Adhesives and Finishes for Wood: For Practitioners and Students

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Half Title
Adhesives and Finishes for Wood: For Practitioners and Students
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Author Biography
1. Introduction to Polymers, Wood Adhesives, and Wood Finishes
	1.1 Good Wood Adhesives Must Be Optimum Polymers with Optimum Secondary Forces
	1.2 Polymeric Materials
	1.3 Synthetic Polymer Preparation Methods
	1.4 Typical Synthetic Polymer Materials
	1.5 Typical Natural Polymers
	1.6 Summary
	References
2. Principles of Polymer Chemistry for Wood Adhesives and Finishes
	2.1 Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight
		2.1.1 Determination of Molecular Weight or Degree of Polymerization
	2.2 Properties of Polymer Solutions or Suspensions
		2.2.1 Viscosity of Polymer Solutions
		2.2.2 Dependence of Viscosity on the Shear Rate (Stirring Rate)
		2.2.3 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity of Polymer Solutions
		2.2.4 Dependence of Viscosity on the Concentration and Molecular Weight of Dissolved Polymers
		2.2.5 Methods of Viscosity Measurement of Liquid Materials
	2.3 Polymer Solids Level and Specific Gravity of Polymer Solutions
	2.4 pH of Polymer Solutions and Buffers
		2.4.1 pH
		2.4.2 Acidic Buffers and Buffer Capacity
	2.5 Solid Properties of Polymer Materials
		2.5.1 Adhesive Property of Polymer Solids
		2.5.2 Cohesive Property of Adhesive Polymer Solids
		2.5.3 Cohesive Strength Measurement and Viscous and Elastic Responses
		2.5.4 Measurement of the Elasticity of Solid Polymer Materials
	References
3. Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives and Practices
	3.1 Selection Criteria of Wood Adhesives
	3.2 High Temperature‐Curing Thermosetting Adhesives and Curing Conditions
	3.3 Room Temperature‐curing Thermosetting Wood Adhesives and Processes
	3.4 Room Temperature‐curing Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives
	3.5 Adhesive Application Methods and Loading Rates and Costs
	3.6 Adhesive Curing by Hot Presses and Other Heating Methods
	3.7 Evaluation of Adhesive Bonds
	3.8 Summary
	References
4. Principles of the Curing of Thermosetting and Thermoplastic Wood Adhesives
	4.1 Principles of Curing of Thermosetting Adhesive Resins at Elevated Temperatures
		4.1.1 Viscosity Changes of Adhesive Layer Before Hot‐Pressing
		4.1.2 Spreading and Penetration of Adhesive Layers in Hot‐Pressing
		4.1.3 Viscosity Decreases by Moisture Content Changes
		4.1.4 Viscosity Increases and Curing of Adhesive Layer by Polymerization Reaction
		4.1.5 Flow and Wetting of Adhesive Layers and Molecular Adsorption
		4.1.6 Gelation of Adhesive Layer
		4.1.7 Vitrification of Adhesive Layer
		4.1.8 Post‐Curing of Adhesive Layer
	4.2 Relationship of Temperature and Moisture Content in Hot‐Pressing of Wood Composite Mats
		4.2.1 Platen Pressure, Mat Thickness, and Density Profiles
		4.2.2 Temperature Changes and Moisture Movements in Board Mat
		4.2.3 Extents of Resin Cure in Hot‐Pressing
	4.3 Curing of Thermosetting Adhesives at Room Temperature
	4.4 Curing of Thermoplastic Emulsion Adhesives
	4.5 Volume Contractions of Adhesive Layers upon Curing
	4.6 Thermal and Moisture Expansion/Contraction of Adhesive Layers
	4.7 Summary
	References
