Abrams’ Clinical Drug Therapy: Rationales for Nursing Practice

Title
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Reviewers
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Case Studies
SECTION 1 THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF PHARMACOLOGY
	1 The Foundation of Pharmacology: Quality and Safety
		Introduction
		Drug Sources
		Drug Classifications and Prototypes
		Drug Names
		Drug Marketing
		Pharmacoeconomics
		Pharmacogenomics
		Access to Drugs
		Drug Approval Processes: Food and Drug Administration
		Safety in Drug Administration
		Sources of Drug Information
		Strategies for Studying Pharmacology
	2 Basic Concepts and Processes
		Introduction
		Cellular Physiology
		Drug Transport Through Cell Membranes
		Pharmacokinetics
		Pharmacodynamics
		Variables That Affect Drug Actions
		Adverse Effects of Drugs
		Toxicology: Drug Overdose
	3 Medication Administration and the Nursing Process of Drug Therapy
		Introduction
		General Principles of Accurate Drug Administration
		Legal Responsibilities
		Medication Errors and Their Prevention
		Medication Orders
		Drug Preparations and Dosage Forms
		Calculating Drug Dosages
		Routes of Administration
		Nursing Process in Drug Therapy
		Integrating Evidence-Based Practice With the Nursing Process
		Herbal and Dietary Supplements
SECTION 2 DRUG THERAPY THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN
	4 Pharmacology and the Care of Infants and Pediatric Patients
		Introduction
		Drug Safety in Pediatrics
		Pharmacotherapy in Pediatrics
		Medication Administration in Pediatrics
	5 Pharmacology and the Care of Adults and Geriatric Patients
		Introduction
		Pharmacodynamics in Older Adults
		Pharmacokinetics in Older Adults
		Medication Adherence and Aging
	6 Pharmacology and the Care of Pregnant or Lactating Women
		Introduction
		Drug Therapy for Infertility
		Drugs Used in Pregnancy
		Fetal Therapeutics
		Maternal Therapeutics
		Drugs That Alter Uterine Motility: Tocolytics
		Drugs Used During Labor and Delivery at Term
		Lactation
	7 Pharmacology and Women’s Health
		Introduction
		Overview of Reproduction in Women
		Common Reproductive Health Problems in Women
		Estrogens
		Progestins
		Estrogen–Progestin Combinations
	8 Pharmacology and Men’s Health
		Introduction
		Overview of Reproductive Health Problems in Men
		Androgens and Anabolic Steroids
		Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Erectile Dysfunction
		Drugs for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy
		5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors
		Alpha1-Adrenergic Blockers
SECTION 3 DRUGS AFFECTING THE HEMATOPOIETIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS
	9 Drug Therapy for Coagulation Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Coagulation Disorders
		Anticoagulant Drugs
		Antiplatelet Drugs
		Thrombolytic Drugs
		Drugs Used to Control Bleeding
	10 Drug Therapy for Dyslipidemia
		Introduction
		Overview of Dyslipidemia
		HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors
		Bile Acid Sequestrants
		Fibrates
		Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor
		PCSK9 Inhibitors
		Miscellaneous Dyslipidemic Agent
		Combination Therapy Used to Treat Dyslipidemia
	11 Drug Therapy for Hematopoietic Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Hematopoiesis and Immune Function
		Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
		Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factors
		Interferons
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Stimulate the Immune System: Interleukins
	12 Drug Therapy: Immunizations
		Introduction
		Overview of Immunization
		Individual Immunizing Agents
		Keeping Up-to-Date With Immunization Recommendations
	13 Drug Therapy to Decrease Immunity
		Introduction
		Overview of Altered Immune Function
		Cytotoxic Immunosuppressive Agents
		Conventional Antirejection Agents
		Janus Associated Kinase Inhibitor
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Suppress Immune Function
	14 Drug Therapy for the Treatment of Cancer
		Introduction
		Overview of Cancer
		Cytotoxic Antineoplastic Drugs Used to Treat Cancer
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Cancer
SECTION 4 DRUGS AFFECTING INFLAMMATION AND INFECTION
	15 Inflammation, Infection, and the Use of Antimicrobial Agents
		Introduction
		Overview of Inflammation
		Overview of Microorganisms
	16 Drug Therapy to Decrease Pain, Fever, and Inflammation
		Introduction
		Overview of Pain, Fever, and Inflammation
		Specific Conditions
		Gout
		Salicylates
		Nonnarcotic Analgesic Antipyretic: Acetaminophen
