Advanced Design: Universal Principles for All Disciplines

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Author
1 The Universal Nature of Design
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 I Know What Design is, I Think
	1.3 Universal Design Activities
		1.3.1 Universal Design Activity: Clarify the Project
		1.3.2 Universal Design Activity: Generate Ideas
		1.3.3 Universal Design Activity: Select One Idea
	1.4 Design is Structured, but Messy
	1.5 Design and Problem Solving
	1.6 Design and Creativity
	1.7 Design Across the Disciplines
		1.7.1 STEM Disciplines
		1.7.2 Art and Engineering
			1.7.2.1 Emotional or Physical Purpose
			1.7.2.2 Intuitive or Analytical Thinking
			1.7.2.3 Creativity
			1.7.2.4 Social or Solitary
			1.7.2.5 Implementation of Design
	1.8 Closing
	1.9 Questions
	References
2 How We Think and Learn Design
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 How Do We Think?
		2.2.1 Intuitive and Analytical Thinking
		2.2.2 Which Thinking Mode Should We Use?
		2.2.3 Heuristic Thinking
		2.2.4 Feelings
	2.3 How Do We Learn Design?
		2.3.1 Formal Design Education
		2.3.2 Informal Design Training
	2.4 Closing
	2.5 Questions
	References
3 Universal Design Activity: Clarify the Project
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Steps to Clarifying the Project
		3.2.1 Identify the Purpose
		3.2.2 Identify the Constraints
	3.3 Why Clarify the Project
	3.4 How Do We Clarify the Project?
		3.4.1 Ask Good Questions
		3.4.2 Review Other Designs
		3.4.3 Visualization
		3.4.4 Preliminary Design Iteration
	3.5 Closing
	3.6 Questions
	References
4 Universal Design Activity: Generate Ideas
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Getting Started with Idea Generation
	4.3 Intuition
	4.4 Seeding Ideas
		4.4.1 Seed Ideas from Clarifying the Project
		4.4.2 Seed Ideas From Heuristics (Rules of Thumb)
			4.4.2.1 Heuristics for Artists
			4.4.2.2 Heuristics for Engineers
		4.4.3 Seed Ideas From Analogies
		4.4.4 Seed Ideas From Randomness
	4.5 Design Fixation
	4.6 Effectiveness of Idea Generating Methods
	4.7 Closing
	4.8 Questions
	References
5 Universal Design Activity: Select One Idea
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Steps to Selecting One Idea
	5.3 Defer Selection to Get More Information
	5.4 Elminate Ideas that Are not Useful
	5.5 Making the Final Selection
		5.5.1 Intuition
		5.5.2 Single Criterion Methods (Heuristics)
			5.5.2.1 Take the Best
			5.5.2.2 Take the First
			5.5.2.3 Take the Simplest
			5.5.2.4 Risk Versus Reward
		5.5.3 Multiple Criteria Methods
	5.6 Effectiveness of Selection Methods
		5.6.1 Intuition
		5.6.2 Single Criterion Methods (Heuristics)
		5.6.3 Multiple Criteria Methods
		5.6.4 Combinations of Methods
	5.7 Closing
	5.8 Questions
	References
6 Improvisation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 What is Improvisation?
	6.3 Types of Improvisation
		6.3.1 Artistic Improvisation
		6.3.2 Organizational Improvisation
	6.4 Closing
	6.5 Questions
	References
7 What Makes a Good Designer?
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Behaviors of Effective Designers
	7.3 Psychology of Effective Designers
		7.3.1 Flexibility in Thinking
			7.3.1.1 Openness to Experience
			7.3.1.2 Curiosity
			7.3.1.3 Tolerance of Ambiguity
		7.3.2 Control of Attention
			7.3.2.1 Conscientiousness
			7.3.2.2 Latent Inhibition
		7.3.3 Secondary Characteristics
			7.3.3.1 Emotional Stability
			7.3.3.2 Social Orientation
			7.3.3.3 Intelligence
			7.3.3.4 Gender
	7.4 Impact of Cultural Background
	7.5 Closing
	7.6 Questions
	References
8 Enhancing Our Ability to Design
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Cognitive Enhancement
	8.3 Incubation
	8.4 Sleep and Dreams
		8.4.1 Sleep
		8.4.2 Dreams
		8.4.3 Hypnagogia
	8.5 Focused Imagination
	8.6 Meditation
	8.7 Hypnosis
	8.8 Posture and Exercise
	8.9 Food and Drink
	8.10 Mind-Altering Substances
		8.10.1 Alcohol and Cannabis
		8.10.2 Prescription Drugs
		8.10.3 Hallucinatory Drugs
	8.11 Technology
		8.11.1 Neurofeedback
		8.11.2 Transcranial Stimulation
		8.11.3 Brainwave Entrainment
	8.12 Closing
	8.13 Questions
	References
9 Biases in Design
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Primary Source of Our Biases
	9.3 Biases from Heuristics
		9.3.1 Creative-Conservative Bias
		9.3.2 Familiarity Bias
		9.3.3 Confirmation Bias
		9.3.4 Simplicity Bias
		9.3.5 Balance Bias
		9.3.6 Color Perception Bias
	9.4 Biases from How We Think
	9.5 Biases from How We Feel
	9.6 Biases from Value Judgements
	9.7 Closing
	9.8 Questions
	References
10 Designing with Others
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Individual Versus Team Design
		10.2.1 Clarifying the Project
		10.2.2 Generating Ideas
		10.2.3 Selecting One Idea
		10.2.4 Other Impacts
	10.3 Creating Effective Teams
	10.4 Supervising Design Teams
	10.5 Closing
	10.6 Questions
	References
11 Epilogue
Index