Advanced Flexible Ceramics: Design, Properties, Manufacturing, and Emerging Applications

Cover
Advanced Flexible Ceramics
Copyright
List of contributors
Contents
1 Flexible ceramics: an introduction
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Methods for fabrication of flexible ceramics
		1.2.1 Cofired combustion methods
		1.2.2 Printing method
		1.2.3 Tape casting process
		1.2.4 Roll-to-roll processing method
	1.3 Applications and challenges
	References
	Further reading
2 Shape memory ceramics
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Smart ceramics
	2.3 Mechanism of shape recovery in smart ceramics
	2.4 Methods for fabrication
	2.5 Electrical and electronic applications of smart ceramics
	2.6 Biomedical applications of smart ceramics
	2.7 Industrial application of smart ceramic
	References
	Further reading
3 Characterization of flexible ceramics
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Characterization techniques
		3.2.1 Electron microscopy
			3.2.1.1 Field-emission scanning electron microscopy
			3.2.1.2 Transmission electron microscopy
		3.2.2 Scanning probe microscopy
			3.2.2.1 Scanning tunneling microscopy
			3.2.2.2 Atomic force microscopy
		3.2.3 X-ray diffraction
		3.2.4 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy
		3.2.5 Electron diffraction
		3.2.6 Energy dispersive X-ray analysis
		3.2.7 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
		3.2.8 Thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis
	3.3 Conclusion
	References
4 Microstructural characteristics of flexible ceramics
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Design strategies and microstructures
		4.2.1 Itacolumite
		4.2.2 Aluminum titanate ceramics
		4.2.3 Al2O3/Mo
		4.2.4 Al2O3–TiO2–MgO
		4.2.5 KZr2(PO4)3–KAlSi2O6
		4.2.6 Al2O3/Al/Al2O3 hybrid composite
		4.2.7 One-dimensional flexible ceramics
		4.2.8 Three-dimensional flexible ceramics
		4.2.9 ZnO tetrapods
		4.2.10 Metal-alloyed ZnO tetrapod
	4.3 Conclusive remark
	Acknowledgment
	References
5 Mechanical properties of flexible ceramics
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Mechanical properties of conventional ceramics
	5.3 Mechanical properties of flexible ceramics materials
	5.4 Mechanism of flexibility
		5.4.1 Modifying the microstructure
		5.4.2 Addition of other materials
		5.4.3 By changing the shape
	5.5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
6 Electrical properties of flexible ceramics
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Electrical properties of flexible ceramics
		6.2.1 Dielectric properties
		6.2.2 Piezoelectric properties
		6.2.3 Pyroelectric properties
		6.2.4 Ferroelectric properties
		6.2.5 Electrochemical properties
		6.2.6 Current–voltage characteristics
			6.2.6.1 Space-charge-limited conduction mechanism
			6.2.6.2 Schottky and Poole–Frenkel conduction mechanisms
	6.3 Electrical properties-based applications of flexible ceramic films
		6.3.1 Energy storage devices
			6.3.1.1 Dynamic method
			6.3.1.2 Static method
		6.3.2 Energy harvesting
			6.3.2.1 Piezoelectric nanogenerators
			6.3.2.2 Pyroelectric nanogenerators
			6.3.2.3 Sensors
		6.3.3 Memory
			6.3.3.1 Resistive random access memory
			6.3.3.2 Ferroelectric random access memory
	6.4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
7 Optical properties of flexible ceramic films
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Concept and fundamentals of optical properties
		7.2.1 Interaction of electromagnetic wave with ceramics
			7.2.1.1 Absorption
			7.2.1.2 Transmission
			7.2.1.3 Reflection
			7.2.1.4 Refraction