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
		Propionic Acid Derivatives
		Oxicam Derivatives
		Acetic Acid Derivatives
		Selective COX-2 Inhibitor: Celecoxib
		Antigout Medication
		Uricosuric Agents
	17 Drug Therapy With Corticosteroids
		Introduction
		Physiology of Endogenous Corticosteroids
		Pathophysiology of Adrenal Cortex Disorders
		Drug Therapy with Exogenous Corticosteroids
	18 Drug Therapy With Beta-Lactam Antibacterial Agents
		Introduction
		Penicillins
		Cephalosporins
		Carbapenems
		Monobactams
	19 Drug Therapy With Aminoglycosides and Fluoroquinolones
		Introduction
		Aminoglycosides
		Fluoroquinolones
	20 Drug Therapy With Tetracyclines, Sulfonamides, and Urinary Antiseptics
		Introduction
		Tetracyclines
		Sulfonamides
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Urinary Tract Infections: Urinary Antiseptics
	21 Drug Therapy With Macrolides and Miscellaneous Anti-infective Agents
		Introduction
		Macrolides
		Miscellaneous Anti-infective Agents
	22 Drug Therapy for Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease
		Introduction
		Overview of Tuberculosis and Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease
		Isoniazid
		Rifamycins
		Adjuvant First-Line Antitubercular Drugs
		First-Line Drug Combinations Used to Treat Tuberculosis
		Second-Line Drugs Used to Treat Tuberculosis
		Drugs Used to Treat Mycobacterium Avium Complex Disease
		Special Strategies to Increase Adherence to Antitubercular Drug Regimens
	23 Drug Therapy for Viral Infections
		Introduction
		Overview of Viruses and Viral Infections
		Drugs for Herpesvirus Infections
		Drugs for Respiratory Syncytial Virus
		Monoclonal Antibody for Respiratory Syncytial Virus
		Drugs for Hepatitis B: Nucleoside Analogs
		Drugs for Hepatitis C: Polymerase Inhibitors
		Drugs for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Antiretroviral Drugs)
		Protease Inhibitors
		Cytochrome P-450 Inhibitor
		Combination Medication for HIV-1: Integrase Inhibitor, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Nucleoside, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, Nucleotide
	24 Drug Therapy for Fungal Infections
		Introduction
		Overview of Fungal Infections
		Polyenes
		Azoles
		Echinocandins
		Miscellaneous Antifungal Agents for Superficial Mycoses
		Pyrimidine Analog
	25 Drug Therapy for Parasitic Infections
		Introduction
		Overview of Parasitic Infections
		Amebicides
		Antimalarials
		Anthelmintics
		Scabicides and Pediculicides
SECTION 5 DRUGS AFFECTING THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
	26 Drug Therapy for Hypertension
		Introduction
		Overview of Hypertension
		Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
		Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
		Calcium Channel Blockers
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Hypertension
	27 Drug Therapy for Dysrhythmias
		Introduction
		Overview of Dysrhythmias
		Class I Sodium Channel Blockers
		Class IA
		Class IB
		Class IC
		Class II Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
		Class III Potassium Channel Blockers
		Class IV Calcium Channel Blockers
		Unclassified Antidysrhythmic Drugs
		Drug Therapy in Emergency Resuscitation of Adults
		Magnesium Sulfate
	28 Drug Therapy for Coronary Heart Disease
		Introduction
		Overview of Coronary Artery Disease
		Organic Nitrates
		Beta-Adrenergic Blockers
		Calcium Channel Blockers
		Adjuvant Medications
	29 Drug Therapy for Shock and Hypotension
		Introduction
		Overview of Acute Hypotension and Shock
		Treatment of Hypotension and Shock
		Adrenergic Drugs
	30 Drug Therapy for Heart Failure
		Introduction
		Overview of Heart Failure
		Cardiac Glycosides
		Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (Cardiotonic–Inotropic Agents)
		Angiotensin Receptor–Neprilysin Inhibitors
		Sinoatrial Node Modulators
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Heart Failure
SECTION 6 DRUGS AFFECTING THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
	31 Drug Therapy for Nasal Congestion and Cough
		Introduction
		Overview of Nasal Congestion and Other Respiratory Symptoms
		Nasal Decongestants
		Antitussives
		Expectorants
		Mucolytics
		Herbal Remedies and Other Preparations
		Combination Products
	32 Drug Therapy to Decrease Histamine Effects and Allergic Response
		Introduction
		Overview of Histamine Release and the Allergic Response
		First-Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists
		Second-Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists
		Third-Generation H1 Receptor Antagonists
	33 Drug Therapy for Asthma, Airway Inflammation, and Bronchoconstriction
