6.1 Flexible Porous Ceramics
		6.2 Dielectric, Ferroelectric, and Piezoelectric Effect
	7 Combustion and Fire Retardance
		7.1 Combustion
		7.2 Fire Retardance
	8 Conclusion and Future Trends
	References
Electrospun Porous Biobased Polymer Mats for Biomedical Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Electrospinning Process
		2.1 Porous Nanofibers
		2.2 Polymer Used in Nanofiber Fabrication
	3 Biomedical Applications of Porous Biobased Polymer Mats
		3.1 Tissue Engineering Applications
		3.2 Drug Delivery
		3.3 Wound Dressings
		3.4 Cosmeceutical Applications
		3.5 Other Applications
	4 Future Insights and Challenges
	5 Conclusion
	References
Porous Ionic Liquid Derived Materials for CO2 Emissions Mitigation
	1 Introduction
	2 Organic Porous Materials
		2.1 IL Grafted in Polymeric Supports
		2.2 IPOP (Ionic Porous Organic Polymers)
		2.3 Material Trends (MIP and Aerogel)
	3 Hybrid or Crystalline Frameworks
		3.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		3.2 Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs)
		3.3 Material Trends (COF)
	4 Inorganic Supports
		4.1 Silica
		4.2 Zeolites
		4.3 Material Trends (Carbon)
	5 Conclusions and Outlook
	References
Physical and Mathematical Modelling of Fluid and Heat Transport Phenomena in Porous Media
	1 Introduction
	2 Governing Parameters
		2.1 Nusselt Number (Nu)
		2.2 Rayleigh Number (Ra)
		2.3 Richardson Number (Ri)
		2.4 Grashof Number (Gr)
		2.5 Reynolds Number (Re)
		2.6 Hartmann Number (Ha)
		2.7 Darcy Number (Da)
	3 Heat Transfer of Nanofluids with Porous Media
	4 Role of the Magnetic Force on Heat Transfer of Nanofluid with Porous Media
	5 Heat Transfer of Hybrid Nanofluids with Porous Media
	6 Conclusions and Outlook
	7 Nomenclature and Symbols Used
	References