Adolescent Encounters With Death, Bereavement, and Coping

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 16
Foreword......Page 20
Preface......Page 22
PART I: BACKGROUND......Page 26
1 Adolescent Development: The Backstory to Adolescent Encounters With Death and Bereavement......Page 28
Existential Phenomenology and the Relationship to Others......Page 29
The Holistic Template: Cognitive Aspects......Page 31
The Holistic Template: Emotional Aspects......Page 33
The Holistic Template: Behavioral Aspects......Page 34
The Holistic Template: Physical Aspects......Page 35
The Holistic Template: Interpersonal Aspects......Page 37
The Holistic Template: Spiritual Aspects......Page 40
Some Concluding Comments......Page 41
References......Page 42
2 Young People Making Meaning in Response to Death and Bereavement......Page 46
Meaning Making......Page 47
Young People, Death, and Bereavement in Global Contexts......Page 50
Making Sense of the Evidence on Young People, Death, and Bereavement......Page 56
Conclusions......Page 59
References......Page 61
3 Ethics and Adolescent Grief Research: A Developmental Analysis......Page 64
Why Study Adolescents and Grief?......Page 65
The Right of Bereaved Adolescents to Participate in Research......Page 66
Informed Consent/Assent in Adolescent Bereavement Research......Page 67
An Analysis of Risks and Benefits in Developmental Context......Page 69
The Expanded Cyberworld of Adolescents: A New Research Arena......Page 74
Studying Bereaved Adolescents in Diverse Cultural Settings......Page 76
Conclusion......Page 78
References......Page 79
PART II: DEATH......Page 84
Developmental Systems Theory......Page 86
Overview and Statistical Portrait......Page 89
Adolescent Deaths From Unintentional Injuries......Page 93
Adolescents and Homicide......Page 94
Recapitulation of Factors Contributing to Adolescents’ Deaths Resulting From Accidents and Homicide: Ecological Systems Theory......Page 98
Consequences for Understanding Adolescent Death and Bereavement......Page 99
References......Page 102
5 Adolescents and Suicide......Page 106
Risk/Protective Factors......Page 107
Prevention......Page 109
Intervention......Page 111
Postvention......Page 115
References......Page 118
6 Adolescents and HIV/AIDS......Page 124
Health and Schooling......Page 126
Fragmentation of Households......Page 127
Youth-Headed Households......Page 128
Stigma and Social Support......Page 129
Coping With Dying Parents......Page 131
Multiple Losses......Page 132
Psychological Distress Associated With Parental Death From AIDS......Page 133
Bereavement Interventions......Page 134
Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 136
How Adolescents React to a Crisis......Page 140
Losses Mourned by Adolescents With Cancer......Page 142
Implications of Life-Threatening Illnesses for Early, Middle, and Late Adolescence......Page 146
Journey Through a Life-Threatening Illness: Experiences and Reactions of Adolescents With Cancer......Page 151
Life-Threatening Conditions Other Than Cancer......Page 160
Issues Arising......Page 161
References......Page 163
8 Adolescents, Humor, and Death......Page 166
What Kinds of Humor Are There?......Page 167
What Do We (Think We) Know About Teens and Humor?......Page 169
The Benefits of Humor......Page 171
Adolescents Grieving a Death and Humor......Page 173
Cultural Considerations......Page 176
References......Page 177
9 Adolescents, Technology, and the Internet: Coping With Loss in the Digital World......Page 180
The Appeal of Technology and the Internet Among Teenagers......Page 181
Online Communities of Bereavement......Page 182
Supercommunication: E-mail, Text Messaging, and Instant Messaging......Page 187
The Google Stage of Grief......Page 188
Potential Risks and Challenges in Cyberspace......Page 189
Implications for Clinicians, Death Educators, and Parents......Page 192
Implications for Research......Page 193
References......Page 195
PART III: BEREAVEMENT......Page 200
10 Life as an Adolescent When a Parent Has Died......Page 202
The Impact of Losing a Parent for an Adolescent......Page 203
Adolescents and Service Engagement......Page 205
Assessing the Systems That Impact on Parentally Bereaved Adolescents......Page 207
Helpful Approaches When Working With Bereaved Adolescents......Page 213
References......Page 219
11 Sibling Bereavement During Adolescence......Page 224
Self-Concept......Page 225
Emotional Reactions......Page 226
The Family Following Adolescent Sibling Bereavement......Page 227
Continuing Bonds......Page 230
Peer Relationships......Page 232
Sibling Death From Terminal Illness......Page 233
What Helps and What Hinders Bereavement Recovery......Page 234
Religion and Spirituality......Page 235
Sibling Suicide Survivors......Page 236
Effects on Schoolwork......Page 237
Summary Comments......Page 238
References......Page 239
The Disenfranchised Nature of Adolescent Friend Deaths......Page 242
Importance of Adolescent Friend Deaths......Page 243
Reactions to the Death of a Friend During Adolescence......Page 246
Factors Affecting Reactions to Friend Death......Page 247
Adolescent Approaches to Coping With Friend Death......Page 251
The Role of Friends, Parents, and Educational Institutions in Supporting Adolescents Grieving the Death of a Friend......Page 253
References......Page 256
13 Adolescent Bereavement Over the Deaths of Celebrities......Page 262
The Nature of Celebrity......Page 265
Attachment Styles and Celebrity......Page 267
The Disenfranchised Nature of Celebrity Grief......Page 269
Social Functions......Page 270
Types of Loss......Page 271
Implications for Practice......Page 273
References......Page 274
Traumatic Death......Page 278
Adolescent Development and Traumatic Grieving......Page 279
Relationships to Decedents......Page 282
Therapeutic Interventions......Page 286
Conclusion......Page 290
References......Page 292
PART IV: INTERVENTIONS......Page 296
An Example: A Community in Bergen County, New Jersey......Page 298
Death Education......Page 301
The Role of the School......Page 302
Community Grief......Page 304
Qualifications of Death Educators......Page 307
High School Death Education Curricula......Page 308
Models of High School Death Education Curricula......Page 310
Conclusion......Page 312
References......Page 313
16 Camps and Support Groups for Adolescents......Page 316
Needs and Responses......Page 317
Camps and Retreats for Adolescents......Page 318
Retreats for Teens With Serious Illnesses......Page 327
Specialized Grief Support Groups......Page 328
Summary......Page 331
References......Page 332
17 Psychotherapeutic Approaches for Adolescents With Life-Threatening Illnesses......Page 334
The Role of Psychotherapy......Page 335
Themes in Psychotherapy......Page 340
Implications for End-of-Life Care......Page 347
References......Page 349
18 Counseling Approaches for Bereaved Adolescents......Page 352
Rationales for Intervention......Page 353
The Treatment Process: Using What We Have Learned......Page 355
Treatment Approaches......Page 359
References......Page 367
19 Therapy for Adolescents Experiencing Prolonged Grief......Page 370
Traumatic and/or Stigmatized Deaths......Page 371
Current State of Research and Knowledge Base......Page 373
Traumatic Grief......Page 375
Clinical Considerations With Adolescent Rage......Page 377
Clinical Case Example......Page 378
Discussion and Clinical Implications......Page 381
References......Page 384
Significant Developmental Issues......Page 388
Caregiving and Stress......Page 390
Compassion Fatigue......Page 393
Burnout......Page 395
Avoiding and Managing Compassion Fatigue and Burnout......Page 396
Conclusion......Page 402
References......Page 403
C......Page 406
H......Page 407
N......Page 408
S......Page 409
Z......Page 410
C......Page 412
H......Page 413
P......Page 414
T......Page 415