			7.2.1.5 Scattering
		7.2.2 Luminescence properties
			7.2.2.1 Photoluminescence
			7.2.2.2 Cathodoluminescence
			7.2.2.3 Electroluminescence
			7.2.2.4 Thermoluminescence
			7.2.2.5 Mechanoluminescence
	7.3 Flexible ceramic films and their optical properties
		7.3.1 Transmittance of flexible ceramics
		7.3.2 Refractive index of flexible ceramic films
		7.3.3 Photoluminescence of flexible ceramic films
		7.3.4 Electroluminescence of flexible ceramic films
		7.3.5 Mechanoluminescence of flexible ceramic films
	7.4 Flexible ceramic film-based optical device applications
		7.4.1 Photodetectors (photosensors)
		7.4.2 Solar cells
		7.4.3 Optical memories
		7.4.4 Optical (or phosphor) thermometry
		7.4.5 Photocatalysis
		7.4.6 Light-emitting diodes
		7.4.7 Other applications
	7.5 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
8 Chemical vapor deposition processing and its relevance to build flexible ceramics materials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Chemical vapor deposition: principles and fundamentals
		8.2.1 Basic understanding of chemical vapor deposition
		8.2.2 Reaction mechanism of chemical vapor deposition and its relation with a substrate
		8.2.3 Atomic layer deposition: a special type of chemical layer deposition
	8.3 Chemical vapor deposition processing to build flexible ceramics
		8.3.1 Current status
		8.3.2 Development of film-like structures on the flexible substrates
		8.3.3 Development of one-dimensional nanostructures with different geometries and morphologies
			8.3.3.1 Direct deposition
			8.3.3.2 Template-based deposition
	References
9 Ceramic three-dimensional printing
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Classification of three-dimensional printing processes
		9.2.1 Slurry-based processes
			9.2.1.1 Process description
			9.2.1.2 Feedstock requirements
			9.2.1.3 Energy consumption
		9.2.2 Powder-based processes
			9.2.2.1 Process description
			9.2.2.2 Feedstock requirements
			9.2.2.3 Energy consumption
		9.2.3 Bulk solid materials
			9.2.3.1 Process description
			9.2.3.2 Feedstock requirements
			9.2.3.3 Energy consumption
	9.3 Process parameters
		9.3.1 Slurry-based processes
	9.4 Quality control techniques
	9.5 Guidelines for technology selection
	9.6 Applications of Ceramics
	9.7 Conclusion and perspectives
	References
10 Methods for fabrication of ceramic coatings
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Ceramic coating materials for fabrication
		10.2.1 Different types of oxide ceramic coatings
		10.2.2 Different types of nonoxide ceramic coatings
	10.3 Methods for fabrication of ceramic coating on metallic materials
		10.3.1 Sol–gel method
		10.3.2 Microarc oxidation
	10.4 Liquid phase deposition method
	10.5 Atomic layer deposition method
		10.5.1 Electrochemical method
		10.5.2 Plasma treatment
		10.5.3 Magnetron sputtering
		10.5.4 Solution immersion process
		10.5.5 Laser-cladding method
		10.5.6 Chemical vapor deposition method
		10.5.7 Dip-coating method
	10.6 Conclusions
	10.7 Future scope
	References
11 Methods for ceramic machining
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Traditional machining
	11.3 Nontraditional machining
	11.4 Hybrid machining
	11.5 Comparative studies
	11.6 Conclusion
	References
12 Advanced flexible electronic devices for biomedical application
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Flexible electronics
		12.2.1 Fabrication strategies and materials
		12.2.2 Physical, chemical, and biosensors-based flexible ceramics
			12.2.2.1 Physical sensor
				12.2.2.1.1 Temperature sensor
