Abnormal Psychology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior
	Case Study: A Husband’s Schizophrenia with Paranoid Delusions
	1.1 Recognizing the Presence of a Disorder
		1.1.1 Features of Abnormal Behavior
			Bipolar Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		1.1.2 Diagnosis and Definitions
	1.2 Defining Abnormal Behavior
		1.2.1 Harmful Dysfunction
		1.2.2 Mental Health Versus Absence of Disorder
		1.2.3 Culture and Diagnostic Practice
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Revising an Imperfect Manual
			Critical Thinking Matters: Is Sexual Addiction a Meaningful Concept?
	1.3 Who Experiences Abnormal Behavior?
		Case Study: A College Student’s Eating Disorder
		1.3.1 Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations
		1.3.2 Cross-Cultural Comparisons
	1.4 The Mental Health Professions
		1.4.1 Common Mental Health Professions
		1.4.2 The Future of Mental Health Professions
	1.5 Psychopathology in Historical Context
		1.5.1 The Greek Tradition in Medicine
		1.5.2 The Creation of the Asylum
		1.5.3 Worcester Lunatic Hospital
		1.5.4 Lessons from the History of Psychopathology
			Research Methods: Who Must Provide Scientific Evidence?
	1.6 Methods for the Scientific Study of Mental Disorders
		1.6.1 The Uses and Limitations of Case Studies
		1.6.2 Clinical Research Methods
	Summary: Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
2 Causes of Abnormal Behavior
	Case Study: Meghan’s Many Hardships
	2.1 Brief Historical Perspective
		2.1.1 The Biological Paradigm
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Diagnosis of Mental Disorders
		2.1.2 The Psychodynamic Paradigm
		2.1.3 The Cognitive-Behavioral Paradigm
		2.1.4 The Humanistic Paradigm
	2.2 Systems Theory
		2.2.1 Holism
		2.2.2 Causality
			Research Methods: Correlations: Does a Psychology Major Make You Smarter?
		2.2.3 Developmental Psychopathology
	2.3 Biological Factors
		2.3.1 The Neuron and Neurotransmitters
		2.3.2 Neurotransmitters and Psychopathology
		2.3.3 Major Brain Structures
		2.3.4 Cerebral Hemispheres, Major Brain Structures, and Psychopathology
		2.3.5 Psychophysiology
		2.3.6 Behavior Genetics
			Autism: How Does It Impact a Life?
			Critical Thinking Matters: Vaccinations and Mental Disorders
	2.4 Psychological Factors
		2.4.1 Human Nature
		2.4.2 Temperament and Emotions
		2.4.3 Learning and Cognition
		2.4.4 The Sense of Self
		2.4.5 Stages of Development
	2.5 Social Factors
		2.5.1 Close Relationships
		2.5.2 Gender and Gender Roles
		2.5.3 Prejudice, Poverty, and Society
	Summary: Causes of Abnormal Behavior
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
3 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
	Case Study: Why Is Frances Depressed?
	Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Diagnosis and Treatment
	3.1 Biological Treatments
		3.1.1 Psychopharmacology
		3.1.2 Electroconvulsive Therapy
		3.1.3 Psychosurgery
	3.2 Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
		3.2.1 Freudian Psychoanalysis
		3.2.2 Ego Analysis
		3.2.3 Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
	3.3 Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
		3.3.1 Systematic Desensitization
			Research Methods: The Experiment: Does Treatment Cause Improvement?
		3.3.2 Contingency Management
		3.3.3 Social Skills Training
		3.3.4 Cognitive Techniques
		3.3.5 Third-Wave CBT
			Hypochondriasis: How Does It Impact a Life?