5. UF and MUF Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Resin Chemistry)
	5.1 Raw Materials of UF Resins
	5.2 Urea‐Formaldehyde (UF) Resins
	5.3 Chemistry Occurring in UF Resin Synthesis
		5.3.1 Second Step of Resin Synthesis
	5.4 Polymer Chain Branching in UF Resins
	5.5 Other Reactions Occurring in UF Resin Synthesis
	5.6 F/U1 Mole Ratio Effects in the Polymerization Step
	5.7 Final F/U Mole Ratios and Formaldehyde Emission Problem
	5.8 Physical and Chemical Tests and Properties of Industrial UF Resins
	5.9 Resin Changes Occurring After Manufacture of UF Resins
	5.10 Bond Performances and Durability Tests of UF Resins in Industry
	5.11 UF Resins vs. Various Operating Parameters in PB, MDF, and Hardwood Plywood Industry
	5.12 Other UF Resin Synthesis Procedures
	5.13 Polymeric Chemical Structures of UF Resins
	5.14 Melamine‐Urea‐Formaldehyde (MUF) Resins
	5.15 Urea‐Melamine‐Formaldehyde (UMF) Resins
	5.16 Summary
	References
6. Urea-Formaldehyde and MUF/UMF Wood Adhesive Resins (Curing)
	6.1 Typical Latent/External Catalysts Based on Ammonium Salts for UF Resins
	6.2 Organic Tertiary Amine Salts of Strong Acids and Other Catalysts
	6.3 Catalyzation of UF Resins by Wood Acids
	6.4 Buffering of Acidic Catalysts
	6.5 Thermosetting Curing Reactions, Cured Resin Structures, and Formaldehyde Emission Problem
	6.6 Control of the Curing Speeds of UF Resins
	6.7 Side‐Reactions Occurring in the Curing of UF Resins
	6.8 Phenomenological Changes of UF Resins in Curing
	6.9 Chemical Curing Mechanisms, F/U Mole Ratio, and Cured Resin Structure
	6.10 Composition of Cured UF Resins
	6.11 Uses of UF Resins
	6.12 Properties of UF Resin‐Bonded Wood Composite Boards
	6.13 Formaldehyde Emission Mechanisms, Mole Ratios, and Board Strength Properties
	6.14 Various Methods Proposed/Practiced for Reducing the Formaldehyde Emissions of Boards
	6.15 Curing of Melamine‐Urea‐Formaldehyde (MUF) Resins
	6.16 Curing of Urea‐Melamine‐Formaldehyde (UMF) Resins
	6.17 Cost Increases Estimated for Boards with Very Low Formaldehyde Emission Values
	6.18 Summary
	References
7. Particleboard, MDF, and Hardwood Plywood Bonding with UF Resin Binders
	7.1 Particleboard
		7.1.1 Wood Furnishes in Particleboard Manufacture
		7.1.2 Blending of Resin, Catalyst, and Wax Emulsion in Particleboard Manufacture
		7.1.3 Mat Formation and Transport
		7.1.4 Hot‐pressing
		7.1.5 Equilibration and Finishing
		7.1.6 Bison–Mende process
		7.1.7 Properties of Commercial Particleboards
		7.1.8 US Particleboard (PB) Industry
		7.1.9 Summary
	7.2 Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) Bonded with UF Resins
		7.2.1 Fiber Manufacture and Blowline Resin Blending
		7.2.2 Paddle Blending System of Resins
		7.2.3 Comparison of MDF Resin Blenders
		7.2.4 Mat‐Forming and Hot‐Pressing Parameters of PB and MDF in Industry
		7.2.5 Physical Properties of Commercial MDF
		7.2.6 Medium Density Fiberboard Industry
		7.2.7 Summary
	7.3 Hardwood Plywood Bonding with UF Resin Adhesives
	7.4 Paraffin Wax and Uses in Wood Composites
		7.4.1 Use of Paraffin Wax
		7.4.2 Properties of Paraffin Wax
		7.4.3 Analyses of Wax
		7.4.4 Wax Application Methods
		7.4.5 Wax Use Levels
		7.4.6 Summary
		7.4.6 Advanced Reading Materials
	7.5 Effects of UF Resins' Curing Catalysts on Tool Wear in Machining of Boards – An Example of Laboratory PB Manufacturing and Testing
