Advanced Functional Nanoparticles "Boon or Bane" for Environment Remediation Applications: Combating Environmental Issues

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Advanced Nanomaterials: From Properties and Perspective Applications to Their Interlinked Confronts
	1.1 Introduction to Advanced Nanomaterials
	1.2 Properties of Advanced Nanomaterials
		1.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles
		1.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
		1.2.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
	1.3 Application Areas
		1.3.1 Biomedical Areas
		1.3.2 Water Purification and Dye Removal
		1.3.3 Energy Storage
		1.3.4 Pollution Sensing
	1.4 Risks and Interlinked Attributes
	1.5 Conclusions
	Multiple Choice Questions
		Answers
	Short Questions and Answers
	References
Chapter 2: Advanced Nanoparticles: A Boon or a Bane for Environmental Remediation Applications
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Classification and Properties of Advanced Nanoparticles
	2.3 Environmental Remediation Applications of Advanced Nanoparticles
		2.3.1 Advanced Nanoparticles as an Effective Adsorbent for Toxic Pollutants
		2.3.2 Advanced Nanoparticles as Effective Photocatalysts for Degrading Harmful Toxins
		2.3.3 Biomedical Applications of Advanced Nanomaterials
	2.4 Environmental Impact of Advanced Nanoparticles
		2.4.1 Environmental Fate of Advanced Nanomaterials
		2.4.2 Related Risk and Toxic Impact
			2.4.2.1 Toxic Impact of Nanomaterials on Human Beings
		2.4.3 Bioaccumulation of Advanced Nanomaterials
	2.5 Conclusion
	Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ)
	Short Questions
	References
Chapter 3: Nanomaterials in Environment: Sources, Risk Assessment, and Safety Aspect
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 General Applications of Nanotechnology
	3.3 Environmental Applications
	3.4 Types of Nanomaterials
	3.5 Sources of Nanomaterials
	3.6 Natural Nanomaterials
	3.7 Incidental Nanomaterials
	3.8 Engineered Nanomaterials
	3.9 Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
		3.9.1 What Is Risk?
		3.9.2 Health Risks
		3.9.3 Environmental Risks
		3.9.4 Risk Assessment Frameworks
	3.10 Safety Aspect of Nanomaterials
	3.11 Conclusion
	Multiple Choice Questions
		Answers
	Short Questions and Answers
	References
Chapter 4: Environmental Fate Descriptors for Screening Nanotoxicity and Pollutant Sensing
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Toxicological Fate of Semiconducting Nanoparticles
		4.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity
		4.2.2 Antifungal Activity
		4.2.3 Seed Germination Analysis
		4.2.4 Antialgal Activity
		4.2.5 Allium cepa Chromosomal Aberration Assay
		4.2.6 Antioxidant Assay
		4.2.7 Aggregation and Dissolution Behaviour
		4.2.8 Sorption Behaviour
		4.2.9 Photodegradation Activity
	4.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Contaminant Sensing
		4.3.1 Heavy Metal Ions
			4.3.1.1 Sources of Heavy Metals
				Arsenic
				Mercury
				Chromium
				Lead
			4.3.1.2 Specialized Techniques to Remove Heavy Metals
		4.3.2 Organic Pollutants
		4.3.3 Organic Dyes
		4.3.4 Gas Sensing
		4.3.5 Inorganic Anions
	4.4 Summary
	Multiple-Choice Questions
	Short Questions
	Answer Sheet
		Answers of MCQ
	Short-Question Answers
	References
Chapter 5: Nanomaterials in Combating Water Pollution and Related Ecotoxicological Risk
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Types of Water Pollutants
		5.2.1 Organic Dyes
		5.2.2 Heavy Metals
		5.2.3 Pesticides
		5.2.4 Phenolic Compounds
		5.2.5 Pharmaceutical Waste, Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, and Personal Care Products
	5.3 Definition and Significance of Nanomaterials
	5.4 Nanomaterials for Combating Water Pollution
		5.4.1 Zero-Valent Nanoparticles
			5.4.1.1 Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)
			5.4.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
			5.4.1.3 Zinc Nanoparticles (ZnNPs)
			5.4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
		5.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
			5.4.2.1 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)
