Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers: Handbook of Materials, Techniques, and Applications

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Additive Manufacturing of Biopolymers: Handbook of Materials, Techniques, and Applications
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Contents
Foreword
Contributors
1. Additive manufacturing of biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Biopolymers
2. Additive manufacturing and 3D printing techniques for biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Vat photopolymerization
	3. Material jetting
	4. Material extrusion
	5. Other solid-based AM processes
	6. Bioprinting and hybrid biomanufacturing
3. Biopolymers in additive manufacturing
	1. Introduction
	2. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)
	3. Polycaprolactone (PCL)
	4. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
		4.1 Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
		4.2 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxy valerate) (PHBV)
	5. Proteins
		5.1 Collagen
		5.2 Gelatin
		5.3 Soy protein
		5.4 PEA protein
		5.5 Zein
		5.6 Silk protein
		5.7 Keratin
		5.8 Casein and whey protein
	6. Polysaccharides
		6.1 Cellulose
		6.2 Lignin
		6.3 Starch
	7. Vegetable oils
	8. Conclusions and outlook
4. 3D printing of biopolymer-based hydrogels
	1. Introduction
	2. Biopolymers
	3. Polymer hydrogels
	4. Extrusion-based 3D printing of biopolymer hydrogels
		4.1 Principle of extrusion-based 3D printing
		4.2 Printability evaluation for extrusion-based 3D printing
		4.3 Solidifying process for extrusion-based 3D printing
	5. Inkjet 3D printing of biopolymer hydrogels
		5.1 Principle of inkjet 3D printing
		5.2 Biopolymer hydrogel materials fabricated by inkjet 3D printing
	6. Laser-mediated 3D printing
		6.1 Principle of laser-mediated 3D printing
		6.2 Biopolymer hydrogel materials fabricated by laser-mediated 3D printing
	7. Conclusion and future perspectives
	8. Data availability statement
	References
5. 3D printing of fire-retardant biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Mechanisms of action of flame retardants and fire tests
		2.1 Physical action modes
		2.2 Chemical action modes
		2.3 Synergistic effects occurring between components of a flame retardant system
		2.4 Flammability hazard level and fire testing
	3. Strategies of flame retardancy through 3D printing technologies
	4. Additive manufacturing of flame retarded PLA using fused filament fabrication
	5. 3D printing of biobased polymer blends: a case study of flame retardant PLA/PA11 compositions processed via FFF technology
		5.1 Materials
		5.2 Methods
		5.3 Results and discussion
	6. Conclusions and perspectives
	References
6. 3D printing of biopolymer composites and nanocomposites
	1. Introduction
	2. Additive manufacturing of biopolymers and their composites
		2.1 Techniques and principles
			2.1.1 Material extrusion
			2.1.2 Vat polymerization
		2.2 Designing biopolymer nanocomposite inks for AM
			2.2.1 Rheology and viscoelasticity
			2.2.2 Cure depth
	3. Benefits of 3D printed biopolymer nanocomposites
		3.1 Mechanics of AM fabricated biopolymer composites
		3.2 Manipulation of material properties by AM
			3.2.1 Biopolymer crystallization
			3.2.2 Filler alignment
	4. Applications and case studies
		4.1 Thermoplastic PLA-based biocomposites
		4.2 Thermoset UV curable biocomposites
		4.3 Hydrogels
	5. Perspectives on the future of AM with biopolymer composites
	6. Conclusion
	References
7. 3D printing of shape-switching biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Typical basic approaches for shape-switching
		2.1 Hydrogels
		2.2 Polymers
	3. Typical potential applications
	4. Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
8. 4D printing of biopolymers
	1. Introduction
		1.1 History
		1.2 Terms related to 4D bioprinting
			1.2.1 Stimuli-responsive materials
			1.2.2 Self-assembly, self-folding, self-actuation, self-repair properties of responsive materials
			1.2.3 Responses exhibited by SMP
			1.2.4 Surface topography
			1.2.5 Mathematical modeling
	2. Structural design for 4D printing of biomaterials
		2.1 Bi/multi-layer structural design
		2.2 Programmed patterned design
	3. 4D bioprinting
		3.1 Biopolymers for 4D bioprinting
			3.1.1 Natural polymers
			3.1.2 Synthetic bioinks
		3.2 Stimuli responsible for 4D transformation
			3.2.1 Physical stimuli
			3.2.2 Chemical stimuli
		3.3 Fabrication techniques in 4D bioprinting
		3.4 Recent advances in 4D bioprinting
