Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies for Targeting Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases

Contents
About the Editors
1: An Introduction to Respiratory Diseases and an Emerging Need for Efficient Drug Delivery Systems
	1.1 Current Treatments for Respiratory Diseases
		1.1.1 Bronchodilators
		1.1.2 Corticosteroids
		1.1.3 Antibiotics
		1.1.4 Bronchodilators
	1.2 Challenges to the Current Treatment of Drugs
		1.2.1 Asthma
		1.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
		1.2.3 Interstitial Lung Diseases (ILDs)
		1.2.4 Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		1.2.5 Lung Cancer
		1.2.6 Respiratory Infections
	1.3 Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems
	1.4 Limitations of the Drug Delivery Systems
	1.5 The Need of Novel Drug Delivery Systems
	1.6 Conclusion
	References
2: Inflammatory Respiratory Diseases: Correlation Between Lung Cancer and COVID-19
	2.1 Epidemiology
		2.1.1 Introduction
		2.1.2 Incidence
		2.1.3 Mortality
		2.1.4 Survival
	2.2 Lung Cancer Among Never Smokers
		2.2.1 Risk Factors
			2.2.1.1 Passive Smoking
		2.2.2 Cooking Fumes
		2.2.3 Inherited Genetic Susceptibility
		2.2.4 Preexisting Lung-Related Disease
		2.2.5 Clinical Profile of Lung Cancer Among Never Smokers
	2.3 Lung Cancer Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment
		2.3.1 Screening
		2.3.2 Diagnosis
			2.3.2.1 PET with Computed Tomography (PET-CT)
			2.3.2.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
		2.3.3 Bronchoscopy
			2.3.3.1 Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy
		2.3.4 Endobronchial Ultrasound (EBUS) and Endoscopic (Esophageal) Ultrasound (EUS)
		2.3.5 Transthoracic Needle Biopsy
			2.3.5.1 Treatment
			2.3.5.2 Surgery
			2.3.5.3 Chemotherapy
			2.3.5.4 Targeted Therapy
			2.3.5.5 Immunotherapy
			2.3.5.6 Radiation
	2.4 Lung Cancer and COVID-19
		2.4.1 Introduction
		2.4.2 Lung Cancer to a COVID-19 Risk Factor
		2.4.3 Why Are Lung Cancer Patients Prone to Getting Infected with COVID-19?
		2.4.4 Lung Cancer Management During Diagnosis and Staging
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
3: Advancements in Translational Respiratory Research Using Nanotechnology
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Advancements in Translational Respiratory Research (TRR)
	3.3 Overview of Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology
		3.3.1 Types of Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.1 Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.2 Metal Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.3 Ceramic Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.4 Semiconductor Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles
			3.3.1.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
		3.3.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles
			3.3.2.1 Bottom-Up Method
			3.3.2.2 Top-Down Method
		3.3.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles
	3.4 Inhalation Drug Delivery
		3.4.1 Barriers to the Inhalation Drug Delivery System
		3.4.2 Nanoparticles in Inhalation Drug Delivery
		3.4.3 Clinical Studies on Inhalation Drug Delivery
	3.5 Oligonucleotide Therapy
		3.5.1 Antisense Oligonucleotides (ASOs)
		3.5.2 Short Interfering RNA (siRNA)
		3.5.3 MicroRNA (miRNA)
		3.5.4 Aptamers
		3.5.5 Cytosine-Guanine Dinucleotide (CpG) Oligonucleotides
		3.5.6 Delivery of Oligonucleotide Therapy
		3.5.7 Clinical Studies on Oligonucleotide Therapy
	3.6 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)
		3.6.1 Nanoparticles in PDT
		3.6.2 Clinical Studies on Photodynamic Therapy
	3.7 Future Prospects
	3.8 Conclusion
	References
4: Chemical Moieties as Advanced Therapeutics for Targeting Respiratory Disorders
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Indole-Based Chemical Compounds for Managing Respiratory Disorders
	4.3 Azole-Based Chemical Compounds for Managing Respiratory Disorders
	4.4 Chromone-Based Conjugates for Capping Respiratory Disorders
	4.5 Flavonoid-Based Conjugates for Capping Respiratory Disorders
	4.6 Terpenoid-Based Conjugates for Capping Respiratory Disorders
	4.7 Alkaloids for Capping Respiratory Disorders
