Adaptive Peacebuilding: A New Approach to Sustaining Peace in the 21st Century (Twenty-first Century Perspectives on War, Peace, and Human Conflict)

Foreword
Acknowledgments
Praise for Adaptive Peacebuilding
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Introduction. Exploring Alternative Approaches to Peacebuilding
	The Emergence of the Sustaining Peace Agenda
	The Shift Toward Context-Specific Peacebuilding Approaches
	Adaptive Peacebuilding
	The Structure of the Book
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Adaptive Peacebuilding: Leveraging the Context-specific and Participatory Dimensions of Self-sustainable Peace
	Introduction
	Adaptive Peacebuilding
	Complexity
		Holistic Systems
		Nonlinearity
		Self-organization
		Implications of Complexity for Peacebuilding
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 3: How Can the UN Sustaining Peace Agenda Live Up to Its Potential?
	Introduction
	What Peace and Whose Peace Are We Talking About?
		Peace in International Peacebuilding
			Peacebuilding Does Not Build Peace
		Alternative Approaches for Capturing and Building Peace
			Tri-dimensional Framework for Capturing Peace
			Disobedient Peace
			Ecological Peace
			Peace as a Sustainable Development Goal
	Complexity-Informed Paradigms for Measuring, Building, and Sustaining Peace
		Measuring Positive Peace
		The Science of Sustaining Peace
		Adaptive Peacebuilding
		UN Sustaining Peace Agenda: The Norm and the Conceptual Muddle
			The Norm
			The Conceptual Muddle
	Out of the Muddle: Sustaining Peace Through an Adaptive Approach
	The Tunisia Case Study
		Overview of the Unfolding Situation
		Applying the Self-organization Lens to Tunisia
	What Is Integral Leadership?
		Integral Leadership for Sustaining Peace
			Start with Reframing the Norm from an Integral Perspective
			Unleash Feminine Leadership
			Beyond Inclusion: Intergenerational Co-leadership for Peace
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Experiencing Adaptive Actions Within a Complex Peacebuilding Framework: The Colombian Case
	Introduction
	Characterizing Peacebuilding in Colombia: Sixty Years of War Ended by the 2016 Peace Agreement
		A Brief Context of the Conflicts
		A Comprehensive Peace Agreement with No Ceasefire
		The Single Undertaking: “Nothing is agreed until everything is agreed.” The Three Dimensions of Adaptative Peacebuilding
	The National Implementation Policy: Pathways of Adaptive Peacebuilding Within the National Strategy of Stabilization
		The Agency for Reincorporation and Normalization (ARN)
	The Development Programs with Territorial Focus (PDET): A Brand-New Direction on the Role of International Cooperation
		The Special Jurisdiction for Peace (JEP)
	Concluding Ideas: Challenges for Adaptive Peacebuilding Actions and Conflict Trends in Colombia
	References
Chapter 5: Adaptive Peacebuilding in Mozambique: Examples of Localized International Non-Governmental Organizations (L-INGOs) in a Complex and Uncertain Environment
	Introduction
	Mozambique’s Complexity and Uncertainty: Protracted Violence and Intractability?
		Conflict Recurrence (2012–2019)
		Electoral Irregularities and Electoral Violence
		The Division of RENAMO and the Rise of the Military Junta
		The Emergence of a Mashababos Insurgency (2017–Present) in Cabo Delgado
	The Peacebuilding Paradigm Shift in Mozambique: From Liberal to Adaptive Peacebuilding?
		The Dominant Determined-Designed Peacebuilding Paradigm: What Has Failed?
		Direct Dialogue and Adaptive Mediation: The Emergence of an Alternative Approach?
		Implementing the 2019 MAPR: The Rise of Adaptive Peacebuilding in Mozambique?