	7.6 Summary
	References
8. PF Novolac Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Chemistry)
	8.1 Raw Materials of PF Resins
	8.2 Reaction Chemistry of Phenol
	8.3 Synthesis and Chemistry of Novolac Phenol‐Formaldehyde (PF) Resins
	8.4 Compounding and Curing of Novolac PF Resins
	8.5 Curing Speed and Testing Methods of Molding Compounds of PF Novolac Resins
	8.6 Wood Adhesive Uses of Novolac PF Resins
	8.7 Summary
	References
9. PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins (Manufacturing and Chemistry)
	9.1 Alkaline PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins
	9.2 Synthesis Chemistry and Manufacturing Practices of Alkaline PF Resole Resins
	9.3 Typical Synthesis Procedures of Alkaline PF Resole Resins for Various Uses
	9.4 Properties and Polymer Structures of Alkaline PF Resole Resins and Measurements
	9.5 Resin Characteristics and Uses of Various PF Resole Resins
	9.6 Molecular Weights (Sizes) of Alkaline PF Resole Resins and Wood Cell Wall Penetration
	9.7 Powder PF Resole Resin Manufacturing by Spray‐drying
	9.8 Curing of Alkaline PF Resole Resins
		9.8.1 Pre‐dry and Pre‐cure, Resin Spreading, and Flow
		9.8.2 Final Curing of Alkaline PF Resole Resins in Wood Bonding
		9.8.3 Gel Times and Stroke Cure Times of Liquid PF Resins
		9.8.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Method of Curing Tests for Thermosetting Resins
		9.8.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis of PF Resole Resins
	9.9 Good Wood Adhesion and Exterior Durability of PF Resin Adhesives
	9.10 Formaldehyde Emission Problem of PF Resin‐bonded Products
	9.11 Various Binder Uses of PF Resins in the US Wood Products Industry
	9.12 Acid‐curing PF and PMF Resole Resin and Dispersion Wood Adhesives
	9.13 Summary
	References
10. PRF Novolac Wood Adhesive Resins and Lumber Lamination
	10.1 Manufacturing and Chemistry of PRF Resins
		10.1.1 Chemical Structures of PRF Resins
		10.1.2 Relationship Between Target Viscosity, Resin‐Solids, and Storage Stability of PRF Resins
		10.1.3 P/R Ratio Measurements from 13C NMR Spectra
	10.2 PRF and RF Resin Adhesives Currently Available in Industry
		10.2.1 Some Nonideal Aspects of PRF Resins
	10.3 Hardeners for PRF Resin Adhesives
	10.4 Mixing of a PRF Resin and Hardener, Pot‐Lives, Working Life, and Assembly Time
	10.5 Applying and Curing of PRF Adhesives in Wood Lamination
	10.6 Curing Chemistry of PRF Resin Adhesives and Industry Practices
	10.7 Wood Lamination Industry
	10.8 Recent Developments in PRF Resin Adhesives
	10.9 Laminating Wood Adhesives Based on Other Resorcinolic Materials
	10.10 Advanced Reading Materials on Resorcinol–Formaldehyde (RF) Resins
		10.10.1 Synthesis and Fractionation of an RF Resin and GPC Analysis
		10.10.2 Assignments of 13C NMR Chemical Shift Values of RF Resin Fractions
		10.10.3 Polymer Structures of RF Resins Derived from 13C NMR Spectra
		10.10.4 Relationship Between Intrinsic Viscosity and Molecular Weight Values from Equation n3
	10.11 Summary
	References
11. Softwood Plywood Adhesives and Manufacturing Technology
	11.1 Softwood Plywood Manufacturing Technology
	11.2 PF Resole Resins for Bonding of Softwood Plywood
	11.3 Veneer, Veneer Drying, and Adhesion Problems
	11.4 Bond Performance Characteristics of Softwood Plywood Adhesives
	11.5 Softwood Plywood Adhesive Mixing Procedure