			5.4.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
			5.4.2.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeONPs+Fe2O3NPs + Fe3O4NPs)
			5.4.2.4 Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgONPs)
			5.4.2.5 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs)
			5.4.2.6 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeONPs)
		5.4.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
			5.4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
			5.4.3.2 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
			5.4.3.3 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
			5.4.3.4 Fullerenes
		5.4.4 Nanocomposites
		5.4.5 Nanomembranes
	5.5 Ecotoxicological Risks Associated with the Nanomaterials
		5.5.1 Effects on Aquatic Autotrophs
			5.5.1.1 Toxic Impacts on Phytoplankton
			5.5.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Cyanobacteria
			5.5.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Aquatic Plants
		5.5.2 Effects on Aquatic Heterotrophs
			5.5.2.1 Toxic Impacts on Zooplanktons
			5.5.2.2 Toxic Impacts on Invertebrates
			5.5.2.3 Toxic Impacts on Vertebrates
	5.6 Conclusion
	Multiple-Choice Questions
		Answers
	Short Questions
	References
Chapter 6: Nanotechnology: Emerging Opportunities and Regulatory Aspects in Water Treatment
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Manufacturing Approaches
	6.3 Applications of Nanotechnology
	6.4 Synoptic Applications of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
		6.4.1 Nanomaterials Used for Environmental Applications
		6.4.2 Action Mechanism of Nanomaterials
		6.4.3 Conventional and Modern Techniques Used for Water Treatment
		6.4.4 Nanotechnology in Water Purification
		6.4.5 Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
	6.5 Toxicity Facts and Safety Issues Associated with Nanomaterials
	6.6 Regulatory Aspects of Nanomaterials
	6.7 Commercial Processes of Nano-Based Materials Related to Water Application
	6.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
	Questions and Answers: A Solution Manual
		Objective Questions
		Fill in the Blanks
		Short Answer Questions
		Long Answer Question
	References
Chapter 7: Nanoparticles in Dye Degradation: Achievement and Confronts
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Toxic Effect of Dye
	7.3 Mechanism of Dye Removal Using Nanomaterials
	7.4 Different Nanomaterials for Dye Removal
		7.4.1 Nanoparticles
		7.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
		7.4.3 Nanorods
		7.4.4 Graphene
		7.4.5 Fullerene
	7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	Questions
	References
Chapter 8: Safe Appraisal of Carbon Nanoparticles in Pollutant Sensing
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Carbon Dots Structure
	8.3 Carbon Dots Synthesis
		8.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method
		8.3.2 Microwave Irradiation
		8.3.3 Carbonization
		8.3.4 Chemical Ablation
	8.4 Photoluminescence Mechanism in CDs
		8.4.1 Quantum Confinement-Derived PL
		8.4.2 Surface State-Derived PL
	8.5 Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity
	8.6 Bioimaging
	8.7 Biosensing
	8.8 Drug Delivery
	8.9 Quantitative Multiassay Approach
		8.9.1 Antibacterial Activity
		8.9.2 Antioxidant Activity Analysis
		8.9.3 Seed Germination Assay
		8.9.4 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay
	8.10 Environment Pollutant Sensing by Carbon Nanoparticles
		8.10.1 Lead
		8.10.2 Mercury
		8.10.3 Chromium
		8.10.4 Cadmium
		8.10.5 Nickel
		8.10.6 Pesticides
		8.10.7 Degradation of Organic Dyes by Using CDs
	8.11 Summary
	Appendix
		Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
		Answers of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
		Short Questions
		Answers of Short Questions
	References
Chapter 9: Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedicine: Benefits and Challenges
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Nanomaterials and Their Classification
		9.2.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
		9.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
		9.2.3 Organic-Based Nanomaterials
