Activation Methods: sonochemistry and high pressure

Content: Chapter 1. Organic Sonochemistry: Ultrasound in Green Organic Synthesis 1Micheline DRAYE, Julien ESTAGER and Nathalie KARDOS1.1. Introduction: history of ultrasound, organic sonochemistry and early work 21.1.1. The history of ultrasound and organic sonochemistry 21.1.2. Pioneering work in organic sonochemistry 41.2. Some elements of ultrasound theory 141.2.1. Bubble dynamics 171.2.2. Factors affecting cavitation 211.2.3. Estimation of ultrasonic parameters 231.3. Laboratory and industrial equipment 281.3.1. Ultrasonic bath 291.3.2. Ultrasonic probes 311.3.3. High frequency reactors 321.3.4. Cup-horn reactors 321.3.5. Continuous reactors 331.4. Green organic sonochemistry 341.4.1. True and false sonochemistry 341.4.2. Synthesis in a homogeneous and heterogeneous system 351.4.3. Synthesis in a heterogeneous system 371.5. Sonochemistry in unconventional environments 531.5.1. Physical activator 531.5.2. Solvent-free chemistry 541.5.3. Ionic liquids and ultrasound 551.5.4. Sonochemistry in water 601.5.5. Sonochemistry in glycerol 641.5.6. Enzymatic chemistry under ultrasound 661.5.7. Sonoelectrosynthesis 741.6. Conclusion 741.7. References 76Chapter 2. High-Pressure Synthesis: An Eco-friendly Chemistry 95Isabelle CHATAIGNER and Jacques MADDALUNO2.1. High pressures in synthetic chemistry 952.2. Important concepts 972.2.1. Physicochemistry of high pressures 972.2.2. Activation volume 1012.2.3. Effect of high pressures on the solvent 1042.3. Instrumentation 1052.3.1. How can we generate high pressures? 1052.3.2. Choice of equipment 1082.3.3. Safety of the installations 1122.4. Applications 1142.4.1. Cycloaddition and annulation reactions 1142.4.2. Nucleophilic addition reactions 1252.4.3. Substitution reactions 1362.4.4. Metallocatalyzed reactions 1382.5. Conclusion 1392.6. References 140List of Authors 151Index 153