	11.6 Softwood Plywood Adhesive Formulation and Characteristics
		11.6.1 Characteristics of PF Resin Adhesive Mixes
		11.6.2 Gap‐Filling Capability of Softwood Plywood Adhesives
		11.6.3 Viscosity Targets of Softwood Plywood Adhesive Mixes
		11.6.4 Fillers in Softwood Plywood Adhesives
		11.6.5 Extenders in Softwood Plywood Adhesives
		11.6.6 PF Resin Adhesives, Adhesive Spread Rates, and Application Methods
	11.7 Open and Closed Assembly Times
	11.8 Pre‐pressing of Softwood Veneer Assembly
	11.9 Hot‐Pressing Parameters of Softwood Plywood
	11.10 Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)
	11.11 Parallel (Veneer) Strand Lumber (PSL)
	11.12 New Developments in the Softwood Plywood Adhesive Technology
	11.13 Phenolic Components Present in PF Resin‐Bonded Softwood Plywood
	11.14 Softwood Plywood Manufacturing Industry
	11.15 Plywood Adhesive Fillers Made from Hydrolysis Residues of Municipal Newsprint Wastes
		11.15.1 TVA Fillers and a Control Filler
		11.15.2 Plywood Adhesive Mix
		11.15.3 Plywood Manufacture
		11.15.4 Plywood Test Results
	11.16 Conclusion
	11.17 Summary
	References
12. Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins
	12.1 Chemical Compositions of Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins
	12.2 Reactivity, Polymerization, and Curing Reactions of Isocyanate Resins
	12.3 Mat Moisture Levels in Using pMDI Resins for OSB Bonding
	12.4 Bond Properties and Uses of pMDI Resins as OSB Binders
	12.5 pMDI Resins Used in Bonding of Other Wood Composite Products
	12.6 Summary
	References
13. OSB Manufacturing with PF and Isocyanate Wood Adhesive Resins
	13.1 Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Manufacturing Processes
		13.1.1 Wood Species Used in OSB Manufacture
		13.1.2 Stranding (Flaking)
		13.1.3 Drying and Screening of Strands
		13.1.4 Binder Resin Types
		13.1.5 Blending of Binder Resin and Slack Wax
		13.1.6 Mat Forming with Strand Orienters
		13.1.7 Hot‐Pressing of Mat
		13.1.8 Oriented Strand Lumber (OSL)
		13.1.9 Adhesive Improvements Needed in the OSB Industry
		13.1.10 History of Wafer Board and Flakeboard
		13.1.11 Durability and Span Ratings of Oriented Strandboard in Use
	13.2 OSB Bonded with PF Resins with Various Levels of Urea Added at the End of Resin Synthesis
		13.2.1 Syntheses of PF Resole Resins with Urea Added at the End of Synthesis
		13.2.2 Testing of Synthesized Resins
		13.2.3 Resin Curing Rates Determined by DMA
		13.2.4 Laboratory OSB Manufacturing and Testing
		13.2.5 Test Results of Manufactured OSB Panels
		13.2.6 Conclusion
	13.3 Summary
	References
14. Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Emulsion Wood Adhesives
	14.1 Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) Emulsion Wood Adhesive Resins
		14.1.1 Manufacturing of PVAc Emulsion Resins
		14.1.2 Properties of PVAc Emulsions and Polymers
		14.1.3 Commercial PVAc Emulsions
		14.1.4 Additives Used in Formulating PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives
		14.1.5 Properties of Formulated PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives
		14.1.6 Various Commercial Formulated PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives
		14.1.7 Application Methods of PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives
		14.1.8 Curing Mechanism of PVAc Emulsion Wood Adhesives