	4.8 Essential Patented Molecules for Ameliorating Respiratory Disorders
	4.9 Conclusion
	References
5: Phytochemicals and their Nanoformulations Targeted for Pulmonary Diseases
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Phytochemical Nanoformulations Targeted for Lung Diseases
		5.2.1 Curcumin
		5.2.2 Resveratrol
		5.2.3 Naringenin
		5.2.4 (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-O-Gallate (EGCG)
		5.2.5 Berberine
		5.2.6 Celastrol
	5.3 Conclusion and Future Prospects
	References
6: Nanocarriers: An Advanced and Highly Effective Approach for Targeting Chronic Lung Diseases
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Advanced Drug Delivery and Its Implication in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Disease
	6.3 Nanocarriers Investigated in Advanced Drug Delivery for Targeting Chronic Lung Disease
		6.3.1 Liposomes
		6.3.2 Dendrimers
		6.3.3 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		6.3.4 Micelles
		6.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes
		6.3.6 Quantum Dots
		6.3.7 Exosomes
		6.3.8 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
	6.4 Synthetic Approaches of Polymeric Nanoparticle Formulation
	6.5 Drugs Delivered Through Advanced Drug Delivery Strategies: Nanocarriers
	6.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects
	References
7: Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems in Respiratory Diseases
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Global Prevalence of Major Respiratory Diseases
	7.3 Conventional Therapies Used for Respiratory Diseases
	7.4 Antibiotics
	7.5 Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
	7.6 Bronchodilators
	7.7 Gene Therapy
	7.8 Vesicular Drug Delivery System (VDDS) for Respiratory Disease Treatment
		7.8.1 Liposomes
		7.8.2 Virosomes
		7.8.3 Niosomes
		7.8.4 Proniosomes
		7.8.5 Archaesome
		7.8.6 Ethosomes
		7.8.7 Others
	7.9 Conclusion and Future Perspective
	References
8: Nanoparticles in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	8.1 Introduction
		8.1.1 Chronic Respiratory Disease
		8.1.2 Nanoparticle Size for Alveoli Delivery
	8.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticle
		8.2.1 Liposomes
		8.2.2 Lipid Polymer Hybrid
		8.2.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticle
		8.2.4 Nanostructured Lipid Carrier
	8.3 Polysaccharides-Based Nanoparticles
	8.4 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles (PNS)
	8.5 Dendrimers
	8.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		8.6.1 Development of Inorganic Nanoparticles
			8.6.1.1 Precipitation of Salts in Aqueous Media
			8.6.1.2 Hydrothermal Method
			8.6.1.3 Microemulsion Method
			8.6.1.4 Polyol Process
			8.6.1.5 Thermal Decomposition
		8.6.2 Inorganic-Based Nanomaterials
			8.6.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes
			8.6.2.2 Gold Nanoparticles
			8.6.2.3 Silver Nanoparticles
			8.6.2.4 Platinum Nanoparticles
			8.6.2.5 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs)
			8.6.2.6 Iron-Oxide Nanoparticles
			8.6.2.7 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
			8.6.2.8 Copper Oxide Nanoparticle
		8.6.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	8.7 Advanced Nanomedicine for Chronic Respiratory Diseases
		8.7.1 Clinical Studies for Targeted Drug Delivery
			8.7.1.1 Cystic Fibrosis
			8.7.1.2 Lung Cancer
			8.7.1.3 Asthma
		8.7.2 Theranostics (Diagnosis and Imaging Based on Nanotechnology)
	8.8 Conclusion
	References
9: Applications of Nanotechnology in Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Promising Nanotechnological Interventions for Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis
		9.2.1 Nanoparticle-Based Nano-Platforms for Diagnostic Imaging in Pulmonary Diseases
			9.2.1.1 Gold NPs
			9.2.1.2 Iron Oxide NPs
			9.2.1.3 Polymeric NPs
			9.2.1.4 Silica-Based NPs
			9.2.1.5 Manganese Oxide NPs
			9.2.1.6 Gadolinium-Based NPs
			9.2.1.7 Miscellaneous
	9.3 Nano-Biosensors for Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis
		9.3.1 Nano-Biosensors for the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis
		9.3.2 Nano-Biosensors for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer
		9.3.3 Nano-Biosensors for Diagnosis of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
	9.4 Quantum Dots/Nanocrystal Fluorophores-Based Nano-Platforms for Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis
	9.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
10: Nanotechnology in Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Nanotechnology as a Diagnosis Tool
		10.2.1 Ex Vivo Diagnosis
		10.2.2 In Vivo Diagnosis
	10.3 Nanotechnology in the Diagnosis of Pulmonary Diseases
	10.4 Summary and Conclusion
	References
11: Recent Trends in Nanomedicine for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Diseases
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 Classification of Respiratory Diseases
		11.1.2 Nanomedicine
		11.1.3 Application of Nanomedicine in Respiratory Diseases
		11.1.4 Diagnosis and Treatment
		11.1.5 Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases
		11.1.6 Pulmonary Tuberculosis
		11.1.7 Lung Cancer
	11.2 Targeted Drug Delivery in Pulmonary Diseases
	11.3 Types of Nanoparticle-Based Treatment for Pulmonary Diseases
		11.3.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
		11.3.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
	11.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
12: Strategies for Enhanced Drug Targeting to Inflamed Lungs: Novel Perspectives
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Anatomy and Physiology of Human Lungs
		12.2.1 Bronchial Tree
			12.2.1.1 Tracheal Airways
			12.2.1.2 Bronchi and Bronchioles
		12.2.2 Alveoli
		12.2.3 Pulmonary Blood Circulation
		12.2.4 Physiology of Lungs
			12.2.4.1 Pulmonary Mechanics
			12.2.4.2 Inspiration
			12.2.4.3 Expiration
			12.2.4.4 Gas Exchange
	12.3 Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases
		12.3.1 Asthma
			12.3.1.1 Pathogenesis of Asthma
		12.3.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Emphysema
			12.3.2.1 Pathogenesis of COPD (Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema)
		12.3.3 Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)
			12.3.3.1 Pathogenesis of IPF
	12.4 Nanodiagnosis of CILD
	12.5 Strategies for Enhanced Drug Targeting to Inflamed Lungs
		12.5.1 Mucoadhesive Polymer-Based Approach
		12.5.2 Particulate Carrier-Based Approach
			12.5.2.1 Nanoparticles
			12.5.2.2 Microparticles
			12.5.2.3 Liposomes
			12.5.2.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN)
			12.5.2.5 Nanomicelles
			12.5.2.6 Dendrimers
		12.5.3 Drug Administration Device-Based Approach
			12.5.3.1 Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI)
			12.5.3.2 Pressurized Meter Dose Inhalers (pMDIs)
			12.5.3.3 Nebulizers
	12.6 Treatment of CILD
		12.6.1 Phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4) Inhibitors
			12.6.1.1 First Generation PDE4 Inhibitors
			12.6.1.2 Second Generation PDE4 Inhibitors
		12.6.2 Adenosine A2a-Receptor Agonists
			12.6.2.1 A2a-Receptor Agonists
		12.6.3 Drugs that Interfere with Adhesion Molecules
			12.6.3.1 Cell Adhesion Receptor
			12.6.3.2 Selectin Inhibitors
	12.7 Clinical Status of Nanotherapy for CILD
	12.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
13: Solid-Lipid Nanocarriers (SLNs)-Based Drug Delivery for Treating Various Pulmonary Diseases
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 Pulmonary Drug Delivery and Challenges
		13.1.2 The Need for Lipid Nanocarriers in Pulmonary Delivery
		13.1.3 Requirements of Lipid Nanoparticles for Pulmonary Application
	13.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
		13.2.1 What Are SLNs?
		13.2.2 Structure and Types of SLNs
		13.2.3 Composition of SLNs
		13.2.4 Preparation Techniques of SLNs
		13.2.5 Advantages and Limitations of SLNs
			13.2.5.1 Advantages of SLNs
			13.2.5.2 Disadvantages of SLNs
	13.3 Applications of SLNs in Treating Different Chronic Lung Diseases
		13.3.1 Asthma
		13.3.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		13.3.3 Tuberculosis
		13.3.4 Pulmonary Cystic Fibrosis
		13.3.5 Lung Cancer
	13.4 Future Perspectives
	13.5 Conclusion
	References
14: Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microemulsions as Pulmonary Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Respiratory Disea...