	3.4 Humanistic Therapies
		3.4.1 Client-Centered Therapy
		3.4.2 A Means, Not an End?
	3.5 Research on Psychotherapy
		Critical Thinking Matters: Alternative Treatments
		3.5.1 Does Psychotherapy Work?
			Ethnic Minorities in Psychotherapy
		3.5.2 Psychotherapy Process Research
	3.6 Couple, Family, and Group Therapy
		3.6.1 Couple Therapy
		3.6.2 Family Therapy
		3.6.3 Group Therapy
		3.6.4 Prevention
		3.6.5 Specific Treatments for Specific Disorders
	Summary: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
4 Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
	Case Study: Obsessions, Compulsions, and Other Unusual Behaviors
	Assessing Michael’s Behavior
	4.1 Basic Issues in Classification
		4.1.1 Categories Versus Dimensions
		4.1.2 From Description to Theory
	4.2 Classifying Abnormal Behavior
		4.2.1 The DSM-5 System
			Labels and Stigma
			DSM-5: Criteria for Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
		4.2.2 Culture and Classification
	4.3 Evaluating Classification Systems
		4.3.1 Reliability
			Research Methods: Reliability: Agreement Regarding Diagnostic Decisions
		4.3.2 Validity
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Scientific Progress or Diagnostic Fads?
		4.3.3 Problems and Limitations of the DSM-5 System
	4.4 Basic Issues in Assessment
		4.4.1 Purposes of Clinical Assessment
		4.4.2 Assumptions About Consistency of Behavior
		4.4.3 Evaluating the Usefulness of Assessment Procedures
			Critical Thinking Matters: The Barnum Effect and Assessment Feedback
	4.5: Psychological Assessment: Interviews and Observational Procedures
		4.5.1 Interviews
			Depression/Deliberate Self-Harm: How Does It Impact a Life?
		4.5.2 Observational Procedures
	4.6 Psychological Assessment Personality Tests and Self-Report Inventories
		4.6.1 Personality Inventories
		4.6.2 Projective Personality Tests
	4.7 Biological Assessment Procedures
		4.7.1 MRI and CT Scans
		4.7.2 PET and fMRI Scans
	Summary: Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
5 Mood Disorders and Suicide
	5.0.1 Case Studies Symptoms of Depressive Disorder and Mania
		Case Study: An Attorney’s Major Depressive Episode
		Case Study: Debbie’s Manic Episode
	5.1 Symptoms Associated with Depression
		5.1.1 Emotional Symptoms
		5.1.2 Cognitive Symptoms
		5.1.3 Somatic Symptoms
		5.1.4 Behavioral Symptoms
		5.1.5 Other Problems Commonly Associated with Depression
	5.2 Diagnosis for Depression and Bipolar Disorders
		5.2.1 Diagnosis for Depressive Disorders
			DSM-5: Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder
		5.2.2 Diagnosis for Bipolar Disorders
			DSM-5: Criteria for Diagnosis of Manic Episode
		5.2.3 Further Descriptions and Subtypes
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Depression or Grief following a major loss?
	5.3 Course, Outcome, and Frequency
		5.3.1 Depressive Disorders
		5.3.2 Bipolar Disorders
			Bipolar Disorder With Psychotic Features: How Does It Impact a Life?
		5.3.3 Incidence and Prevalence
		5.3.4 Risk for Mood Disorders Across the Life Span
			Major Depression: How Does It Impact a Life?
		5.3.5 Gender Differences
		5.3.6 Cross-Cultural Differences
	5.4 Causes Social and Psychological Factors
		5.4.1 Social Factors
		5.4.2 Psychological Factors
			Major Depression and Stressful Life Events: How Does It Impact a Life?
	5.5 Causes Biological Factors
		5.5.1 Genetics
			Major Depression and Stressful Life Events: How Does It Impact a Life?
		5.5.2 The Neuroendocrine System
		5.5.3 Integration of Social, Psychological, and Biological Factors
			Research Methods: Analogue Studies: Do Rats Get Depressed, and Why?