		3.5 Applications of 4D bioprinting
	4. Limitations and challenges
	5. Conclusion and future perspective
	References
9. Post-processing methods for 3D printed biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Post-processing
	3. Post-process controls
	4. Support material
		4.1 Powder support
		4.2 Solid supports
		4.3 Support baths
		4.4 Support structure optimization for post-processing
	5. Cleaning post-processes
		5.1 Solvent washing
		5.2 Ultrasonic bath
		5.3 Centrifugal force cleaning
	6. UV and thermal treatment
		6.1 UV curing of photopolymers
		6.2 Thermal treatment
		6.3 Annealing FDM parts
	7. Surface roughness as a result of AM processes
	8. Surface finishing
		8.1 Hand sanding
		8.2 Gap filling and priming
		8.3 Brush and spray coating
	9. Mechanical abrasive techniques
		9.1 Media blasting
		9.2 Barrel tumbling and vibratory finishing techniques
	10. Other methods of post-processing
		10.1 Solvent vapor smoothing
10. 3D printed bio-based polymers and hydrogels for tissue engineering
	1. Introduction
	2. Technologies behind 3DBP
		2.1 Stereolithography (SLA)-based bioprinting
		2.2 Digital light processing (DLP)-based bioprinting
		2.3 Extrusion-based bioprinting
		2.4 Inkjet-based bioprinting
		2.5 Laser-based bioprinting
	3. Biomaterials for 3D (bio)printing
		3.1 Naturally-derived polymers
			3.1.1 Gelatin
			3.1.2 Chitosan
			3.1.3 Collagen
			3.1.4 Methylcellulose (MC)
			3.1.5 Agarose
			3.1.6 Carrageenan (Cgn)
			3.1.7 Alginate
		3.2 Decellularized bioinks
		3.3 Synthetic polymers/hydrogels
			3.3.1 PEG
			3.3.2 PCL
			3.3.3 PVP
			3.3.4 PLA
			3.3.5 PLGA
	4. Physiochemical properties and biological response of biopolymer
		4.1 Chemical composition of bioinks
			4.1.1 Physical interactions
			4.1.2 Chemical bonds
				4.1.2.1 Imine bonds
				4.1.2.2 Hydrazone bonds
				4.1.2.3 Oxime bonds
				4.1.2.4 Disulfide bonds
		4.2 Mechanical properties of bioinks
		4.3 Biocompatibility and biodegradability
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
11. 3D printed biopolymers for medical applications and devices
	1. Introduction
	2. 3D printing techniques and biopolymers
		2.1 Extrusion-based 3D printing
		2.2 Powder bed fusion methods
		2.3 Material jetting techniques
		2.4 Photopolymerization 3D printing technology
	3. 3D printed biopolymers for medical and pharmaceutical applications
		3.1 3D printing of protein-based hydrogels
		3.2 3D printing of polysaccharides-based medical devices
	4. Regulation of 3D printed medical devices
	5. Conclusions and future perspectives
	References
12. Potential applications of 3D and 4D printing of biopolymers
	1. Introduction
	2. Overview of 3D printing techniques for biopolymers
		2.1 Material extrusion
		2.2 Material jetting
			2.2.1 Inkjet printing
			2.2.2 Microvalve printing
			2.2.3 Laser-assisted printing
		2.3 Vat polymerization
			2.3.1 Stereolithography (SLA) printing
			2.3.2 Digital light processing (DLP) printing
			2.3.3 Two-photon polymerization (2PP) printing
	3. Mechanisms of 4D printing
		3.1 Physical stimuli-responsive materials
			3.1.1 Temperature-responsive materials
			3.1.2 Moisture-responsive materials
			3.1.3 Electro-responsive materials
			3.1.4 Magnetic-responsive materials
		3.2 Chemical stimuli-responsive materials
	4. Potential applications of 3D printing of biopolymers
		4.1 Tissue engineering
		4.2 Food printing
	5. Potential applications of 4D printing of biopolymers
		5.1 Tissue engineering
		5.2 Drug delivery
		5.3 Biomedical devices
		5.4 Soft robotics/smart actuators
	6. Conclusion
	References
13. 3D printing with biopolymers: toward a circular economy
	1. Introduction
		1.1 Introduction to the circular economy
		1.2 3D printing and the circular economy
		1.3 Biopolymers as part of the biological cycle
	2. 3D printing biopolymers
		2.1 Tools and techniques
		2.2 3D printable biopolymers
		2.3 Challenges and opportunities
	3. Material innovation: 3D printing biopolymer performance
	4. Process: life-cycle analysis of biopolymers and 3D printing process
		4.1 LCA of biopolymer production
		4.2 LCA of 3D printing biopolymers
	5. Material supply chain: sourcing biopolymers for local production
		5.1 Sourcing biopolymers
		5.2 Challenges
	6. Case study: sourcing chitosan from waste
		6.1 Overview
			6.1.1 Extraction and fabrication
				6.1.1.1 Chitin and chitosan extraction
				6.1.1.2 Fermentation
				6.1.1.3 Fabrication
			6.1.2 Discussion and future potential studies
	7. Conclusion and future trends
	References
Index