Administrative law : bureaucracy in a democracy

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Author
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
	1.1 Administrative Law Defined
		1.2 Sources of Administrative Law
		1.2(a) Constitution
		1.2(b) Enabling Laws
		1.2(c) Administrative Procedure Act
		1.2(d) Executive Orders, Proclamations, and Signing Statements
	1.3 Administrative Agencies
		1.3(a) The Need for Agencies
		1.3(b) Types of Agencies
		1.3(c) The History and Size of the Bureaucracy
		1.3(d) The Impact of Agencies on Daily Life
	1.4 Conclusion
CHAPTER 2 Bureaucracy and Democracy
	2.1 Democracy and Accountability
		2.1(a) Democracy Defined
		2.1(b) Federalism
			United States v. Morrison
			Gonzales v. Oregon
			National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
			Preston v. Ferrer
			American Trucking Associations, Inc. v. Michigan Public Service Comm’n
	2.1(c) Separation of Powers
	2.2 Controlling the Bureaucracy
		2.2(a) Bureaucracy Defined
		2.2(b) Presidential Control
			Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Corporation Accounting Oversight Board
			Clinton v. City of New York
		2.2(c) Congressional Control
			INS v. Chadha
		2.2(d) Judicial Control
	2.3 Conclusion
CHAPTER 3 Agency Discretion
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Detriments and Benefits of Discretion
	3.3 Limits on Agency Discretion
	3.4 Examples of Agency Discretion
		3.4(a) Prosecutorial Discretion
			General Motors v. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
		3.4(b) Rulemaking and Policy Discretion
			Gonzalez v. Reno
		3.4(c) Claims and Applications Decisions
		3.4(d) Protective Action
			Brock v. Roadway Express, Inc.
		3.4(e) Tests and Inspections Generally
		3.4(f) Advisory Opinions and Declaratory Orders
		3.4(g) Mediation and Arbitration
		3.4(h) Other Action
	3.5 Conclusion
CHAPTER 4 The Requirement of Fairness
	4.1 Due Process in General
	4.2 Protected Interests
		4.2(a) Life
		4.2(b) Liberty
		4.2(c) Property
			Perry v. Sindermann
			Garcetti v. Ceballos
			Goss v. Lopez
	4.3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
	4.4 Notice
	4.5 Hearings
		4.5(a) Where
		4.5(b) What
		4.5(c) When
			Goldberg v. Kelly
			Gilbert v. Homar
			Ingraham v. Wright
		4.5(d) Counsel
	4.6 Equal Protection
		4.6(a) The Tests
			Romer v. Evans
			FSK Drug Corp. v. Perales
		4.6(b) Affirmative Action and Diversity
			Grutter v. Bollinger
			Gratz v. Bollinger
		4.6(c) Fifteenth Amendment
			Rice v. Cayetano
		Dixon v. Love
	4.7 Conclusion
CHAPTER 5 Delegation
	5.1 What Is Delegation?
	5.2 Delegating Legislative Authority
		United States v. Grimaud
		Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
	5.3 The Delegation Doctrine Today
		Touby v. United States
		Whitman v. American Trucking Associations
	5.4 Delegating Judicial Authority
		South Dakota v. Department of Interior
	5.5 Delegating to Private Agencies
		Foley v. Osborne Court Condominium
	5.6 Delegation and Criminal Law
	5.7 Arrest and Detention
	5.8 Conclusion
CHAPTER 6 Agency Rulemaking
	6.1 In General
	6.2 Rulemaking and Adjudication Defined
	6.3 The Volume of Rules
	6.4 Types of Rules
	6.5 Rulemaking Procedure
		6.5(a) Formal Rulemaking
			United States v. Florida East Coast Railroad
		6.5(b) Informal Rulemaking
		6.5(c) Beyond the APA’s Requirements: Hybrid Rulemaking
		6.5(d) Exempted Rulemaking
		6.5(e) Negotiated Rulemaking
			Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council
		6.5(f) Advisory Committees
	6.6 Ratemaking
	6.7 Taxation and Revenues
	6.8 Controlling Rulemaking Authority
		FDA v. Brown & Williamson
	6.9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 7 Agency Investigations and Information Collection
	7.1 Acquiring Information
	7.2 Recordkeeping and Reporting
		United States v. Morton Salt Co.