	5.6 Treatment for Depressive Disorders
		5.6.1 Depressive Disorders and Therapy
		5.6.2 Antidepressant Medications
			Critical Thinking Matters: Do Antidepressant Drugs Cause Violent Behavior
	5.7 Treatment for Bipolar and Mood Disorders
		5.7.1 Lithium and Anticonvulsant Medications for Bipolar Disorder
		5.7.2 Psychotherapy for Bipolar Disorder
		5.7.3 Electroconvulsive Therapy for Mood Disorders
		5.7.4 Light Therapy for Seasonal Mood Disorders
	5.8 Suicide
		5.8.1 Classification of Suicide
			Case Study: An Admiral’s Suicide
		5.8.2 Frequency of Suicide
		5.8.3 Causes of Suicide
			Common Elements of Suicide
		5.8.4 Treatment of Suicidal People
	Summary: Mood Disorders and Suicide
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
6 Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
	6.0.1 An Example of an Anxiety Disorder
		Case Study: A Writer’s Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia
	6.1 Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
		6.1.1 Anxiety
		6.1.2 Excessive Worry
		6.1.3 Panic Attacks
			DSM-5: Criteria for Panic Disorder
		6.1.4 Phobias
	6.2 Diagnosis of Anxiety Disorders
		6.2.1 Specific Phobias
		6.2.2 Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
			Social Anxiety Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		6.2.3 Agoraphobia
		6.2.4 Generalized Anxiety Disorder
			Generalized Anxiety Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		6.2.5 Course and Outcome
	6.3 Frequency of Anxiety Disorders
		6.3.1 Prevalence
		6.3.2 Comorbidity
		6.3.3 Gender Differences
		6.3.4 Age Differences
		6.3.5 Cross-Cultural Comparisons
	6.4 Causes of Anxiety Disorders Social and Biological Factors
		6.4.1 Adaptive and Maladaptive Fears
		6.4.2 Social Factors
		6.4.3 Genetic Factors
		6.4.4 Neurobiology
	6.5 Causes of Anxiety Disorders Psychological Factors
		6.5.1 Learning Processes
		6.5.2 Cognitive Factors
	6.6 Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
		6.6.1 Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy
		6.6.2 Systematic Desensitization and Exposure
		6.6.3 Relaxation and Breathing Retraining
		6.6.4 Cognitive Therapy
		6.6.5 Antianxiety Medications
			Research Methods: Statistical Significance: When Differences Matter
		6.6.6 Antidepressant Medications
	6.7 Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders Symptoms and Diagnosis
		6.7.1 Symptoms of OCD
			Case Study: Ed’s Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
		6.7.2 Diagnosis of OCD and Related Disorders
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Splitting Up the Anxiety Disorders
			Case Study: Amber’s Skin Picking
	6.8 Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders Frequency and Treatment
		6.8.1 Course, Outcome, and Frequency of OCD
		6.8.2 Causes of OCD
			Critical Thinking Matters: Can a Strep Infection Trigger OCD in Children?
			Case Study: Ed’s Treatment
		6.8.3 Treatment of OCD
	Summary: Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
7 Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders
	7.1 Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders
		Case Study: The Enduring Trauma of Sexual Assault
		7.1.1 Symptoms of ASD and PTSD
		7.1.2 Diagnosis of ASD and PTSD
			DSM-5: Criteria for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Acute Stress Disorder
	7.2 Frequency, Causes, and Treatment of PTSD and ASD
		7.2.1 Frequency of Trauma, PTSD, and ASD
		7.2.2 Causes of PTSD and ASD
			An EMT’s Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		7.2.3 Prevention and Treatment of ASD and PTSD
			Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (Domestic Violence): How Does It Impact a Life?
