Active Electrical Distribution Network: Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Electrical distribution network: An introduction
	Contents
	Introduction
	History
	Structure of power distribution network
		Distribution system components
	Classification of distribution network
		Type of nature of current
			DC distribution system
			AC distribution system
		Based on the types of connection
	Features of ideal distribution system
		Proper voltage
		Energy availability on demand
		Reliable supply
	Design requirements
		Feeders
		Distributors
		Earthing
	Conclusion
	References
Electrical distribution network: Existing problems
	Contents
	Introduction
	Problems associated with distribution system
		Inadequacy of the existing grid
		Physical and cyber security issues of the conventional grid
		Traditional vs future grid
		Integration of distributed generation, energy storage with management systems
		Incorporation of novel disruptive enabling techniques
		Enhance complexities
		Revamping of generation cost and revenue computation
		Digital reevaluation
		Information and communication technologies
		Requirement and development of trained manpower
	Impact on electrical power utilities
	Conclusion
	References
Active electric distribution network: Smart and active
	Contents
	Introduction
	Various components of ADN
		Components with existing system
		Added components with ADN
			Distributed generation
			Microgrid
			DSM techniques
			Electricity markets
			Smart metering
			Variable electricity pricing
			Heat pumps
			Electric vehicles
			ICT for ADN
	Active distribution network operation and control
	Problems associated with ADN
	Conclusion
	References
Smart distribution system state estimation
	Contents
	Introduction
	Distribution system state estimation
	Techniques and application of DSSE
		Conventional DSSE
		Challenges associated with distribution system state estimation
	Measurement model
		Weighted least square (WLS)
	DSSE problem formulation
		Voltage-based DSSE
		Branch current-based SE (BCSE)
	Types of state estimation
		Dynamic
		Static
		Tracking
	DSSE algorithm
	Error classification
		Extreme error
		Gross error (bad data)
		Normal error
	Detection and identification of bad data
	Observability of network
	Conclusion
	References
Microphasor measurement unit placement
	Contents
	Introduction
	Integration of micro-PMU (μPMU) into the grid
	Literature review
	Microphasor measurement units
		Phasor diagram of a power system
		Phasor and its representation
		Schematic diagram of μPMU
		Advantages of phasor measurement units
	Optimal placement methods of μPMU
		Methods for observability
		State estimation methods
		Programming based methods
		Applications of genetic algorithms for PMU placement
		Simulated annealing method
		Minimum spanning tree method
		Particle swarm optimization method
		Methods for voltage stability
	Application of μPMU
		State estimation
		Fault recognition and site identification
		Voltage stability monitoring
		Reverse power flow
		Monitoring of renewable generation in the distribution system
		Microgrid coordination
		FACTS controllers
	Conclusion
	References
Impact of battery energy storage system integration on microgrid reliability improvement
	Contents
	Introduction
	Problem formulation
	Proposed methodology
	Result and discussion
	Conclusion
	References
Electric vehicle technology
	Contents
	Introduction
	Hybrid electric vehicles
	Electric vehicles
	Energy storage devices used in EVs and HEVs
	Motor drives used in EVs
		DC motors
		Induction motors
		Permanent magnet brushless DC motors (PMBLDC)
		Switched reluctance motor drives (SRM)
		Synchronous reluctance motor drives (SynRM)
	Electronic architecture of EVs
	Challenges for the adoption of EV technology
		Internal challenges
		External challenges
	Future of EV technology
	Conclusion
	References
Modeling of permanent magnet synchronous motor for zero-emission vehicles
	Contents
	Introduction
	The current state of PEVs
		PEVs with a single source
		PEVs with two sources
		PEVs with many sources
		Impacts of PEVs on the environment
		Model description
			Driver and environment model
			High-voltage battery model
			PMSM motor model
	Results and discussions
	Conclusion
	Appendix
		Set up
		Run simulations
			Define torque and speed conditions
		Visually inspect motor speed behavior
		Obtain electrical losses
			Visualize
	References
Mitigating the effects of PEV fast charging on grids with renewable and storage systems
	Contents
	Introduction
	Electric vehicles
		Battery-based electric vehicle
		Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
		PHEV
	Problem formulation of PEV charging/discharging
		Objective function
		Constraints
		PEV modeling
	Effects of PEV on electricity capacity and demand
		Effects
		Influence on power generation
		Impact on transmission
		Impact on distribution
		Voltage unbalance indication
	Integration of EVs with renewable energy sources
		PV solar energy with EV
		Wind energy with EVs
	Cost analysis on interacting EVs and RESs
		Minimizing operational cost
	Conclusion
	References
State of charge prediction of battery management system for electric vehicles
	Contents
	Introduction
	Materials and method
		Dataset description
	Results and discussion
	Conclusions
	References
Modified SVPWM technique for speed control of PMSM in electric vehicles
	Contents
	Introduction
	Hybrid electric vehicle
		Series hybrid vehicles
		Parallel hybrid vehicles
	Space vector pulse width modulation
		Voltage vectors of a voltage source inverter
	Permanent magnet synchronous motor
	Determination of switching time for each switch (S1 to S6) and switching pattern of each sector
	Connection of ports
	Simulation and result
	Conclusion
	References
Power management in electric vehicles using a hybrid energy storage system
	Contents
	Introduction
	Hybrid energy storage system
	Proposed HESS system
	Simulation and result
	Conclusion
	References
Outage management in a smart distribution grid integrated with PEV and its V2B applications
	Contents
	Introduction
	Framework of demand aggregator
	PEV for demand-side management
	Blackouts and outages
	PEV for V2B
		PEV penetration scenarios
	Types of PEVs and charging points
	Battery technology
	Enhancing outage management system (OMS) with PEV