	14.2 Summary
	References
15. Troubleshooting in Wood Bonding with PVAc Resin Adhesives
	15.1 Effects of Moisture Content of Wood
	15.2 Troubleshooting Methods in Various Gluing Operations
		15.2.1 Troubleshooting in Cold‐Press Lamination
		15.2.2 Troubleshooting in Hot‐Press Laminating Process
		15.2.3 Troubleshooting in Radiofrequency Edge‐Gluing
		15.2.4 Troubleshooting in Edge and Face Gluing by Clamping
		15.2.5 Troubleshooting in Assembly Gluing by Clamping
	Reference
16. Hot-melt and Other Specialty Wood Adhesives
	16.1 Introduction to Hot‐melt Adhesives
	16.2 Requirements For Hot‐melt Adhesives
	16.3 Materials Used for Hot‐melt Wood Adhesive Formulations
	16.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hot‐melt Adhesives
		16.4.1 Advantages
		16.4.2 Disadvantages
		16.4.3 Uses of Hot‐melts
	16.5 Thermosetting Hot‐melt Adhesives – Recent Development
		16.5.1 A Typical Thermosetting Hot‐melt Formulation
		16.5.2 A Comparison of a Thermosetting Hot‐melt Against Other Types
	16.6 Key Variables in Hot‐melt Edge‐banding Operation
	16.7 Other Specialty Wood Adhesives
		16.7.1 Mastic Adhesives
		16.7.2 Contact Adhesives
		16.7.3 Epoxy Resin Adhesives
	References
17. Casein, Soybean Flour, Animal Blood, and Lignin Wood Adhesives
	17.1 Casein Wood Adhesives
	17.2 Animal Protein‐Based Wood Adhesive
	17.3 Soybean Meal and Soybean Protein Wood Adhesives
	17.4 Animal Blood‐based Wood Adhesives
	17.5 Various Lignins and Uses in Wood Adhesives
	References
18. Theory and Practices of Adhesive Bonding for Wood
	18.1 Formation of Interphase in Wood Adhesive Bonds and Failure Modes
		18.1.1 Interphase Present Between Wood and Adhesive Layer in Adhesive Bond
		18.1.2 Failure Modes in Mechanical Testing of Wood Bonds
		18.1.3 Causes of Adhesive‐layer or Interphase Failures in Wood Adhesive Bonds
		18.1.4 Possible Further Divisions of Interphase in Wood Adhesive Bonds
		18.1.5 Adhesive Failure vs. Wood Failure in Testing of Adhesive Bonds
		18.1.6 Monitoring is a Must: Adhesive Quality, Adhesion Operation, and Bonded Products
	18.2 Wettability of Solid Surface, Contact Angle, and Surface/Interface Tensions
	18.3 Work of Adhesion
	References
19. Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Adhesive Bonding for Wood
	19.1 Adsorption (Secondary Bond Forces) Theory of Adhesion
	19.2 Mechanical Interlocking Theory of Adhesion
	19.3 Diffusion Theory of Adhesion
	19.4 Primary Chemical Bond (Covalent Bond) Theory
	19.5 Summary of Adhesion Mechanisms
	19.6 Glueline Layer Thickness and Bond Strengths
	19.7 Summary
	References
20. Evaluation of Wood Adhesive Bonds, Quality Control, and Bond Durability
	20.1 Mechanical Testing Modes and Methods for Measuring the Adhesive Bond Strength
		20.1.1 Shear Strength Test
		20.1.2 Tensile Strength Tests
		20.1.3 Cleavage and Peel Strength Tests
		20.1.4 Bending Strength Tests
	20.2 Quality Control, Certification Tests, and Adhesive Bond Durability
		20.2.1 Objectives and Scope of Quality Control Processes
		20.2.2 Durability Evaluation of Wood Composite Boards and Certification
		20.2.3 Certification of Exterior‐Use Wood Composite Products
		20.2.4 Certification of Exterior‐Use Wood‐Based Structural Panels (PS2‐92)
		20.2.5 Cyclic Delamination Test Procedure (AITC Test 110)
		20.2.6 Other Common Laboratory Aging Test Methods Used in the Industry