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Microparticles in the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases
	14.3 Microspheres in the Treatment of Respiratory Diseases
	14.4 Microemulsions in Respiratory Diseases
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15: Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microemulsions in Respiratory Diseases
	15.1 Introduction to Microparticles, Microsphere, and Microemulsion
		15.1.1 Microparticles
		15.1.2 Microsphere
		15.1.3 Microemulsion
	15.2 Prevalence of Common Respiratory Diseases and Challenges in their Treatment
	15.3 Relevance of Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microemulsions in Treating Respiratory Diseases
	15.4 Mechanisms of Deposition of Particles in the Respiratory Tract
	15.5 Factors Influencing the Deposition of Particles in Respiratory Tract
	15.6 Composition, Formulation, and Characterization of Microparticles, Microspheres, and Microemulsion
		15.6.1 Composition, Formulation, and Manufacturing of Microemulsions
		15.6.2 Composition, Formulation, and Manufacturing of Microparticles
		15.6.3 Composition, Formulation, and Manufacturing of Microsphere
	15.7 Conclusion
	References
16: Advanced Drug Delivery Systems Targeting the Immune System at Cellular Level in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Physiological Functions of Lungs
	16.3 Respiratory Drug Developmental Complications
	16.4 Drug Delivery to Pulmonary Regions
	16.5 Nanosized Materials as Drug Delivery Agents
	16.6 Common Features of Drug-Delivering Nanocarriers
		16.6.1 Surface Alterations
		16.6.2 Target Specificity
		16.6.3 Proper Drug Release
		16.6.4 Toxicological Analysis
	16.7 Impact of Nanotechnology on Lung Drug Delivery
	16.8 Characteristics of Efficient Pulmonary Vector
	16.9 Types of Nanobased Carriers
		16.9.1 Micelle
		16.9.2 Liposomes
		16.9.3 Microemulsion
		16.9.4 Microparticles
		16.9.5 Nanoparticles
	16.10 Immune Cell Based Drug Delivery
		16.10.1 Neutrophil Target
		16.10.2 Acute Lung Inflammation
	16.11 Acute Lung Injury and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
	16.12 Asthma
	16.13 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	16.14 Cystic Fibrosis
	16.15 Lung Cancer
	16.16 Macrophage Mannose Receptor Target
	16.17 Conclusion
	References
17: Targeted Micellar Systems for Pulmonary Disease Intervention
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Micellar Systems for Targeted Pulmonary Delivery (2011-Onwards)
		17.2.1 Inherently Lung-Targeted PEG(5000)-DSPE Micelles
		17.2.2 Complex Micelles-in-Liposomes Hybrid Systems
		17.2.3 Esterase-Activatable Prodrug Micelles
		17.2.4 Dual-Targeted Hybrid Nanocarriers
		17.2.5 Targeted Delivery Using Drug and siRNA
		17.2.6 Miscellaneous Pulmonary-Targeted Delivery Systems
	17.3 Conclusions and Future Directions
	References
18: Polymeric and Inorganic Nanoparticles Targeting Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	18.1 Introduction
	18.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		18.2.1 Polymeric Materials
			18.2.1.1 Natural Polysaccharide-based Polymers
			18.2.1.2 Natural Protein-based Polymers
			18.2.1.3 Synthetic-based Polymers
		18.2.2 Types of Polymeric Nanoparticles
			18.2.2.1 Classification of Polymeric Nanoparticles
			18.2.2.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles Platforms
	18.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
		18.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles
		18.3.2 Silver Nanoparticles
		18.3.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
		18.3.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
	18.4 Rationales of Nanoparticles Design for Lung Diseases
		18.4.1 Route of Administration
		18.4.2 Deposition of Nanoparticles
		18.4.3 Pulmonary Barriers
	18.5 Polymeric and Inorganic Nanoparticles in Chronic Lung Diseases
		18.5.1 Asthma
		18.5.2 Lung Cancer
		18.5.3 Tuberculosis
		18.5.4 Cystic Fibrosis
	18.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
19: Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	19.1 Introduction
		19.1.1 Chronic Lung Diseases
		19.1.2 Challenges for Respiratory Drug Delivery System
	19.2 Mucoadhesive Polymers
		19.2.1 Attributes of an Ideal Mucoadhesive Polymer