	Vehicle to building
	Approaches of delivering energy from PEV battery
	Conclusion
	References
Mitigation of nonlinear load influence on the power quality of the low-voltage distribution network using DSTATCOM
	Contents
	Introduction
	System under consideration
	Distribution static compensator and its control technique
	Simulation results and discussion
	Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
Power quality state estimation of power distribution systems: opportunities and challenges in observability enhancement
	Contents
	Introduction
	Harmonic state estimation
		Modeling HSE problem
		HSE solution methods
			Weighted least square
			Singular value decomposition
		An illustrative example of the harmonic state estimation problem
	Voltage sag state estimation
		VsSE modeling methods
			The principle of measurement-based VsSE models
		Modeling based on monitor reach area
			Meter placement based on MRA
			Modeling of VsSE based on MRA and measurements
				Line segment calculations
				Measurement binary matrix calculation
				Constraints and formulation of VsSE problem
				Estimation of the number of voltage sags
		An illustrative example of the voltage sag state estimation problem
	Transient state estimation
		TSE based on numerical integral substitution
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Reactive power management in active distribution network
	Contents
	Introduction
	Related work
	Reactive power management techniques
		Decentralized method (DM)
		Centralized method (CM)
	Reactive power compensation methods in the grid-connected system
		Series compensation
		Shunt compensation
		Dynamic compensation
	Requirement of reactive power management
	Basic principle of reactive power compensation
	Need of reactive power compensation
	Reactive power compensation techniques
		Regulation of reactive power of synchronous generator
		Compensation of reactive power by capacitors
		Static VAR compensators (SVCs)
			Component of SVC
			Operation of SVC
	Artificial intelligence techniques for reactive power/voltage control
		Expert system
		The fuzzy theory
		Artificial neural network
	Conclusion
	References
Reliability improvement of distribution using distributed generation in smart grid: A case study
	Contents
	Introduction
	Traditional grid power distribution networks
	Smart grid power distribution networks
	Comparisons of traditional and smart grid power distribution networks
	Reliability indices in distribution system
		Customer-oriented reliability indices
		Analytical reliability assessment of distribution network
	Existing Injibara distribution system reliability indices evaluation
	Distribution network reliability improvement methods
		Optimal placement of sectional switches in the distribution network
		Optimal sizing and siting of distributed generation on existing distribution network
			Weighted sum harmony search algorithm
	Conclusions
	References
Optimal network reconfiguration of active distribution network
	Contents
	Introduction
	Related work in network reconfiguration
		Classical optimization methods
		Heuristic algorithms
	Network reconfiguration problem development
		Power loss of distribution system
		Power flow analysis
		Problem formulation
			Objective function
			Constraints
	Different techniques utilized for distribution network reconfiguration
		Improved genetic algorithm [32]
		Multiobjective shark\'s smell (MSSO) [3]
		Improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) [33]
	Conclusion
	References
Demand response aggregation
	Contents
	Introduction
	Type of DR
		Incentive-based or explicit DR techniques
		Price-based or implicit demand response
	Advantages of aggregation
	DR schemes
		Energy storage and electric vehicle technology
		Smart meters
		Demand response aggregator
		Virtual power plant (VPP)
		Communication modules
	Different considerations regarding implementation of DR schemes
		Technical considerations
		Economic considerations
		Social and political considerations
	Strengths and weaknesses of DR schemes
		Strengths
		Weaknesses
	Conclusions
	References
	Further reading
Hybrid signal processing technique to design smart meter for detection of voltage amplitude disturbances
	Contents
	Introduction
	Generation of PQ disturbances
	Hybrid signal processing technique to design smart PQ monitoring meter
		Detection of voltage magnitude-related PQ disturbances
		Categorization of voltage magnitude-related PQ disturbances
	Simulation results and discussion
		Sinusoidal waveform
		Voltage sag
		Voltage swell
		Momentary interruption
	Classification of voltage disturbances
	Performance comparative study
	Conclusion
	References
Optimal expansion planning of distribution system in smart grid environment
	Contents
	Introduction
	Smart grid technology
	Methodology
	Overview of study area
		Existing Debre Markos distribution network
		Demand forecasting
	Result and discussion
		Divide present feeders and add new feeder
		Upgrade and installed new lines and distribution transformers
		Integration of DGs and sectional switches in upgraded separated feeder
	Conclusion
	References
Parameter optimization of PV modules: An overview
	Contents
	Introduction
	Types of optimization algorithms
		Optimization definition
		Optimization process
		Design variables
		Constraints
		Objective function
		Variable bounds
		Optimization algorithm selection
			Discrete optimization versus continuous optimization
			Unconstrained optimization versus constrained optimization
			None, one, or many objectives
			Deterministic versus stochastic optimization
	Solar cell models
	Overview of the optimization parameters used in PV parameter extraction
	Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Parametric optimization of a segmented thermoelectric generator in a concentrated photovoltaic system under fluctuating weather conditions
	Contents
	Introduction
	System description and materials
	Numerical model
		Concentrated photovoltaic system
		Segmented thermoelectric generator
		Hybrid system
	Results and discussion
		Effect of thermoelement leg geometry
		Effect of fin length
		Effect of concentration ratio
		Effect of STEG geometry optimization
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Index