		20.2.7 Testing and Certification Organizations Involved
	20.3 Comparison of Various Wood Adhesive Bonds by Accelerated Aging or Exterior Exposure Tests
	20.4 Nondestructive Testing of Wood and Wood Adhesive Bonds
	20.5 In‐situ Adhesion Testing
	References
21. Introduction to Coatings Technology for Wood
	21.1 Three Components of Coatings
	21.2 Pigment Volume Concentration (PVC)
	21.3 Various Kinds of Vehicle Polymers
		21.3.1 Fatty Oils and Modified Fatty Oils
		21.3.2 Alkyd Resins
		21.3.3 Polyester – Unsaturated and Saturated Polyesters
		21.3.4 Cellulosics
		21.3.5 Acrylic Resins
		21.3.6 Vinyl Resins
		21.3.7 Epoxy Resins
		21.3.8 Isocyanate Resins (urethane resins)
		21.3.9 Silicone Resins
		21.3.10 PF, MF, UF Resin Derivatives
	References
22. Introduction to Coatings Technology for Wood. II
	22.1 Pigments and Fillers
	22.2 Manufacturing and Kinds of Pigments and Fillers
	22.3 Color Control Methods
	22.4 Color Scales – Hunter L, a, b, and CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB) Color Scales
	22.5 Carriers of Coatings
	22.6 Additives to Coatings
	22.7 Manufacturing Procedures of Coatings
	22.8 Film Formation Mechanisms
	22.9 Water‐Borne Coatings and Coatings for Less VOC Emissions
	22.10 Exterior Coatings for Wood
		22.10.1 Stains
		22.10.2 Varnishes
		22.10.3 Paints
	22.11 Summary
	References
23. Industrial Coating Application Processes
	23.1 Application Methods of Coatings
	23.2 Sanding Processes
	23.3 Sanding Abrasives, Construction, and Flexing
	23.4 Typical Furniture Finishing Procedures and Materials
	23.5 Flat Line Finishing Procedures of Wood Composite Boards for Furniture Production
	23.6 Kitchen Cabinet Finishing Procedures
	23.7 Hardwood Plywood Panel Prefinishing
	23.8 Hardboard Panel Finishing Procedures
	23.9 Summary
	References
24. Advanced Reading Materials on UF Wood Adhesive Resins
	24.1 Introduction to the 13C NMR Spectroscopic Analysis Method
	24.2 Introduction to 13C NMR Analysis Methods of UF and UMF Wood Adhesive Resins
	24.3 13C NMR Analysis Results of Reaction Intermediates Taken in UF Resin Syntheses
	24.4 13C NMR Analysis Results of Reaction Intermediates Taken in UF Resin Syntheses with a Higher Power Instrument
		24.4.1 Effects of the Addition of Second Urea and Mild Heat Treatments
		24.4.2 Polymerization in the Acidic Polymerization Step Observed with Second Urea Addition
		24.4.3 Polymerization In the Acidic Reaction Step Observed Without the Second Urea Addition
		24.4.4 Summary
	24.5 Chemical Changes Occurring in UF Resins on heat/stirring and Room‐temperature Storage Treatments by 13C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests of Particleboard
		24.5.1 Effects of Mild and Intermediate Level Heat/Stirring Treatments (Samples A2–A6)
		24.5.2 Effects of Room‐temperature Storage Treatments of UF Resins
		24.5.3 Formaldehyde Emission Test Results of Particleboard (PB)
		24.5.4 Summary
	24.6 Effects of Mild Heating/Stirring Treatments on UF Resins Synthesized with Different F/U1 Mole Ratios by13C NMR
		24.6.1 Syntheses of UF Resins with Varying F/U1 Mole Ratios
		24.6.2 Heat/Stirring Treatments of Synthesized UF Resins
		24.6.3 Viscosity and Turbidity Changes in Heat Treatments
		24.6.4 F/U1 Mole Ratio Effects on UF Resin Structures in Heat Treatments Observed by 13C NMR