				12.2.2.1.2 Strain sensor
				12.2.2.1.3 Pressure sensors
			12.2.2.2 Chemical and biological sensors
				12.2.2.2.1 pH sensors
				12.2.2.2.2 Glucose sensors
		12.2.3 Advanced flexible electronic for wound healing
	12.3 Summary and conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
13 Transition metal oxide ceramic nanocomposites for flexible supercapacitors
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Supercapacitor overview: types and components
		13.2.1 Electrical double-layer capacitors versus pseudocapacitors
		13.2.2 Use of ceramics as supercapacitor electrodes
		13.2.3 Current collectors/substrates for preparing supercapacitor electrodes
		13.2.4 Electrolytes
	13.3 Recently developed ceramic electrodes for flexible supercapacitors
		13.3.1 Metal oxide/conductive polymer composites
		13.3.2 Metal sulfides/conductive polymer composites
		13.3.3 Metalloid nitrides/carbides ceramics
		13.3.4 Metal hydroxide ceramics
		13.3.5 Spinel oxide ceramics
	13.4 Conclusions and future prospects
	References
14 Metal–organic framework and MXene-based flexible supercapacitors
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Types of flexible supercapacitor
		14.2.1 Metal–organic frameworks-based flexible supercapacitors
		14.2.2 MXene-based flexible supercapacitor
	14.3 Summary and conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
15 Flexible solar cells
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Material properties for flexible substrates
		15.2.1 Stability against oxygen and moisture
		15.2.2 Thermal properties
		15.2.3 Optical properties
		15.2.4 Chemical properties
	15.3 Flexible substrates
		15.3.1 Metals
		15.3.2 Ceramics
		15.3.3 Polymers
	15.4 Flexible absorbers and flexible solar cells
		15.4.1 a-Si:H solar cells
		15.4.2 CdTe solar cells
		15.4.3 Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells
		15.4.4 Organic solar cells
		15.4.5 Perovskite solar cells
	15.5 Fexible electrodes
		15.5.1 Metals
		15.5.2 Carbon
		15.5.3 Polymers
	15.6 Conclusion
	References
16 Emerging applications of ceramics in flexible supercapacitors
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Electrode materials
		16.2.1 Ruthenium oxide
		16.2.2 Manganese oxide
		16.2.3 Cobalt oxide
		16.2.4 Iron oxides
		16.2.5 Vanadium oxides
		16.2.6 Tin oxide
		16.2.7 Vanadium nitride
		16.2.8 Titanium nitride
	16.3 Summary
	References
17 Flexible ceramics for microfluidics-mediated biomedical devices
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Flexible ceramics in microfluidics
	17.3 Fabrication protocols for flexible ceramics in microfluidics
	17.4 Tailoring ceramics for application in medical-related microdevices
	17.5 Integration of microelectronic in flexible ceramic-based microfluidics
	17.6 General applications of functional and flexible bioceramics in medical technology
	17.7 Emerging technologies in bioceramics for medical devices
	17.8 Ceramic-based medical devices
	17.9 Emerging technologies for bioceramics in the medical device application
		17.9.1 Electroceramics
		17.9.2 Green state machining
		17.9.3 Three-dimensional printing
		17.9.4 Bone cancer treatment from bioceramic scaffolds
		17.9.5 Sol–gel technique
	17.10 Prospects of flexible bioceramics in post-COVID era
	17.11 Current roles of flexible bioceramics in tackling COVID-19 and expectations in post-COVID-19 era
		17.11.1 Silicon nitride bioceramics
		17.11.2 Graphitic carbon nitride
		17.11.3 Ventilator design
	References
18 Advanced tape cast multilayer thin ceramics and composites with inelastic failure behaviors for damage-resistant applica...
