Adsorption at Natural Minerals/Water Interfaces

Preface
Contents
1 Mineral Adsorbents and Characteristics
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mineral Adsorbents Classification
		2.1 Layered Minerals
			2.1.1 Montmorillonite
			2.1.2 Kaolinite
			2.1.3 Vermiculite
			2.1.4 Illite
			2.1.5 Rectorite
			2.1.6 Mica
			2.1.7 Molybdenite
		2.2 Porous Mineral
			2.2.1 Diatomite
			2.2.2 Zeolite
			2.2.3 Sepiolite
			2.2.4 Halloysite
			2.2.5 Attapulgite
		2.3 Other Minerals
			2.3.1 Calcite
			2.3.2 Tourmaline
			2.3.3 Rutile/Anatase
			2.3.4 Magnetite
	3 Characterization Technology of Mineral Absorbents
		3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
		3.2 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)
		3.3 ICP-AES
		3.4 AFM
		3.5 SEM
		3.6 TEM
		3.7 XPS
		3.8 FTIR
		3.9 Raman
		3.10 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
		3.11 Specific Surface Area and Porosity
		3.12 Zeta Potential (ξ)
	References
2 Surface Chemistry of Mineral Adsorbents
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Internal and External Surfaces
		2.1 Characteristics
		2.2 Measurements
	3 Surface Charges
		3.1 Characteristics
		3.2 Auxiliary Categories of Surface Charge
		3.3 Surface Charge of Trilayer Mineral Adsorbents
		3.4 Surface Charge of Bilayer Clay Minerals
		3.5 Surface Charge for Adsorption
	4 Surface Interactions
		4.1 Water-Mineral Adsorbents Surface Interaction
		4.2 Surface Interaction for Adsorption
	5 Adsorption Thermodynamics
		5.1 Adsorption Reaction Process
		5.2 Activation Energy
		5.3 Thermodynamic Parameters
	6 Adsorption Kinetics
		6.1 Surface Reaction
		6.2 Intra-particle Diffusion
		6.3 Liquid Film Diffusion
	7 Characterization Technology of Adsorption
		7.1 Component Characterization Technology
		7.2 Structural and Morphology Characterization Technology
		7.3 Surface and Interface Properties Characterization Technology
		7.4 Characterization Technology of Other Property
	References
3 Modification of Mineral Surfaces and Microstructures
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modification Methods for Mineral Surface and Microstructure
		2.1 Adsorption
			2.1.1 Aims of Adsorption
			2.1.2 Adsorption of Surfactants
			2.1.3 Adsorption of Polymers
			2.1.4 Adsorption of Other Organic Matters
		2.2 Intercalation
			2.2.1 Intercalation of Organocations or Surfactants
			2.2.2 Intercalation of Polymers
			2.2.3 Intercalation of Metals
		2.3 Acid Modification
		2.4 Thermal Modification
			2.4.1 Conventional Heating
			2.4.2 Microwave Heating
		2.5 Grafting and Coating
		2.6 Etching
		2.7 Other Methods
	3 Modifying Agents and Applications
		3.1 Coupling Reagent
			3.1.1 Titanate Coupling Agent
			3.1.2 Silane Coupling Agent
			3.1.3 Aluminate Coupling Agent
			3.1.4 Other Coupling Agents
		3.2 Surfactant
			3.2.1 Overview
			3.2.2 Anionic Surfactant
			3.2.3 Cationic Surfactant
			3.2.4 Nonionic Surfactant
		3.3 Organosilicon
			3.3.1 Polydimethylsiloxane
			3.3.2 Organomodified Polysiloxane
		3.4 Unsaturated Organic Acids
		3.5 Polyolefin Oligomer
		3.6 Water-Soluble Macromolecule
		3.7 Inorganic Surface Modifier
	4 Evaluation of Modification
		4.1 Chemical and Morphology Analysis
		4.2 Specific Surface Area and Pore Structure Analysis
		4.3 Contact Angle Analysis
	References
4 Adsorption of Anions on Minerals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Arsenic Adsorption
		2.1 Arsenic Species, Toxicity and Distribution
		2.2 Adsorption
			2.2.1 Adsorbents
			2.2.2 Interference
		2.3 Adsorption Mechanism
			2.3.1 Ligand Exchange
			2.3.2 Surface Precipitation
			2.3.3 Ion Exchange
	3 Phosphorus Adsorption
		3.1 Contamination, Origin, Harm, Distribution
		3.2 Adsorption
			3.2.1 Adsorbents
			3.2.2 Interference