		19.2.2 Molecular Characteristics
		19.2.3 Advantages of Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System
		19.2.4 Role and Utilization of Mucoadhesives Drug Delivery Systems (MDDS)
		19.2.5 Benefits of Pulmonary Drug Delivery System
	19.3 The Mechanisms of Mucoadhesion
	19.4 Theories of Mucoadhesion
		19.4.1 Wetting Theory
		19.4.2 Diffusion Theory of Mucoadhesion
		19.4.3 Fracture Theory
		19.4.4 The Electronic Phenomenon
		19.4.5 The Adsorption Theory
	19.5 Sites/Routes for Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery
		19.5.1 Oral MDDS
		19.5.2 Nasal MDDS
		19.5.3 Ocular MDDS
		19.5.4 Vaginal MDDS
		19.5.5 Rectal MDDS
		19.5.6 Gastrointestinal MDDS
	19.6 Treatments for Respiratory Diseases
	19.7 Carrier of MDDS for Respiratory Diseases
		19.7.1 Liposome/Lipid Nanocapsule
		19.7.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles (NPs)
		19.7.3 Microspheres-based Drug Delivery System
		19.7.4 Other Nano/Micro-Carriers for MDDS
			19.7.4.1 Dendrimers Based System
			19.7.4.2 Cyclodextrin
			19.7.4.3 Micro/Nanoemulsion
			19.7.4.4 Nano-complex-based System
		19.7.5 Miscellaneous MDDS
			19.7.5.1 Gels/Ointments
			19.7.5.2 Patches
			19.7.5.3 Tablets
			19.7.5.4 Films
	19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospective
	References
20: Liposomal Drug Delivery: Therapeutic Applications in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Epidemiology
	20.3 Anatomy and Physiology of Respiratory System
		20.3.1 Lungs
	20.4 Common Etiology of Chronic Pulmonary Disorders
		20.4.1 Restrictive Pulmonary Conditions
		20.4.2 Obstructive Pulmonary Conditions
		20.4.3 Failure of Gas Exchanging Units
		20.4.4 Incomplete Perfusion of Oxygen in Blood Stream
	20.5 Common Mechanisms of Pulmonary Drug Absorption
		20.5.1 Impaction
		20.5.2 Interception
		20.5.3 Diffusion
		20.5.4 Sedimentation
	20.6 Liposomes
		20.6.1 Classification of Liposomes
		20.6.2 Common Techniques for the Preparation of Liposomes
	20.7 Common Methods for Preparation (Fig. 20.5)
		20.7.1 Mechanical Methods of Dispersion
			20.7.1.1 Lipid Film Hydration
			20.7.1.2 Sonication
			20.7.1.3 French Pressure Cell Method
		20.7.2 Solvent Dispersion Method
			20.7.2.1 Ether Injection Method
			20.7.2.2 Ethanol Injection Method
			20.7.2.3 Reverse Phase Evaporation
			20.7.2.4 Detergent Removal Method
	20.8 Application of Liposomes in Chronic Pulmonary Diseases
		20.8.1 Liposomes in Lung cancer
		20.8.2 Liposomes in the Treatment of Asthma
		20.8.3 Liposomes in the Treatment of Pneumonia
		20.8.4 Liposomes for the Treatment of Tuberculosis (TB)
	20.9 Conclusion
	References
21: Biologics and Vaccines for Nasal and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
	21.1 Introduction to Biologics
	21.2 The Importance of Nasal and Pulmonary Delivery of Biologics and Vaccines
	21.3 Nasal and Pulmonary Delivered Biologics and Vaccines on the Market
		21.3.1 Vaccines
		21.3.2 Biologics
	21.4 Current Clinical Research
	21.5 Formulation Strategies for Nasal and Pulmonary Delivery of Biologics
		21.5.1 Enhancing Formulation Stability of Biologics During Process Development
		21.5.2 Improving Absorption of Biologics
		21.5.3 Enhancing Therapeutic Efficacy
			21.5.3.1 Formulation Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of Biologics Delivered Via Nasal and Pulmonary Route
				Liposomes
				Polymers
				Cell-Penetrating Peptides
			21.5.3.2 Formulation Strategies for Improving the Therapeutic Efficacy of Vaccines When Delivered Via Nasal and Pulmonary Route
				Liposomes-Based Vaccines
				Polymer-Based Vaccines
				Aluminium Nanoparticles-Based Vaccines
				Virus-Like Particle (VLP)-Based Vaccines
				Outer Membrane Vesicle (OMV)-Based Vaccines
	21.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges
	References
22: Drug Delivery Systems for Respiratory Infections
	22.1 Introduction
	22.2 Types of Respiratory Infections
	22.3 Different Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Tract Infections
		22.3.1 Pneumonia
		22.3.2 Tuberculosis
		22.3.3 Influenza
		22.3.4 Rhinitis
		22.3.5 Laryngitis and Pharyngitis
	22.4 Conclusion
	References
23: Cell and Gene Therapies for Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Emerging Technological Trends and Advancements in Respirat...
