Administrative Justice in the 21st Century

Title Page......Page 1
Title verso......Page 2
Foreword......Page 3
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 13
List of Contributors......Page 15
Table of Cases......Page 19
Table of Statutes......Page 28
Table of Statutory Instruments......Page 32
Background to the Conference......Page 35
Themes and Issues......Page 38
Conclusion......Page 51
Part 1 Initial Decision-Taking, Review and Appeals: General Issues......Page 53
Primary adjudication......Page 55
Democracy......Page 58
The Undermining of Collective Interests......Page 59
The Impairment of Efficiency......Page 60
Political Realities......Page 64
System Reform......Page 66
Proposals......Page 70
Conclusions......Page 74
Introduction......Page 76
Matters of Terminology......Page 77
The Objections to Formal Review......Page 80
Observations and Conclusions......Page 85
International law......Page 89
The Initial Decision......Page 91
The Present System and its Defects......Page 93
Adjudicators' Response......Page 95
The Broader Questions......Page 96
Conclusion......Page 98
Introduction......Page 100
What are Complaints?......Page 102
Top Down and Bottom Up Approaches to Complaints......Page 104
Whose Standards?......Page 109
The Sliding Scales of Natural Justice......Page 110
Is there a Plimsoll Line?......Page 111
Recognition of Other Models......Page 112
Developing Responsive Principles......Page 113
Conclusion......Page 115
Part 2 The New Administrative Law: The Citizens Charter, Ombudsmen and Other Developments for the Resolution of Complaints......Page 117
Introduction......Page 119
The Charter......Page 120
Standards......Page 122
Complaints Procedures......Page 125
Systems Improvement......Page 129
Conclusions......Page 132
The Development of Complaints Handling......Page 133
Trends Since 1983: Managing Rising Expectations......Page 136
Conclusion......Page 144
The Discourse and Practice of Open Government......Page 146
The Ombudsman and Open Government......Page 152
The Institutional Design of FOI: The Lessons of the Canadian Experience......Page 161
Introduction......Page 167
The Ombudsman as "Tomorrow's Court"......Page 170
Ombudsman or Tribunal? The Ombudsman as an Adjudicative Mechanism......Page 171
Defining the Relationship between the Courts and a Public Sector Ombudsman......Page 175
Private Sector Ombudsmen and the Public Interest......Page 178
Quis Custodiet ipsos Custodes? The Problem of Proliferation......Page 180
What Makes an Ombudsman Work?......Page 185
Introduction......Page 190
Internal Review......Page 191
The Role and Function of the Adjudicator's Office......Page 194
The Independent Monitor Model......Page 197
Introduction......Page 200
The Research......Page 204
The Findings......Page 209
Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 227
Appendices......Page 239
Part 3 Collective Administrative Justice......Page 243
Introduction......Page 245
The Place of Dispute Resolution in Utility Regulation......Page 249
Internal Separation of Functions - US Proceduralism and UK Pragmatism......Page 258
Dispute Resolution Procedures - The Current Position......Page 266
Conclusions and Recommendations for Reform......Page 277
Introduction......Page 280
Forms of Conversation......Page 281
The Reasons for Conversations......Page 292
Justifying Conversations: Conversations and Responsiveness......Page 295
Problems with Conversations......Page 297
Structuring Conversations......Page 301
Conclusion......Page 310
Part 4 Recent Research......Page 313
Introduction......Page 315
Research Methodology......Page 316
Review and Appeals Under the Child Support Act 1991......Page 317
Child Support Appeal Tribunals......Page 319
Who are the Appellants Before Child Support Appeal Tribunals?......Page 320
Tribunals as an Area to Resolve Disputes between Parents......Page 322
Maintaining Order at Appeal Hearings......Page 323
Advice and Representation......Page 327
Conclusion......Page 329
Introduction......Page 330
Education Reform and Redress of Grievance......Page 332
Education Appeal Committees......Page 334
The Special Education Needs Tribunal......Page 352
Conclusion......Page 358
Parking Adjudicators......Page 360
The Role of IT......Page 361
The Impact of an IT-oriented Adjudication System......Page 364
Conclusions......Page 368
Part 5 The Influence of Human Rights on Administrative Justice......Page 369
Introduction......Page 371
Merits Review Prior to Teoh's Case......Page 373
Teob's Case......Page 383
Application of Teoh's Case by the ATT......Page 390
Infiltration of Human Rights: Beyond Teoh's Case......Page 401
Conclusion......Page 409
Introduction......Page 410
The South African Consitutional Provision......Page 411
The Need for Constitutional Protection: South African Administrative Law in Decay......Page 413
What is Administrative Action?......Page 415
The Right to Just Administrative Action......Page 416
Administrative Justice and "Promoting an Efficient Administration"......Page 425
Privatisation and Judicial Review......Page 427
Conclusion......Page 429
The Case of Mr Hodgson......Page 431
General Observations......Page 435
Part 6 Management and Training......Page 439
Introduction......Page 441
Training......Page 442
Monitoring......Page 447
The Future......Page 449
Introduction: The Planning Inspectorate......Page 451
Recruitment......Page 452
Initial Training......Page 453
Continuing Training......Page 455
Monitoring......Page 456
Conclusion......Page 457
Introduction......Page 458
Justifications for Lay Participation in Tribunal Decision Making......Page 460
Selection, Training and Monitoring in 1988 (Scottish Consumer Council Study)......Page 465
Training in 1995......Page 471
Conclusion......Page 474
Part 7 Future Developments......Page 477
Introduction......Page 479
Current Models of Adjudication and Appeals......Page 480
The Case for Change......Page 484
The Proposals for Reforming Appeals......Page 485
Evaluating the Reforms......Page 487
Discussion and Conclusion......Page 495
Introduction......Page 497
Mapping the Terrain......Page 498
Emerging Trends......Page 503
An Integrated System for Administrative Justice?......Page 509
Conclusion......Page 514
Part 8 - System Monitoring and Overview......Page 517
Introduction......Page 519
The Council on Tribunals: Consultation, Advice, Special Initiatives and Training......Page 520
Conclusions......Page 523
The Australian Administrative Law System......Page 525
The Role of the Administrative Review Council......Page 527
The Benefit of a Separate and Permanent Administrative Law Advisory Body......Page 529
The Functions of the Council......Page 536
The Changing Nature of Government......Page 537
Future Work of the Council and Final Word......Page 539
Appendix 1......Page 541
Appendix 2......Page 543
A Brief History......Page 553
Why do We Need a New Body?......Page 555
From Recipe to Menu......Page 556
The Overseas Experience......Page 560
Back to the UK......Page 562
Conclusions......Page 564
 Future Developments......Page 566
Appendix: Standing Conference on the Resolution of Citizens' Grievances, A Proposal......Page 573
Bibliography......Page 581
Index......Page 605