Advanced Combustion for Sustainable Transport

Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I General
1 Introduction to Advanced Combustion for Sustainable Transport
	References
Part II Advanced Combustion Technologies for CI Engines
2 Strategical Evolution of Clean Diesel Combustion
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 Future of Diesel Engine
		2.1.2 CDC and LTC
	2.2 Practical Limit of the Efficiency
		2.2.1 Constraints for Optimisation
		2.2.2 Heat Loss
	2.3 Mechanisms of Pollutant Formation
		2.3.1 Soot Formation
		2.3.2 CO and UHC Formation
	2.4 Strategic Evolution of CDC
		2.4.1 Injection Strategies
		2.4.2 Swirl and Intake Geometry
		2.4.3 Piston Bowl Geometry
	2.5 Future Research Directions
		2.5.1 Thermal Aspects
		2.5.2 Interdisciplinary Aspects
	2.6 Summary
	References
3 Multi-mode Low Temperature Combustion (LTC) and Mode Switching Control
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Limitations of LTC Operation
		3.1.2 Benefits of Multi-mode Operation
		3.1.3 Optimal Control of Multi-mode LTC Engine
	3.2 Controlled Variables
		3.2.1 Combustion Phasing
		3.2.2 Engine Load
		3.2.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature
		3.2.4 Maximum Pressure Rise Rate
		3.2.5 Engine-Out Emissions
		3.2.6 COVimep
	3.3 Control Actuators
		3.3.1 Variable Valve Actuation
		3.3.2 Fuel Injection System
		3.3.3 Fast Thermal Management (FTM)
		3.3.4 Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)
		3.3.5 Intake Air Pressure Boosting System
	3.4 LTC Control
		3.4.1 Model-Free Closed-Loop Control Systems
		3.4.2 Model-Based Closed-Loop Control Systems
		3.4.3 HCCI Control
		3.4.4 PPCI Control
		3.4.5 RCCI Control
	3.5 Mode Switching Control
		3.5.1 SI-HCCI-SI Mode Switching
		3.5.2 HCCI-ASSCI-SI Mode Switching
		3.5.3 HCCI-PPCI Mode Switching
		3.5.4 CDC-PPCI Mode Switching
	3.6 CDC-RCCI Mode Switching
	3.7 RCCI-CDF Mode Switching
	3.8 Summary
	References
4 State of the Art in Low-Temperature Combustion Technologies: HCCI, PCCI, and RCCI
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Single Fuelled and Dual Fuelled Advance Combustion Technique
	4.2 Strategies to Develop Low-Temperature Combustion Technology
		4.2.1 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition Combustion (HCCI)
		4.2.2 Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion (PCCI)
		4.2.3 Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition (RCCI)
	4.3 Concluding Remarks
	4.4 Declaration of Competing Interest
	References
5 Combustion in Diesel Fuelled Partially Premixed Compression Ignition Engines
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Conventional Diesel Jet Combustion Model
	5.3 Chemical Kinetics
	5.4 Planar Laser-Induced Florescence (PLIF)
	5.5 First Stage Ignition
	5.6 Second Stage Ignition
	5.7 Summary and Way Forward
	References
6 Gasoline Compression Ignition Combustion Strategies and Recent Engine System Developments for Commercial and Passenger Transport Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Gasoline Autoignition Behavior
	6.3 Gasoline Spray Characteristics
	6.4 Overview of GCI Combustion Strategies
		6.4.1 Homogeneous or Lightly-Stratified GCI (HCCI)
		6.4.2 Partially-Premixed GCI (PPCI)
		6.4.3 Mixing-Controlled GCI (MCCI)
	6.5 Recent System-Level Developments of GCI Engines
		6.5.1 15 L Heavy-Duty GCI Engine for Meeting 0.02 g/hp-Hr Tailpipe NOx
		6.5.2 2.2 L Gasoline Direct Injection Compression Ignition Engine
		6.5.3 1.4 L Mixed-Mode Gasoline Low Temperature Combustion Engine
		6.5.4 2 L Mazda Skyactiv-X Gasoline Engine
		6.5.5 Technology Outlook for GCI
	6.6 Summary
	References
Part III Advanced Combustion Technologies for SI Engines
7 Optical Diagnostics for Gasoline Direct Injection Engines
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Optical Diagnostics in GDI Engines
		7.2.1 In-cylinder Spray Characterization
		7.2.2 In-cylinder Flows and Spray-Flow Interactions
		7.2.3 Fuel–Air Mixture Formation
		7.2.4 Flame Evolution and Pollutant Formation
	7.3 Summary and Way-Forward
	References
Part IV Dual-Fuel Combustion Technology
8 Dual-Fuel Internal Combustion Engines for Sustainable Transport Fuels
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Different Biofuels and Their Blends for Transportation
		8.2.1 Dual Fuel System
		8.2.2 Biomethane CNG Hybrid
	8.3 Biogas-Biodiesel Fuel Mix for SI Engines
		8.3.1 Potential Single Fuel Systems that Can Be Blended and Their Characteristics
		8.3.2 Dual Fuel Blending Techniques: Methods of Preparation, Homogenization and Their Selection Criteria
		8.3.3 Conditions for Maximizing the Combustion Potentials of Dual Fuels in ICEs
		8.3.4 Factors Effecting Dual Fuel Characteristics in SI Engines
		8.3.5 Dual Fuel Systems and Engine Life
		8.3.6 Current Trends in the Use of Biofuels as High-Performance Engine Fuels
	8.4 Future Prospects of Dual-Fuel System as an Alternative Fuel
	8.5 Sustainable Technologies for Alternative Fuels and Future Challenges
		8.5.1 Sustainable Technologies
		8.5.2 Current Challenges and Future Trends
	8.6 Conclusion
	References
9 Compressed Natural Gas Utilization in Dual-Fuel Internal Combustion Engines
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Natural Gas
	9.3 Dual-Fuel Engines
	9.4 CNG-Diesel Dual-Fuel Engines
	9.5 CNG-Gasoline Dual-Fuel Engine
	9.6 Summary and Way-Forward
	References
Part V Miscellaneous
10 Analysis of the Potential Metal Hydrides for Hydrogen Storage in Automobile Applications
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Physisorption-Based Hydrogen Storage
		10.2.1 Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
		10.2.2 Porous Carbons
		10.2.3 Zeolites
	10.3 Chemisorption-Based Hydrogen Storage
		10.3.1 Complex Metal Hydrides
		10.3.2 Metal Hydrides
	10.4 Metal Hydride Properties
		10.4.1 Metal Hydrides Available
		10.4.2 Equilibrium Pressure for Metal Hydrides
		10.4.3 Thermal Modelling of Metal Hydrides
	10.5 Requirements of Metal Hydrides for On-Board Applications
		10.5.1 Achieving the Required Pressure
		10.5.2 Achieving the Required Heat Transfer
		10.5.3 Mass and Volume Considerations
		10.5.4 Recyclability of Metal Hydrides for Many Cycles
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
11 Waste Heat Recovery Potential from Internal Combustion Engines Using Organic Rankine Cycle
	11.1 Introduction
		11.1.1 WHR System Evolution and Trends
		11.1.2 Current State-of-the-Art of the ORC Systems
	11.2 Fundamentals of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC)
		11.2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of the ORC System
		11.2.2 ORC System Components
		11.2.3 Working Fluids for ORC Systems
	11.3 Economic Analysis of the ORC Systems
	11.4 WHR System for ICEs: Advantages and Challenges
	11.5 Future Directions in WHR Technologies
	References