		24.6.5 Summary
	24.7 Effects of Room‐temperature Storage Treatments on UF Resins Synthesized with Various F/U1 Mole Ratios by 13C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests of Particleboard
		24.7.1 F/U1 Mole Ratio Effects on Viscosity/Turbidity Changes in Room‐temperature Storage Treatments
		24.7.2 Functional Group Changes of UF Resins in 7–50‐day Room Temperature Storage
		24.7.3 Test Results of Particleboards Bonded with Various UF Resins
			24.7.3.1 Internal Bond and Bending Strengths of Particleboards (PBs)
			24.7.3.2 F/U1 Mole Ratio Effects on Formaldehyde Emission Values of Particleboards
		24.7.4 Applications to the UF Resin and PB Manufacturing Industry
		24.7.5 Summary
	24.8 Effects of Mild Heat/Stirring and Room‐temperature Storage Treatments of UF Resins Synthesized with Various F/U1 Mole Ratios by 13C NMR and Formaldehyde Emission Tests
		24.8.1 Resin Synthesis and Treatment Procedures
		24.8.2 Collection of Data
		24.8.3 Heat Treatment Effects of UF Resins Made with Various F/U1 Mole Ratios
		24.8.4 Heat Treatments at 60 °C for 2.5 hours Followed by Storage at Room Temperature for up to 27 days
		24.8.5 Reaction Mechanisms of Methylene and Methylene‐ether Group Forming Ractions
		24.8.6 Viscosity and Phase Changes of UF Resins During Heating/Storage Treatments
		24.8.7 F/U1 Mole Ratio and Posttreatment Effects on Resin Polymeric Structures and Compositions
		24.8.8 F/U1 Mole Ratio and Heat Treatment Effects on Particleboard Strength Properties
		24.8.9 Particleboards Bonded with Resins of 2.5‐hours Heat and Followed Room‐temperature Storage Treatments
		24.8.10 Summary
	References
25. Advanced Reading Materials on UMF Resins Modified with 6–12% Melamine
	25.1 Introduction and Synthesis and Analysis Results of UF and UMF Resins
		25.1.1 Background and Known Resin Synthesis Methods of UMF Resins
		25.1.2 Reaction Chemistry of MF and UMF Resins
		25.1.3 Resin Syntheses of UF and UMF Resins
		25.1.4 Characteristics of UMF Resins and Resin Intermediates Determined by 13C NMR Spectra
		25.1.5 General Resin Characteristics of Synthesized UMF Resins
		25.1.6 Conclusion
	25.2 DMA Curing Properties of UF and UMF Resins
		25.2.1 Past Research Using Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) Method on Wood Adhesive Resins
		25.2.2 DMA Sample Preparation and Experiments
		25.2.3 Three Curing Segments of DMA Curing of Resin UFA1.15
		25.2.4 Curing Chemistry of Resin UFA1.15
		25.2.5 Effects of Catalyst Level and Mix Time and Temperature on DMA Curing of Resin UFA1.15
		25.2.6 Comparison of Resins UFA1.15 and UMF1.15 by DMA at Three Different Temperatures
		25.2.7 Effects of Three Different F/(U + M) Mole Ratios on Curing Rates at 150 °C
		25.2.8 Summary
	25.3 Bond Performance of UMF Resins as Particleboard Binders
		25.3.1 Preparation and Tests of Laboratory Particleboards
		25.3.2 Test results of Particleboards Bonded with Resins at an F/(U + M) Ratio of 1.15
		25.3.3 Summary
	References
26. Advanced Reading Materials on UMF Resins Modified with 2.5% and 5.0% Melamine
	26.1 UMF Resins Synthesized with 2.5% and 5.0% Melamine Levels
		26.1.1 Experimental Procedures
		26.1.2 Resin Chemical Structures Determined by 13C‐NMR
		26.1.3 Storage Stability of UF and UMF Resins
		26.1.4 Properties of Catalyzed Resins
		26.1.5 Particleboard Test Results