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Fabrication of multilayer composites
	18.3 Microstructure and properties of multilayer composites
		18.3.1 Mechanical properties of multilayer systems
			18.3.1.1 Nanoalumina/nanoalumina multilayer composite
			18.3.1.2 Nanozirconia/nanozirconia multilayer composite
			18.3.1.3 Nanozirconia/lanthanum phosphate 20-layer multilayer composite
			18.3.1.4 Nanoalumina/5 zirconia toughened alumina multilayer composite
			18.3.1.5 Nanozirconia/5 zirconia toughened alumina multilayer composite
		18.3.2 Aspect of toughness improvement in multilayer composite systems
	18.4 Summary and conclusions
	References
19 Flexible ceramics for environmental remediation
	19.1 Introduction
	19.2 Flexible ceramics for environmental remediation
		19.2.1 Removal of heavy metals
		19.2.2 Air filtration
		19.2.3 Adsorption of dyes
		19.2.4 Removal of pathogens
		19.2.5 Photodegradation of dyes
	19.3 Conclusions
	References
20 Ceramic-based coatings for solar energy collection
	20.1 Background
	20.2 State-of-art
		20.2.1 Normal ceramic collectors
		20.2.2 Vanadium–titanium black ceramic collectors
	20.3 Heat-transfer mechanism
	20.4 Building application methods
		20.4.1 Module patterns
		20.4.2 Integration patterns
	20.5 Application cases
		20.5.1 Conceptual architecture
		20.5.2 Rural residence
		20.5.3 Urban high-rise residence
		20.5.4 Public building
		20.5.5 Agricultural construction
	20.6 Future directions
	References
21 Advanced ceramics in the defense and security
	21.1 Introduction to ceramics in defense and security
	21.2 Market report on ceramic coating used in defense and security
	21.3 Ceramic coating materials for defense and security industry
		21.3.1 Alumina titania ceramic powders
		21.3.2 Aluminum oxide powders
		21.3.3 Chromium oxide powders
	21.4 Ceramic coating in various parts
		21.4.1 Submarines
		21.4.2 Surface ships
		21.4.3 Aircraft
		21.4.4 Helicopters
		21.4.5 Helicopter rotors
	21.5 Various advantages and limitations of ceramic coatings
	21.6 Conclusion
	References
22 Advanced ceramics for anticorrosion and antiwear ceramic coatings
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Anticorrosion ceramic coatings
		22.2.1 Solution corrosion
		22.2.2 Hot corrosion
			22.2.2.1 Diffusion coatings
			22.2.2.2 Overlay coatings
			22.2.2.3 Thermal barrier coatings
		22.2.3 Nanocrystalline ceramic coatings
	22.3 Antiwear ceramic coatings
		22.3.1 Microarc oxidation
		22.3.2 Laser cladding
		22.3.3 Thermal spraying
		22.3.4 Sol–gel method
	22.4 Conclusions
	References
23 Crystal structures for flexible photovoltaic application
	23.1 Introduction
	23.2 Estimation of structural stability of metal–organic framework by tolerance factors
	23.3 Double perovskites and low-dimensional perovskites
	23.4 Grain growth and defects in the metal–organic frameworks
	23.5 Rietveld refinement of crystal structures for solar cell configuration
	23.6 High-temperature annealing and abnormal improvement of conversion efficiencies
	23.7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
24 Ceramic materials for coatings: an introduction and future aspects
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Ceramic coating material selection
	24.3 Ceramic coating materials
		24.3.1 Aluminum oxide
		24.3.2 Silicon carbide
		24.3.3 Yttrium aluminum garnet
		24.3.4 Rare-earth cerates and zirconocerate
		24.3.5 Silicon nitride
		24.3.6 Aluminum nitride
		24.3.7 Titanium nitride
		24.3.8 Barium titanate
	24.4 Coating methods
	24.5 Future aspects in ceramics
	24.6 Conclusions
	References
25 Development of an advanced flexible ceramic material from graphene-incorporated alumina nanocomposite
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Ceramics
		25.2.1 Properties of ceramics
		25.2.2 Application of ceramics
	25.3 Flexible ceramics or flexiramics
	25.4 Graphene-incorporated alumina flexible nanocomposites
	25.5 Conclusion
	References
26 Carbon fiber reinforced ceramics: a flexible material for sophisticated applications
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Fabrication and characterization of carbon fiber-reinforced ceramics
	26.3 Microstructure and properties of carbon fiber reinforced ceramics
		26.3.1 Microstructural studies
		26.3.2 Nanomechanical studies on plan section of C/C composites
		26.3.3 Statistical analysis of plan section nanomechanical properties of C/C composites by Weibull model
		26.3.4 The nanomechanical studies on cross-section of C/C composites
		26.3.5 The nanomechanical studies on carbon fiber
		26.3.6 The tensile strength and failure studies on carbon fiber
	26.4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Index