Advanced Biomaterials and Biodevices

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 17
Part 1: Cutting-edge Biomaterials......Page 21
1.1.1 Importance of Nanostructured Biomedical Metals......Page 23
1.1.2 Brief Overview of the Evolution of Bulk Nanostructured Metals......Page 25
1.1.3 Desirable Characteristics of Nanostructured Metals for Medical Applications......Page 26
1.2 Nanostructured Metals as Biomaterials for Medical Applications......Page 30
1.2.1 Nanostructured Titanium and its Alloys......Page 31
1.2.2 Stainless Steels......Page 42
1.2.3 Cobalt-Chromium Alloys......Page 43
1.2.4 Magnesium Alloys......Page 45
1.3 Summary and Conclusions......Page 49
References......Page 50
2 Stimuli-responsive Materials Used as Medical Devices in Loading and Releasing of Drugs......Page 73
2.1 Introduction......Page 74
2.2.2 Ceramics......Page 75
2.3 Responsive Polymers in Controlled Drug Delivery......Page 76
2.3.1 Temperature-responsive Polymers......Page 77
2.3.3 Electric-responsive Polymers......Page 78
2.3.5 Photo-responsive Polymers......Page 79
2.4.2 Cannulas......Page 80
2.4.4 Cardiac Pumps......Page 81
2.5 Materials Used in Medical Devices......Page 82
2.5.3 Metallic Materials for Biomedical Devices......Page 83
2.5.5 Sol–gel Materials for Biomaterials Devices......Page 84
2.6 Stimuli-responsive Polymers Used in Medical Devices......Page 85
2.6.1 Advancements in Design of Medical Device......Page 86
2.6.2 Drug Delivery Improved by Devices......Page 87
2.7 Infections Associated with Medical Devices......Page 88
2.7.1 Antibiotic-loaded Medical Devices......Page 89
2.7.2 Biofilm Formation......Page 90
References......Page 92
3 Recent Advances with Liposomes as Drug Carriers......Page 99
3.1 Introduction......Page 100
3.2.1 Plain and Cationic Liposomes......Page 103
3.2.2 Polymer-Coated Long-Circulating Liposomes......Page 104
3.2.3 Stimuli-Sensitive and Triggered Release Liposomes......Page 106
3.3 Actively Targeted Liposomes......Page 108
3.3.1 Antibody-Targeted Liposomes......Page 110
3.3.2 Single Ligand-Targeted Liposomes......Page 111
3.3.3 Dual-Targeted Liposomes......Page 114
3.4 Multifunctional Liposomes......Page 115
3.5 Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 118
References......Page 121
4 Fabrication, Properties of Nanoshells with Controllable Surface Charge and its Applications......Page 141
4.2 Nanomaterials and Their Uses......Page 142
4.3 Classification of Nanomaterials......Page 144
4.4 Nanoparticles......Page 146
4.5 Nanocomposites Material......Page 148
4.6 Spherical Silica Particles......Page 149
4.7 Silver Nanoparticles......Page 152
4.8 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 154
4.9 SiO2@Ag and SiO2@Au Core-shell Nanocomposites......Page 157
4.10 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering......Page 159
References......Page 161
5.1 Introduction......Page 167
5.1.1 Chitosan......Page 168
5.1.2 General Applications......Page 169
5.2 Chemical Modification and Analysis......Page 170
5.2.1 Characterization......Page 171
5.3 Chitosan Co-polymers......Page 174
5.4 Nanoparticles......Page 176
5.5 Nanofibres (Electrospinning)......Page 178
5.6 Visualising Nanostructures......Page 180
5.7 Biomedical Applications of Chitosan......Page 183
5.7.1 Current Technology Status......Page 184
5.7.2 Wound Healing/Tissue Regeneration......Page 186
5.7.3 Targeted Delivery Agents......Page 188
5.7.4 Antimicrobial Studies......Page 191
References......Page 195
6 Chitosan and Low Molecular Weight Chitosan: Biological and Biomedical Applications......Page 203
6.2 Biodegradability of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 204
6.3 Biocomapatibility and Toxicology of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 206
6.4 Chitosan as Antimicrobial Agent......Page 207
6.4.1 Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Action......Page 208
6.4.2 Factors Affecting Antimicrobial Activity......Page 211
6.5 Chitosan as Haemostatic Agent......Page 216
6.6 Chitosan as Immunity Modulator......Page 218
6.7 Chitosan as Adjuvant......Page 222
6.8 Chitosan as Wound Healing Accelerator......Page 223
6.9 Chitosan as Lipid Lowering Agent & Dietary Supplement in Aid of Weight Loss......Page 231
6.10 Chitosan as Antioxidant......Page 234
6.11 Conclusion......Page 240
References......Page 241
7 Anticipating Behaviour of Advanced Materials in Healthcare......Page 263
7.1 Introduction......Page 264
7.2 The Evolution of the Bio-advance Materials Fields......Page 266
7.3 Evaluation in Humans......Page 267
7.4.2 Subject and Observer Bias......Page 268
7.5 Enzyme......Page 269
7.5.1 Enzyme Units and Concentrations......Page 272
7.5.2 Assay of Enzyme Activity......Page 274
7.5.3 Enzymes in Health Sciences......Page 278
7.6 Biosensor......Page 279
7.7 Platinum Material Used in Medicine......Page 287
7.8.1 Antibodies-Production and Properties......Page 288
7.9 Antibody microarrays......Page 295
7.10 Conclusion......Page 298
References......Page 299
Part 2: Innovative Biodevices......Page 309
8.1 Introduction......Page 311
8.2 Label-Free Analysis......Page 312
8.3 Electrochemical Biosensors......Page 313
8.5 Bulk Acoustic Wave Sensors......Page 317