	23.1 Cell-Based Therapies
		23.1.1 Engrafting Approach
		23.1.2 Paracrine Functions of Stem Cells
		23.1.3 Preclinical Studies of MSCs
		23.1.4 Clinical Trials of MSCs
	23.2 Gene-Based Therapies
		23.2.1 Viral Vectors
		23.2.2 Nonviral Vectors
	23.3 Translational Medicine Challenges: Future Perspectives
	References
24: Advanced Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
	24.1 Introduction
	24.2 Nanomaterials for Chronic Respiratory Diseases
		24.2.1 Dendrimers
			24.2.1.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.1.2 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
				Key Points
		24.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes
			24.2.2.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.2.2 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
			24.2.2.3 Limitations of Carbon Nanotubes
				Key Points
		24.2.3 Quantum Dots
			24.2.3.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.3.2 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
				Key Points
		24.2.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
			24.2.4.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.4.2 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
				Key Points
		24.2.5 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
			24.2.5.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.5.2 Classifications
			24.2.5.3 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
				Key Points
		24.2.6 Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles
			24.2.6.1 Structure and Properties
			24.2.6.2 Studies on Chronic Respiratory Diseases
				Key Points
	24.3 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
25: Emerging Technological Trends and Advancements in Respiratory Medicine
	25.1 Introduction
	25.2 Biomarker Technology
		25.2.1 Target Biomarkers in Blood
			25.2.1.1 Aα-Val541 and Aα-Val360 Assay
			25.2.1.2 C-Reactive Protein Test
			25.2.1.3 Serum Procalcitonin Levels
			25.2.1.4 Serum Uric Acid
			25.2.1.5 Blood Cells
			25.2.1.6 Periostin
			25.2.1.7 Serum Amyloid A (SAA)
			25.2.1.8 Sputum Biomarkers
			25.2.1.9 Exhaled Breath Biomarkers
		25.2.2 Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) Biomarkers
		25.2.3 PCR-Based Technologies
	25.3 Imaging Technologies
		25.3.1 Quantitative CT
		25.3.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		25.3.3 Forced Oscillation Technique
		25.3.4 Positron Emission Tomography
	25.4 Drug Developments
		25.4.1 Inhaled Corticosteroids
		25.4.2 Leukotriene Blocking Agents
		25.4.3 Cytokine Inhibition
		25.4.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Drug Development
	25.5 Intervention Medicine
		25.5.1 Lung Transplantation
		25.5.2 Surgery
	25.6 Omics Technologies
	25.7 Integrative Medicine
	25.8 Conclusion
	References
26: Pulmonary Pharmacokinetics and Biophysics
	26.1 Introduction
	26.2 Lung´s Physiological Structure and Characteristics
		26.2.1 Conducting Airways
		26.2.2 Respiratory Area
		26.2.3 Immune Cells
	26.3 Mechanisms and Ways of Pulmonary Drug Administration
	26.4 Pulmonary Drug Dissolution
		26.4.1 In Vitro Aerosol Deposition
	26.5 Pulmonary Absorption and Pharmacokinetics of the Dissolved Drug
	26.6 Mathematical Models
	26.7 Conclusion
	References
27: Clinical Trials on Novel Advanced Drugs for Chronic Respiratory Disorders
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
	27.3 Clinical Treatments for COPD
		27.3.1 Bronchodilators
		27.3.2 PDE4 Inhibitor
		27.3.3 Use of Statins in COPD Treatment
		27.3.4 Novel Drugs Under Clinical Trials
		27.3.5 PDE4 Inhibitor
		27.3.6 PDE3 and PDE4 Inhibitor
		27.3.7 SHIP1 Activator
		27.3.8 PI3K (Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase) Inhibitor
		27.3.9 Tissue Engineering Techniques
	27.4 Asthma
	27.5 Treatments for Asthma
		27.5.1 Bronchodilators
		27.5.2 Beta-2 Agonists
		27.5.3 Anticholinergics
		27.5.4 Corticosteroids
		27.5.5 Leukotriene Receptor Antagonists (LTRA)
		27.5.6 Biologic Therapy
		27.5.7 Novel Drugs Under Clinical Trials
		27.5.8 Bronchial Thermoplasty (BT)
	27.6 Cystic Fibrosis
	27.7 Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis
	27.8 CFTR Modulators
		27.8.1 Antibiotics
		27.8.2 Anti-inflammatory Medication
		27.8.3 Mucolytic Agents
		27.8.4 Novel Drugs Under Clinical Developments
	27.9 Tuberculosis
		27.9.1 Treatment for Tuberculosis
		27.9.2 Novel Drugs Under Clinical Trials
	27.10 Summary and Conclusion
	References