	7.3 Dissociative Disorders
		Case Study: Dissociative Fugue—Dallae’s Journey
		7.3.1 Hysteria and the Unconscious
		7.3.2 Symptoms of Dissociative Disorders
			Critical Thinking Matters: Recovered Memories
	7.4 Diagnosis, Causes, and Treatment of Dissociative Disorders
		7.4.1 Diagnosis of Dissociative Disorders
			Case Study: Amnesia for September 11
			Case Study: The Three Faces of Eve
		7.4.2 Frequency of Dissociative Disorders
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: More on Diagnostic Fads
		7.4.3 Causes of Dissociative Disorders
			Research Methods: Retrospective Reports: Remembering the Past
		7.4.4 Treatment of Dissociative Disorders
	7.5 Somatic Symptom Disorders
		7.5.1 Symptoms of Somatic Symptom Disorders
		7.5.2 Diagnosis of Somatic Symptom Disorders
			Case Study: Janet’s Hysterical Patient
			DSM-5: Criteria for Illness Anxiety Disorder
	7.6 Frequency, Causes, and Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders
		7.6.1 Frequency of Somatic Symptom Disorders
		7.6.2 Causes of Somatic Symptom Disorders
		7.6.3 Treatment of Somatic Symptom Disorders
	Summary: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders, Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
8 Stress and Physical Health
	Case Study: Bob Carter’s Heart Attack
	8.1 Defining Stress
		8.1.1 Stress as a Life Event
		8.1.2 Symptoms of Stress
			Tend and Befriend: The Female Stress Response?
		8.1.3 Immune System Responses
	8.2 Coping and Resilience
		8.2.1 Coping
		8.2.2 Resilience
		8.2.3 Health Behavior
	8.3 Diagnosis of Stress and Physical Illness
		Thinking Critically About DSM-5: The Descriptive Approach to Classification
		DSM-5: Criteria for Psychological Factors Affecting Other Medical Conditions
		8.3.1 Psychological Factors and Some Familiar Illnesses
		8.3.2 Cancer
		8.3.3 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
		8.3.4 Pain Disorder
		8.3.5 Sleep-Wake Disorders
	8.4 Cardiovascular Disease and Stress
		8.4.1 Biological and Psychological Factors of CHD
		8.4.2 Social Factors of CVD
		8.4.3 Integration and Alternative Pathways
			Research Methods: Longitudinal Studies: Lives Over Time
		8.4.4 Symptoms and Diagnosis of CVD
		8.4.5 Prevention and Treatment of CVD
	Summary: Stress and Physical Health
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
9 Personality Disorders
	9.0.1 Important Features of Personality Disorders
		Case Study: A Car Thief’s Antisocial Personality Disorder
	9.1 Symptoms
		9.1.1 Social Motivation
		9.1.2 Cognitive Perspectives Regarding Self and Others
		9.1.3 Temperament and Personality Traits
		9.1.4 Context and Personality
	9.2 Diagnosis
		9.2.1 Cluster A: Paranoid, Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders
			Critical Thinking Matters: Can Personality Disorders be Adaptive?
		9.2.2 Cluster B: Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic Personality Disorders
			Case Study: Beatrice’s Borderline Personality Disorder
			Borderline Personality Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		9.2.3 Cluster C: Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorders
	9.3 A Dimensional Perspective on Personality Disorders
		9.3.1 The Dimensional PD Model
		9.3.2 Describing Personality Disorder in Terms of Traits
			Case Study: Narcissism From the Perspective of DSM-5
	9.4 Frequency
		9.4.1 Prevalence in Community and Clinical Samples
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Is a Dimensional Model too Complicated?