		26.1.6 Summary
	26.2 UMF Resins Synthesized by Adding Melamine at Different Points
		26.2.1 Syntheses of UMF Resins
		26.2.2 Physical Properties of Synthesized UMF Resins
		26.2.3 Resins' Chemical Structures From 13C NMR Results
		26.2.4 Storage Stability of Un‐catalyzed Resins
		26.2.5 Properties of Catalyzed UMF Resin
		26.2.6 Particleboard (PB) Test Results
		26.2.7 Summary
	References
27. Advanced Reading Materials on Diethylene Tricarbamide-Formaldehyde Resins
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 A Higher Functionality Urea Analogue – Diethylene Tricarbamide
	27.3 Chemical and Physical Properties of Diethylene Tricarbamide
	27.4 An Efficient Synthesis Method of Diethylene Tricarbamide
	27.5 Synthesis Chemistry and Procedure and Properties of D‐formaldehyde (DF) and Copolymer Resins
	27.6 Synthesis Formulations of DF Resins vs. UF Resins
	27.7 Room Temperature Storage Properties of DF and Copolymer Resins
	27.8 Pot‐lives and Curing Characteristics of DF and Copolymer Resins
	27.9 Preparation of Laboratory Particleboards and Testing
	27.10 Test Results of Prepared Laboratory Particleboards
	27.11 Summary
	References
28. Advanced Reading Materials on PF Resole Wood Adhesive Resins
	28.1 Chemical Structures of PF Resole and Novolac Resins by 13C NMR Spectroscopy
		28.1.1 PF Resin Model Compounds
		28.1.2 An Example Spectrum of a PF Resole Resin
		28.1.3 A Second Example Spectrum of a PF Resole Resin
		28.1.4 A Third Example 13C NMR Spectrum of a Novolac PF Resin
		28.1.5 Summary
	28.2 Reaction Rates and Structures of a PF Resole Resin Synthesized at 70 °C
		28.2.1 Introduction
		28.2.2 Peak Intensity Changes of Aromatic Carbons Due to Polymerization During Resin Synthesis
		28.2.3 Peak Intensity Changes of Aliphatic Carbons due to Polymerization Reaction
		28.2.4 Polymerization of PF Resole Resins Observed by Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
		28.2.5 Summary
	28.3 Polymer Structures of a PF Resole Resin Synthesized at 102 °C vs. a Commercial Resin
		28.3.1 Introduction
		28.3.2 Acetylation of PF Resin Samples and Fractionation
		28.3.3 13C NMR Chemical Shift Values of Model Compounds and PF Resin Fractions
		28.3.4 13C NMR Results of PF Resin Model Compounds and Resin Fractions
		28.3.5 Intrinsic Viscosity ([ŋ]), Vapor Phase Osmometric (VPO) Analysis, and M–H Equation
		28.3.6 Conclusion
	28.4 Polymer Structures of High Molecular Weight Fractions of a PF Resole Resin
		28.4.1 Synthesis of an Oriented Strand Board Binder‐type PF Resin and GPC Analysis
		28.4.2 Acetylation and Fractionation
		28.4.3 Instrumental Analyses of Acetylated PF Resin Fractions
		28.4.4 Results and Discussion
		28.4.5 Conclusion and Summary
	28.5 Polymer Structures of Cured PF Resole Resins by Solid‐state 13C NMR
		28.5.1 PF Resin Synthesis and Curing Procedures
		28.5.2 Curing Mechanisms of PF Resole Resins and Loss of Some Formaldehyde? – a Review
		28.5.3 Solid‐state CP/MAS 13C NMR Spectra
		28.5.4 Solid‐state CP/MAS 13C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments of Aliphatic Carbons
		28.5.5 Solid‐state CP/MAS 13C NMR Chemical Shift Assignments of Phenolic Ring Carbons
		28.5.6 Solid‐state CP/MAS 13C NMR Chemical Shift Assignment of Quinone Structures
		28.5.7 Results and Discussion
		28.5.8 Conclusion and Summary
	References
Index