	Localized International Non-Governmental Organizations (L-INGOs): An example of Adaptive Peacebuilding in Mozambique
		The Community of Sant’Egidio (CSE) in Mozambique
		The Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN) in Mozambique
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Temporary International Presence in Hebron (TIPH): Impartiality and an Adaptive Peacebuilding Approach in Structural Asymmetry
	Introduction
	Hebron and the Establishment of the TIPH
		The Uniqueness of Hebron and the 1994 Massacre
		Redeployment of Israeli Forces and TIPH
	The TIPH Mandate, Tasks, and Operations
		Limited Mandate and Tasks
		The Challenges Faced by TIPH
	TIPH’s Contribution to Promoting a feeling of security Among Palestinians
		Evaluations of TIPH
		Impacts of TIPH’s Presence on the Security Environment
		How Could the TIPH Deter Violence
	Impartiality and Adaptive Peacebuilding
		Impartiality and TIPH
		TIPH as a Deterministic or Top-Down Peacebuilding Approach
		TIPH as an Adaptive Peacebuilding Approach and Impartiality
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 7: The Challenges and Effects of Externally Driven and Locally Driven Peacebuilding Approaches in a Complex Context: A Case Study of the Syrian Conflict
	Introduction
	The Complexity of the Conflict
		International and Regional Context
		Domestic Context
		Context of the Syrian Conflict
	Externally Driven Peacebuilding Approaches
		Arduous Mediation
		International Responses
		Divergent Peacebuilding Approaches
	Diverse Locally Driven Approaches Toward Peacebuilding
		The Significance of Citizen Engagement Programs
		The Challenges of Citizen Engagement Programs
		The Adaptability of Locally Driven Approaches
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Accommodating Incomplete DDR, Security Sector Development, and Veterans’ Issues to Peacebuilding Efforts: National Responses, Suco, and Local Security in Timor-Leste
	Introduction
	Conflicts, Peacebuilding Efforts, and Rising of Veterans’ Issue in Timor-Leste
		Political Ties, Rivalries, and Power-Sharing Among the Elites and Veterans’ Issues
		Shifts in International Peacebuilding Efforts
	Crafting Space Around the Government: Incomplete DDR, Security Sector Development, and Veterans’ Issues
		Managing Tensions in the State-Building Process
		Accelerating Registration, Adjusting Policies, and Sporadic Responses from Veterans Outside of National Politics
	Crafting Space for Self-organization Around Suco
		Suco and Suco Council Role in the Process of Reintegration and Verification of Veterans
		The Timorese Model of Integrating State Structures and Traditional Practices: The Role of Community Policing and Conflict Prevention Mechanisms
	Discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: China’s Peacebuilding in South Sudan: “Top-down” Adaptation and Its Effectiveness
	Introduction
	Analytical Framework: Defining Deterministic, Context-Specific, and Adaptive Approaches to Peacebuilding
	Analysis of Key Actors’ Peacebuilding Policies: Are the Key Actors’ Policies Deterministic Or Context-Specific?
		South Sudanese Government’s Peacebuilding Policy
		South Sudan’s Civil Society Groups’ Peacebuilding Policy
		The United Nations’ Peacebuilding Policy
		IGAD’s Peacebuilding Policy
	China’s Peacebuilding: Deterministic, Context-Specific, Or Adaptive?
		No Peacebuilding “Policy”
		Shifting Practices
		Chinese Actors’ “top-down adaptation”
		Effectiveness of Chinese Approaches
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: The Role of Adaptive Peacebuilding in Japan’s Assistance of the Mindanao Peace Process in the Philippines
	Introduction
	Research Design
	Japanese Adaptive Peacebuilding: Policy and Practices
		Evolution of Concept and Policy on Japan’s Contribution to Peace
		Evolution of Practice on Japanese Contribution to Peace
	Overview of the Mindanao Context: Conflict, Violence, and the Peace Process
	Overview of Japanese Assistance to Peace and Development in Mindanao
	Peacebuilding Architecture
		GPH–MILF–Third Party: Peacemaking–Peacekeeping–Peacebuilding
		The “All Japan Approach”: Development–Diplomacy–Security Nexus
	Evolution of the Japanese Assistance to Peace and Development in Mindanao
		Age of Search for Assistance (from 1990 to 2002)
		Initial Stage of Full-Fledged Support Under the Koizumi Initiative (from 2002 to 2006)
		From Ogata’s Initiative to Non-linear Peacebuilding Assistance (from 2006 to 2011)
		A New Dimension of Peacebuilding for Bangsamoro (from 2011 to 2019)
		From ARMM Government and BTC to BTA
		From BDA to BTA
	Constraints to Adaptive Peacebuilding in the Japanese Context
	Conclusion: Japanese Adaptive Peacebuilding
	References
Chapter 11: Conclusions. What Have We Learned About Adaptive Peacebuilding from Comparing Determined-Design with Context-Specific Peacebuilding Experiences?
	Introduction
	Context-Specific vs. Determined-Design Peacebuilding
	Sustaining Peace with Adaptive Peacebuilding
	What Have We Learned from Peacebuilding in Colombia, Mozambique, the Philippines, Syria, and Timor-Leste?
	What Have We Learned from the Examples of Two Non-Western Peacebuilding Approaches: The Case of China and Japan?
	Overall Findings
	Conclusions
	References
Index