		9.4.2 Gender Differences
		9.4.3 Stability of Personality Disorders Over Time
		9.4.4 Culture and Personality
			Research Methods: Cross-Cultural Comparisons: The Importance of Context
	9.5 Schizotypal Personality Disorder (SPD)
		Case Study: Schizotypal Personality Disorder
		9.5.1 Symptoms of Schizotypal Personality Disorder
		9.5.2 Causes of Schizotypal Personality Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder
		9.5.3 Treatment for Schizotypal Personality Disorder
	9.6 Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)
		Case Study: Barbara’s Borderline Personality Disorder
		9.6.1 Symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder
		9.6.2 Causes of Borderline Personality Disorder
			Impulse Control Disorders
		9.6.3 Treatment for Borderline Personality Disorder
	9.7 Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD)
		Case Study: Antisocial Personality Disorder
		9.7.1 Symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder
		9.7.2 Causes of Antisocial Personality Disorder
		9.7.3 Treatment for Antisocial Personality Disorder
	Summary: Personality Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
10 Feeding and Eating Disorders
	Case Study: Serrita’s Anorexia
	10.1 Symptoms of Anorexia
		10.1.1 Significantly Low Weight
		10.1.2 Fear of Gaining Weight
		10.1.3 Disturbance in Experiencing Weight or Shape
		10.1.4 Amenorrhea
		10.1.5 Medical Complications
		10.1.6 Struggle for Control
		10.1.7 Comorbid Psychological Disorders
			Cases of Eating Disorders
	10.2 Symptoms of Bulimia
		Case Study: Michelle’s Secret
		10.2.1 Binge Eating
		10.2.2 Inappropriate Compensatory Behavior
			Binge Eating: How Does It Impact a Life?
		10.2.3 Excessive Emphasis on Weight and Shape
		10.2.4 Comorbid Psychological Disorders
		10.2.5 Medical Complications
	10.3 Diagnosis of Feeding and Eating Disorders
		Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Binge-Eating Disorder
		10.3.1 Diagnosis of Anorexia Nervosa
			Anorexia Nervosa: How Does It Impact a Life?
			DSM-5: Criteria for Anorexia Nervosa
		10.3.2 Diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa
			DSM-5: Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa
			Bulimia Nervosa: How Does It Impact a Life?
	10.4 Frequency of Anorexia and Bulimia
		10.4.1 Standards of Beauty and the Culture of Thinness
			Critical Thinking Matters: The Pressure to Be Thin
		10.4.2 Age of Onset
	10.5 Causes of Anorexia and Bulimia
		10.5.1 Social Factors
		10.5.2 Psychological Factors
		10.5.3 Biological Factors
		10.5.4 Integration and Alternative Pathways
	10.6 Treatments for Anorexia and Bulimia
		10.6.1 Approaches to Treating Anorexia
		10.6.2 Approaches to Treating Bulimia
			Research Methods: Psychotherapy Placebos
		10.6.3 Prevention of Eating Disorders
	Summary: Feeding and Eating Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
11 Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
	Problems Associated With Substance Use Disorders
		Case Study: Ernest Hemingway’s Alcohol Use Disorder
	11.1 Symptoms of Addiction
		11.1.1 Craving and Self-Control
		11.1.2 Tolerance and Withdrawal
	11.2 Alcohol, Tobacco, and Psychomotor Stimulants
		11.2.1 Alcohol
			Alcoholism: How Does It Impact a Life?
		11.2.2 Tobacco
		11.2.3 Amphetamine and Cocaine
	11.3 The Impact of Other Drugs on Human Physiology and Behavior
		11.3.1 Opiates
			Case Study: Feelings After Injecting Heroin
		11.3.2 Sedatives, Hypnotics, and Anxiolytics
		11.3.3 Cannabis
		11.3.4 Hallucinogens and Related Drugs
	11.4 Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorders
		11.4.1 Brief History of Legal and Illegal Substances
		11.4.2 DSM-5
			DSM-5: Criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder
		11.4.3 Course and Outcome
		11.4.4 Other Disorders Commonly Associated With Addictions
	11.5 Frequency of Substance Use Disorders
		11.5.1 Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder
		11.5.2 Prevalence of Drug and Nicotine Use Disorders
			Critical Thinking Matters: Should Tobacco Products be Legal?
		11.5.3 Risk for Addiction Across the Life Span
			Case Study: Ms. E’s Drinking
	11.6 Causes of Substance Addiction
		11.6.1 Social Factors
		11.6.2 Biological Factors
		11.6.3 Psychological Factors
			Research Methods: Studies of People at Risk for Disorders
		11.6.4 Integrated Systems
	11.7 Treatment for Substance Use Disorders
		11.7.1 Detoxification
		11.7.2 Self-Help Groups
		11.7.3 Cognitive Behavior Therapy
			Case Study: Relapse to Heroin Use
		11.7.4 Two Major Studies
		11.7.5 General Conclusions
	11.8 Gambling Disorder
		Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Is Pathological Gambling an Addiction?