8.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Mass Sensors......Page 320
8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects......Page 322
References......Page 323
9 Polymer MEMS Sensors......Page 325
9.1 Introduction......Page 326
9.2 Polymer Nanocomposite Piezoresistive Microcantilever Sensors......Page 329
9.2.1 Preparation and Characterization of SU-8/CB Nanocomposite......Page 330
9.2.2 Design and Fabrication of Polymer Nanocomposite Cantilevers......Page 334
9.2.3 Characterization of Polymer Nanocomposite Cantilevers......Page 336
9.3 Organic CantiFET......Page 338
9.3.1 Process Integration of Organic CantiFET......Page 340
9.3.2 Characterization of Organic CantiFET......Page 342
9.4 Polymer Microcantilever Sensors with Embedded Al-doped ZnO Transistor......Page 344
9.5 Piezoelectric Nanocomposite (SU-8/ZNO) Thin Films Studies and Their Integration with Piezoelectric MEMS Devices......Page 347
9.5.1 Fabrication and Mechanical Characterization......Page 348
9.5.2 Fabrication of Polymer (SU-8) Piezoelectric (ZnO) Composite MEMS Cantilevers......Page 351
9.5.3 Characterization of SU-8/ZnO Cantilevers as Vibration Sensors:......Page 352
9.6 Polymer Nanomechanical Cantilever Sensors for Detection of Explosives......Page 354
References......Page 357
10 Assembly of Polymers/Metal Nanoparticles and their Applications as Medical Devices......Page 363
10.1 Introduction......Page 364
10.2 Platinum Nanoparticles......Page 366
10.3 Gold Nanoparticles......Page 367
10.4 Silver Nanoparticles......Page 370
10.5 Assembly of Polymers/Silver Nanoparticles......Page 371
References......Page 377
11 Combination of Molecular Imprinting and Nanotechnology: Beginning of a New Horizon......Page 387
11.1.1 What is “Imprinting”?......Page 388
11.1.3 Downsides of “The Imprinted Materials”......Page 392
11.1.4 How to Overcome the Problems......Page 393
11.2 Classification of Imprinted Nanomaterials......Page 394
11.2.1 Imprinting Onto the Nanostructure Surfaces......Page 395
11.2.2 Thin Film Imprinting......Page 430
11.3.1 Imprinted Nanoparticle......Page 432
11.3.2 Nanosphere......Page 435
11.3.3 Comparative Study Between Micro- and Nano-imprnted Materials......Page 436
11.3.4 Imprinted Nanogel......Page 437
11.4 Conclusions & Future Outlook......Page 438
References......Page 439
12 Prussian Blue and Analogues: Biosensing Applications in Health Care......Page 443
12.1 Introduction......Page 444
12.2.2 Chemical and Structure of Prussian Blue and Its Analogues......Page 446
12.2.3 pH Stability and Deposition Method......Page 447
12.3 Prussian Blue: Hydrogen Peroxide Electrocatalysis......Page 448
12.4 Prussian Blue: Biosensor Applications......Page 450
12.4.1 Prussian Blue and Analogues Enzyme System......Page 452
12.5 Prussian Blue: Immunosensor Applications......Page 459
12.5.1 α-fetoprotein Antigen......Page 460
12.5.2 Carcinoembryonic Antigen......Page 461
12.5.3 Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9......Page 462
12.5.5 Carcinoma Antigen 125......Page 463
12.5.6 Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Antigen......Page 464
12.5.8 Hepatitis B Antigen......Page 465
Acknowledgment......Page 466
References......Page 467
13 Efficiency of Biosensors as New Generation of Analytical Approaches at the Biochemical Diagnostics of Diseases......Page 471
13.2.1 Fiber Optic Immune Biosensors for Diagnostics......Page 472
13.2.2 Fiber Pptic Immune Biosensor Based on the Principle of the “Evanescent” Wave......Page 476
13.2.3 Immune Biosensor Based on the Effect of the Enhanced Chemiluminescence (ChL) [6]......Page 478
13.2.4 Immune Biosensor Based on the Photoluminescence (PhL) of Porous Silicon (PS) [9–17]......Page 482
13.2.5 Direct Electrometric Approach to Register Interaction Between Biological Molecules [18, 19]......Page 486
13.2.6 Immune Biosensor Based on the Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR)......Page 487
13.3 Electrochemical Enzymatic Biosensors Based on the Ion-sensitive Field Fffect Transistors (ISFETs)......Page 491
13.3.1 Analysis of the Urea Level in Blood [46]......Page 492
13.3.2 Determination of the Glucose Level in Blood [47]......Page 493
13.4 Multi-parametrical Biosensors [49–51]......Page 495
13.5.1 Template Sensor: Principle of Creation and Characteristics of Work and Determination of Some Biochemical Substances [52]......Page 498
13.5.2 Artificial Selective Sites in the Sensors Intended for the Control of Some Biochemical Indexes [54]......Page 500
13.6 Conclusion......Page 501
References......Page 502
14 Nanoparticles: Scope in Drug Delivery......Page 507
14.1 Introduction......Page 508
14.2 Different Forms of Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery......Page 509
14.3 Tuberculosis Targeting Nanoparticles......Page 513
14.3.1 Action of anti-TB drugs......Page 515
14.4 Cancer & Tumor Targeting Nanoparticles......Page 525
14.5 Conclusion......Page 531
References......Page 532
15.1 Introduction......Page 543
15.2.1 Polypeptide Micelles......Page 545
15.2.2 Polypeptide Vesicles......Page 549
15.2.3 Polypeptide Nanogels......Page 550
15.2.4 Other Smart Polypeptide Nanovehicles......Page 558
References......Page 559
Index......Page 567
EULA......Page 578