		Introduction
		Overview of Asthma
		Adrenergics
		Anticholinergics
		Xanthines
		Corticosteroids
		Leukotriene Modifiers
		Immunosuppressant Monoclonal Antibodies
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Asthma
SECTION 7 DRUGS AFFECTING THE RENAL AND DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS
	34 Drug Therapy for Fluid Volume Excess
		Introduction
		Renal Physiology
		Overview of Conditions Requiring Diuretic Agents
		Loop Diuretics
		Thiazide Diuretics
		Potassium-Sparing Diuretics
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Fluid Volume Excess
	35 Nutritional Support Products, Vitamins, and Mineral Supplements
		Introduction
		Overview of Altered Nutritional States
		Fat-Soluble Vitamins
		Water-Soluble Vitamins
		Minerals
		Nutritional Products
	36 Drug Therapy for Weight Management
		Introduction
		Overview of Weight Management
		Noradrenergic Sympathomimetic Anorexiants
		Lipase Inhibitors
		Other Drugs Used for Weight Management
		Herbal and Dietary Supplements Used for Weight Management
	37 Drug Therapy for Peptic Ulcer Disease and Hyperacidity
		Introduction
		Overview of Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		Antacids
		Histamine2 Receptor Antagonists
		Proton Pump Inhibitors
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Peptic Ulcer Disease and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
	38 Drug Therapy for Nausea and Vomiting
		Introduction
		Overview of Nausea and Vomiting
		Phenothiazines
		Antihistamines
		5-Hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) or Serotonin Receptor Antagonists
		Substance P/Neurokinin 1 Antagonists
		Miscellaneous Antiemetics
		Nonpharmacologic Management
	39 Drug Therapy for Constipation and Elimination Problems
		Introduction
		Overview of Constipation
		Laxatives
		Cathartics
		Miscellaneous Agents for Constipation
	40 Drug Therapy for Diarrhea
		Introduction
		Overview of Diarrhea
		Opiate-Related Antidiarrheal Agents
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Diarrhea
SECTION 8 DRUGS AFFECTING THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
	41 Drug Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus
		Introduction
		Overview of Diabetes
		Insulins
		Sulfonylureas
		Biguanide
		Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors
		Thiazolidinediones
		Meglitinides
		Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors
		Amylin Analogs
		Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists (Incretin Mimetics)
		Sodium Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors
		Combination Drug Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes
		Adjuvant Medications Used to Treat Diabetes
	42 Drug Therapy for Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism
		Introduction
		Overview of the Thyroid Gland
		Antithyroid Drugs
		Adjuvant Medication Used to Treat Hyperthyroidism
		Thyroid Drugs
	43 Drug Therapy for Pituitary and Hypothalamic Dysfunction
		Introduction
		Overview of Pituitary and Hypothalamic Dysfunction
		Anterior Pituitary Hormone Drugs for Growth Deficiency in Children
		Posterior Pituitary Hormone Drugs for Diabetes Insipidus
		Hypothalamic Hormone Drugs
	44 Drug Therapy to Regulate Calcium and Bone Metabolism
		Introduction
		Overview of Calcium and Bone Metabolism
		Calcium Preparations
		Vitamin D
		Bisphosphonates
		Other Medications Used to Treat Bone Disorders and Hypercalcemia
	45 Drug Therapy for Adrenal Cortex Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Addison’s Disease
		Overview of Cushing’s Disease
		Drugs Used to Treat Addison’s Disease
		Drugs Used to Treat Cushing’s Disease
		Glucocorticoid Receptor Antagonists
SECTION 9 DRUGS AFFECTING THE AUTONOMIC AND CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
	46 Physiology of the Autonomic and Central Nervous Systems and Indications for the Use of Drug Therapy
		Introduction
		Structure and Function of the Autonomic Nervous System
		Characteristics of Autonomic Drugs
	47 Drug Therapy for Myasthenia Gravis, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Conditions Treated with Cholinergic Agents
		Introduction
		Overview of Myasthenia Gravis
		Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors (Indirect-Acting Cholinergics)
		Immunosuppressive Therapy for Myasthenia Gravis
		Overview of Alzheimer’s Disease
		Cholinesterase Inhibitors: Reversible Indirect-Acting Cholinergics
		N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist
		Cholinesterase Inhibitor–N-Methyl-d-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist
		Overview of Urinary Retention