	9.3 Benefits of Nanomaterials in Biomedicine
		9.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System
		9.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles in Gene Delivery
	9.4 Challenges for Nanotechnology in Biomedicine
	9.5 Conclusion
	Appendix
		Multiple Choice Questions
		Answers
		Short Questions and Answers
	References
Chapter 10: New Perspective Application and Hazards of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanoparticles
	10.3 Sources of NPs
	10.4 Classification of NPs
		10.4.1 Carbon-Based NPs
		10.4.2 Ceramic NPs
		10.4.3 Metal NPs
		10.4.4 Semiconductor NPs
		10.4.5 Polymeric NPs
		10.4.6 Lipid-Based NPs
	10.5 Properties of NPs
		10.5.1 Nanoparticle Size and Surface Area
		10.5.2 Nanoparticle Shape
		10.5.3 Aggregation
		10.5.4 Concentration
		10.5.5 Surface Charge
		10.5.6 Composition
	10.6 Applications of NPs
		10.6.1 NPs Act as an Environmental Cleaner
		10.6.2 Medical Applications
		10.6.3 Application in Energy Generation and Storage
		10.6.4 Industrial Applications
		10.6.5 Other Applications
	10.7 Aquatic System
	10.8 Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environment
	10.9 Transformation
	10.10 Toxicity of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment
		10.10.1 Effect on Aquatic Plants
		10.10.2 Effect on Phytoplankton
		10.10.3 Effect on Aquatic Microbes
		10.10.4 Effect on Cyanobacteria
		10.10.5 Effect on Algae and Microalgae
		10.10.6 Effect on Other Marine Organisms
	10.11 Future Recommendations
	Questions
	Answers
	References
Chapter 11: Risk Governance Policies for Sustainable Use of Nanomaterials
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Key Requirements for Sustainable Use of Nanomaterials
	11.3 Nanotechnology: Policy Implications
	11.4 Risk Assessment
		11.4.1 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
		11.4.2 Future Technology Analyses (FTA)
		11.4.3 Nanotechnology Assessment
			11.4.3.1 Technology Assessment
			11.4.3.2 Technology Assessment for Sustainable Use of Nanotechnology: Task and Challenges
			11.4.3.3 Co-Evaluation of Technology, Society, and Their Inseparability Issue
			11.4.3.4 Life Cycle Issue and Prediction Changes
			11.4.3.5 Integration Issue and Incommensurability Problem
			11.4.3.6 Reflexive Sustainability Assessment for Nanotechnology
		11.4.4 International and National Scenario
	11.5 Risk Treatment
		11.5.1 Involvement of Social, Economic, and Biophysical Factors
		11.5.2 Guidance on How to Use and Deal
		11.5.3 Consider Future Cycle for the Remediation
		11.5.4 Participation and Contribution to the Assurance
	11.6 Preparation of Nanomaterial Safety Data Sheets
		11.6.1 Perilous Evaluation of SDS for Nanomaterials
		11.6.2 Guidelines for the Preparation of SDS
	11.7 Enhancement of Reusability and Recovery of Nanomaterials After Application
	11.8 Future Prospects
	Multiple Choice Questions
	Short Questions
	Multiple Choice Question Answers
	Short Question Answers
	References
Chapter 12: Misconceptions in Nanotoxicity Measurements: Exploring Facts to Strengthen Eco-Safe Environmental Remediation
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 What Is Nanotoxicity?
		12.1.2 Alteration in Properties from Macro to Nano Scale
	12.2 Misconceptions About Nanotoxicity
	12.3 Nanotoxicity Measurements
		12.3.1 In Vitro Studies
		12.3.2 In Vivo Studies
			12.3.2.1 Whole-Body Exposure
			12.3.2.2 Nose/Head-Only Exposure
			12.3.2.3 Lung-Only Exposure
		12.3.3 In Silico Studies
	12.4 Commonly Used Nanomaterials
		12.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
		12.4.2 Zinc Oxide
		12.4.3 Titanium Dioxide
		12.4.4 Copper Oxide
		12.4.5 Other Commonly Used Nanomaterials
	12.5 Nano-Bio Interface
	12.6 Loopholes
	12.7 Methods to Control Toxicity
		12.7.1 Green Synthesis
			12.7.1.1 Green Synthesis Using Plants
			12.7.1.2 Green Synthesis Using Microorganisms
			12.7.1.3 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes
		12.7.2 Magnetic Nanocomposites
	12.8 Disposal of Nanowaste
		12.8.1 Incineration
		12.8.2 Landfill
	12.9 Recycle and Reuse
	12.10 Future Perspectives
	12.11 Conclusions
	References