		3.3 Adsorption Mechanism
			3.3.1 Ligand Exchange
			3.3.2 Surface Precipitation
	4 Fluoride Adsorption
		4.1 Fluoride Contamination
		4.2 Adsorbents
			4.2.1 Calcium-Based Minerals
			4.2.2 Iron-Based Minerals
			4.2.3 Zeolites
			4.2.4 Clays
			4.2.5 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
		4.3 Adsorption Behaviour
		4.4 Affecting Factors
			4.4.1 pH
			4.4.2 Co-existing Anions
			4.4.3 Temperature
		4.5 Adsorption Mechanism
	5 Nitrate Adsorption
		5.1 Contamination, Origin, Harm and Treatment Technology of Nitrate
		5.2 Mineral Adsorbents
			5.2.1 Zeolites
			5.2.2 Clays
			5.2.3 Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs)
		5.3 Interference
			5.3.1 pH
			5.3.2 Competitive Anions
			5.3.3 Temperature
		5.4 Mechanism
	References
5 Adsorption of Cations on Minerals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Fundamentals of Cation Adsorption on Minerals
		2.1 Types of Mineral Adsorbents and Adsorption Mechanisms
		2.2 Determining Cation Adsorption Amount and Phenomenon
			2.2.1 Adsorption Amount
			2.2.2 Adsorption Phenomenon
	3 Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cations on Minerals
		3.1 Adsorption of Lead (Pb), Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) on Mineral Surface
		3.2 Cr Adsorption on Mineral Surface
	4 Applications of Cation Adsorption on Minerals
		4.1 Biological Process
		4.2 Ag-PILC Syntheses
		4.3 Porous Hydrogel
	References
6 Adsorption of Organic Compounds on Minerals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Organic Compounds
		1.2 Adsorption of Organic Compounds
		1.3 The Adsorption Mechanisms on Minerals
			1.3.1 Electrostatic Attraction
			1.3.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
			1.3.3 Ion Exchange
			1.3.4 Hydrogen Bonding
			1.3.5 Ligand Exchange/Coordination
	2 Adsorption of Dye on Minerals
		2.1 General Introduction of Dyes
		2.2 Adsorption of Dye on Minerals
	3 Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds on Minerals
		3.1 General Introduction of Phenolic Compounds
		3.2 Adsorption of Phenolic Compounds on Minerals
		3.3 Adsorption of p–Nitrophenol(PNP) on Minerals
		3.4 Adsorption of Bisphenol A on Minerals
	4 Adsorption of Antibiotic on Minerals
		4.1 General Introduction of Antibiotics
		4.2 Minerals for Antibiotic Adsorption
	5 Adsorption of Perfluorooctane Sulphonate (PFOS) on Minerals
		5.1 The Introduction of Perfluorooctane Sulphonate (PFOS)
		5.2 Minerals for PFOS Adsorption
	References
7 Adsorption of Microorganisms to Minerals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Bacteria Adsorption
		2.1 Adsorption Mechanism
			2.1.1 Conditions in the Aqueous Phase
			2.1.2 Transport Mechanisms
			2.1.3 Adhesion Force
		2.2 Factors Affecting Adsorption of Bacteria on Mineral Surface
		2.3 Influences on Minerals and Bacteria
		2.4 Bioweathering by Bacteria
		2.5 Biobeneficiation by Bacteria
		2.6 Application of Bacteria-Minerals Interaction in Environmental Engineering
	3 Fungi Adsorption
		3.1 Bioweathering by Fungi
		3.2 Biobeneficiation by Fungi
		3.3 Application of Mineral-Fungi Interaction in Environmental Engineering
	4 Algae Adsorption
		4.1 Algal Surface Property
		4.2 Algal Bioweathering and Biomineralization
		4.3 Application of Algal-Minerals Interaction in Environmental Engineering
			4.3.1 Algae-Mineral Interaction for Heavy Metals Retention
			4.3.2 Harmful Algal Removal
			4.3.3 Cyanobacterisation to Counteract Desertification
	5 Biomacromolecules Adsorption
		5.1 Humic Substances
		5.2 Extracellular Polymeric Substances
		5.3 Proteins
		5.4 Nuclear Acids
	References
8 Dewatering of Mineral Adsorbents
	Abstract
	1 Water States and Types in Selected Mineral Adsorbents
	2 Dewatering Methods and Processes
	3 Dewatering Mechanisms
	References