		Cholinergic Agonist
		Irreversible Anticholinesterase Toxicity
	48 Drug Therapy for Parkinson’s Disease, Urinary Spasticity, and Disorders Requiring Anticholinergic Drug Therapy
		Introduction
		Overview of Parkinson’s Disease
		Dopamine Receptor Agonists
		Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitors
		Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Inhibitor and Decarboxylase Inhibitor/Dopamine Precursor
		Overview of Anticholinergic Drugs
		Belladonna Alkaloid and Derivatives
		Centrally Acting Anticholinergics
		Gastrointestinal Anticholinergics (Antisecretory/Antispasmodic)
		Urinary Antispasmodics
	49 Drug Therapy With Opioids
		Introduction
		Overview of Impact of the Opioid Epidemic
		Overview of Pain
		Opioid Agonists
		Opioid Agonists/Antagonists
		Opioid Antagonists
	50 Drug Therapy With Local Anesthetics
		Introduction
		Overview of Local Anesthesia
		Amides
		Esters
	51 Drug Therapy With General Anesthetics
		Introduction
		Overview of General Anesthesia
		Inhalation Anesthetics
		Intravenous General Anesthetics
		Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
		Adjuvant Medications Used in General Anesthesia
	52 Drug Therapy for Migraine and Other Headaches
		Introduction
		Overview of Headaches
		Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Agents
		Acetaminophen, Aspirin, and Caffeine
		Ergot Alkaloids
		Triptans
		Estrogen
		Preventive Therapy for Migraine Headaches
		Adjuvant Medications for Migraine Headaches
	53 Drug Therapy for Seizure Disorders and Skeletal Muscle Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Epilepsy
		Drugs Used to Treat Seizure Disorders
		Other Antiepileptic Drugs
		Overview of Spinal Cord Injury
		Drugs Used to Treat Muscle Spasms and Spasticity
	54 Drug Therapy for Anxiety and Insomnia
		Introduction
		Overview of Anxiety
		Overview of Sleep and Insomnia
		Benzodiazepines
		Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative–Hypnotic Agents
	55 Drug Therapy for Depression and Mood Stabilization
		Introduction
		Overview of Depression
		Overview of Bipolar Disorder
		Tricyclic Antidepressants
		Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
		Serotonin–Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
		Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
		Atypical Antidepressants
		Mood-Stabilizing Agents: Drugs Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder
		Other Medications Used to Treat Bipolar Disorder
	56 Drug Therapy for Psychotic Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Psychosis
		First-Generation Antipsychotics
		First-Generation Nonphenothiazines
		Second-Generation “Atypical” Antipsychotics
	57 Drug Therapy for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Narcolepsy
		Introduction
		Overview of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
		Overview of Narcolepsy
		Stimulants
		Amphetamines
		Amphetamine-Related Drugs
		Other Medications Used to Treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Narcolepsy
	58 Drug Therapy for Substance Use Disorders
		Introduction
		Overview of Substance Use
		Central Nervous System Depressant Use: Drug Therapy
		Benzodiazepines for Treatment of Alcohol Withdrawal
		Enzyme Inhibitors for Maintenance of Alcohol Sobriety
		Drugs Used to Reduce Cravings in Alcohol Use
		Opioid Agonists and Antagonists for Treatment of Opioid Abuse
		Central Nervous System Stimulant Abuse: Drug Therapy
		Psychoactive Substance Use: Drug Therapy
SECTION 10 DRUGS AFFECTING THE EYE, EAR, AND SKIN
	59 Drug Therapy for Disorders of the Eye
		Introduction
		Basic Structure and Function of the Eye
		Overview of Disorders of the Eye
		Drug Therapy for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Disorders
		Drug Therapy for the Treatment of Glaucoma
		Alpha2-Adrenergic Agonists and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
		Drug Therapy for Ocular Infections and Inflammation
	60 Drug Therapy for Disorders of the Ear
		Introduction
		Overview of Disorders of the Ear
		Anti-infective, Antiseptic, Glucocorticoid, and Acidifying Agents
		Fluoroquinolone: Ciprofloxacin
		Penicillin: Amoxicillin
		Adjuvant Medications to Treat Pain and Fever Related to Infections of the Ear
	61 Drug Therapy for Disorders of the Skin
		Introduction
		Disorders of the Skin
		Drug Therapy
		Retinoids
Index
Appendix A: Answers for NCLEX Success
Appendix B: Answers for the Clinical Application Case Studies
Appendix C: Critical Thinking Questions and Answers
Appendix D: The International System of Units
Appendix E: Serum Drug Concentrations
Appendix F: Tables of Normal Values