		7.2(a) Fifth Amendment Aspects
		7.2(b) Immunity
	7.3 Inspections, Tests, and Searches
		7.3(a) Fourth Amendment Aspects
			Camera v. Municipal Court
		7.3(b) Drug, Alcohol, AIDS, and DNA Testing
			Skinner v. Railway Labor Executive Ass’n
			Vernonia School District v. Acton
		7.3(c) Closely Regulated Businesses
			Donovan v. Dewey
	7.4 Subpoenas
		7.4(a) Enforcement of Subpoenas
	7.5 Parallel Proceedings
	7.6 Paperwork Reduction Act
	7.7 Conclusion
CHAPTER 8 Formal Adjudications
	8.1 In General
	8.2 Notice
	8.3 Parties and Participation
		8.3(a) Parties in Interest and Intervention
			Ashbacker Radio Corp. v. Federal Communications Commission
		8.3(b) Other Methods of Participation
	8.4 Discovery
	8.5 Prehearing Conference
	8.6 Prehearing Settlement and Alternative Dispute Resolution
	8.7 The Hearing
		8.7(a) Evidence Admissibility
			Richardson v. Perales
			Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Lopez-Mendoza
		8.7(b) Burdens
		8.7(c) Standards
		8.7(d) Administrative Law Judges
			Steadman v. United States
			Woodby v. Immigration & Naturalization Service
			Abruzzo v. Social Security Administration
			Gibson v. Berryhill
		8.7(e) Counsel and Attorney Fees
		8.7(f) The Decision
		8.7(g) Observing an Administrative Hearing
			Administrative hearing record
	8.8 License Cases
	8.9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 9 Accountability through Reviewability
	9.1 In General
	9.2 Sources of Review Authority
		9.2(a) Statutory
		9.2(b) Nonstatutory
	9.3 Agency Discretion
		Heckler v. Chaney
		Lincoln v. Vigil
	9.4 Standing
		Association of Data Processing Service Organizations v. Camp
		Clapper v. Amnesty International USA
		9.4(a) Citizen and Taxpayer
			Federal Election Commission v. Akins
		9.4(b) Qui Tam Actions
		9.4(c) Environmental Cases
			Sierra Club v. Morton
		9.4(d) Competitor
		9.4(e) Consumer
		9.4(f) Statutory
		9.4(g) Constitutional
	9.5 Timing of Review
		9.5(a) Primary Jurisdiction
		9.5(b) Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies
		9.5(c) Ripeness
			Woodford et al. v. NGO
			Sackett v. EPA
			Mckart v. United States
	9.6 Scope and Standards of Review
		9.6(a) Standard One: De Novo
		9.6(b) Standard Two: Substantial Evidence
		9.6(c) Standard Three: Arbitrary, Capricious, Abuse of Discretion
			Federal Communications Commission v. Fox
			Massachusetts, et al. v. EPA
		9.6(d) Issues of Law
			Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.
			City of Arlington v. Federal Communications Commission U.S. Supreme Court
		9.6(e) Issues of Fact
		9.6(f) Mixed Questions of Law and Fact
		9.6(g) Issues of Discretion
		9.6(h) Failure to Raise Issues
		9.6(i) Alternative Rationale
	9.7 Review of Rules
	9.8 Common Law Doctrines
		9.8(a) Res Judicata
		9.8(b) Collateral Estoppel
		9.8(c) Application to the Government
		9.8(d) Equitable Estoppel
			Schweiker v. Hansen
		9.8(e) Laches
	9.9 Conclusion
CHAPTER 10 Accountability through Accessibility
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Freedom of Information Act
		10.2(a) Publication Requirement
		10.2(b) Inspection and Copying Requirement
		10.2(c) Production upon Request Requirement
		10.2(d) FOIA as Discovery
		10.2(e) Fees and Waivers
		10.2(f) Exemptions
			Milner v. Department of Navy 562 U.S.
			United States Department of Defense v. Federal Labor Relations Authority 510 U.S. 487
			National Archives & Records Administration v. Favish 541 U.S. 157
		10.2(g) Judicial Review and Remedies
		10.2(h) Congressional Monitoring
	10.3 Privacy Act
		10.3(a) Collection of Information
		10.3(b) Maintaining Records, Publication, and Rules
		10.3(c) Disclosure of Records
		10.3(d) Relationship of FOIA and Privacy Act
		10.3(e) Individual Access
		10.3(f) Amending Records
		10.3(g) Judicial Review and Remedies
			Ray v. Turner 587 F.2d 1187
		10.3(h) Congressional Monitoring
	10.4 Government in the Sunshine Act
		10.4(a) Exemptions
		10.4(b) Judicial Review and Remedies
		10.4(c) Congressional Monitoring
	10.5 Federal Advisory Committee Act
	10.6 Trade Secrets Act
	10.7 Privatization and the Public’s Right to Know
	10.8 Conclusion
		Forsham v. Harris
CHAPTER 11 Accountability through Liability
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Sovereign Immunity
	11.3 Federal Tort Claims Act and Its Exceptions
		11.3(a) Executive Functions
		11.3(b) Intentional Torts
		11.3(c) Discretionary Function Doctrine
			Bowers v. City of Chattanooga
		11.3(d) Scope of Employment
		11.3(e) Public Duty Doctrine
			Kirk v. City of Shawnee
		11.3(f) Damages and Other Limitations
	11.4 Federal Employee Reform and Tort Compensation Act
	11.5 Section 1983 Actions
		11.5(a) Plaintiffs and Defendants
			Monell v. Department of Social Services
		11.5(b) Deprivation and Color of Law
			County of Sacramento v. Lewis
		11.5(c) Remedies, Fees, and Costs
		11.5(d) Procedure
			Smith v. Wade
		11.5(e) Immunities
			Harlow v. Fitzgerald
			Filarsky v. Delia
	11.6 Constitutional Claims
		Bivens v. Six Unknown Agents
		Hui v. Castaneda
		Vance v. Rumsfeld
	11.7 Common Law Torts and Official Immunity
		Strothman v. Gefreh
	11.8 Tucker Act
		United States v. Navajo Nation
	11.9 Ethical Expectations and Liability
	11.10 Private Parties as Government Actors
	11.11 Other Constitutional Issues: Takings and Free Speech
	11.12 Conclusion
Appendix A: Constitution of the United States of America
Appendix B: Administrative Procedure Act (5 U.S.C. §551 et seq.) Excerpts
Appendix C: Selected Executive Orders
Index
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