		11.8.1 Symptoms of Gambling Disorder
			Case Study: Art Schlichter’s Gambling Disorder
		11.8.2 Diagnosis of Gambling Disorder
		11.8.3 Frequency of Gambling Disorder
			Compulsive Gambling: How Does It Impact a Life?
	Summary: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
12 Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria
	12.1 Normal and Abnormal
		12.1.1 The Human Sexual Response Cycle
		12.1.2 Disruptions in the Sexual Response Cycle
			Case Study: Margaret and Bill’s Sexual Communication
		12.1.3 Historical Perspective
		12.1.4 Evaluating the Quality of Sexual Relationships
		12.1.5 Diagnosis of Sexual Dysfunctions
	12.2 Sexual Dysfunctions
		12.2.1 Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
		12.2.2 Erectile Disorder
			Case Study: Erectile Disorder
		12.2.3 Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
			Research Methods: Hypothetical Constructs: What Is Sexual Arousal?
		12.2.4 Female Orgasmic Disorder
		12.2.5 Premature (Early) Ejaculation
		12.2.6 Delayed Ejaculation
		12.2.7 Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
			Case Study: Genital Pain
	12.3 The Origins of Sexual Dysfunction
		12.3.1 Frequency of Sexual Dysfunctions
		12.3.2 The Impact of Age and Culture
		12.3.3 Biological Factors Affecting Sexual Desire
		12.3.4 Psychological Factors Affecting Sexual Desire
			Case Study: Penetration Difficulty and Alcohol Dependence
	12.4 Treating Sexual Dysfunction
		12.4.1 Psychological Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction
		12.4.2 Biological Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction
			Critical Thinking Matters: Does Medication Cure Sexual Dysfunction?
	12.5 Paraphilic Disorders
		12.5.1 Symptoms of Paraphilic Disorders
			Case Study: Paraphilic Disorder
		12.5.2 Diagnosis of Paraphilic Disorders
		12.5.3 Fetishistic and Transvestic Disorders
		12.5.4 Sexual Masochism Disorder
			Case Study: Sexual Masochism Disorder
			Exploring Sexual Sadism and Masochism: How Does It Impact a Life?
		12.5.5 Exhibitionism, Voyeurism, and Frotteurism
		12.5.6 Pedophilic Disorder
		12.5.7 Rape and Sexual Assault
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Two Sexual Problems That Did Not Become New Mental Disorders
	12.6 The Origins of Paraphilia
		12.6.1 Frequency of Paraphilia
		12.6.2 Biological Factors Causing Paraphilia
		12.6.3 Social Factors Causing Paraphilia
		12.6.4 Psychological Factors Causing Paraphilia
	12.7 Treating Paraphilia
		12.7.1 Aversion Therapy
		12.7.2 Cognitive Behavioral Treatment
		12.7.3 Hormones and Medication
	12.8 Gender Dysphoria
		12.8.1 Symptoms of Gender Dysphoria
		12.8.2 Frequency of Gender Dysphoria
		12.8.3 Causes of Gender Dysphoria
			Gender Identity Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
		12.8.4 Treatment for Gender Dysphoria
	Summary: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders, and Gender Dysphoria
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
13 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
	Case Study: A New Mother’s Paranoid Delusions
	13.1 Symptoms of Schizophrenia
		Case Study: Edward’s Hallucinations and Disorganized Speech
		13.1.1 Positive Symptoms
		13.1.2 Negative Symptoms
		13.1.3 Disorganization
			Schizophrenia: How Does It Impact a Life?
			Case Study: Marsha’s Disorganized Speech and Catatonic Behavior
	13.2 Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
		13.2.1 DSM-5
			Criteria for Schizophrenia
		13.2.2 Subtypes
			Critical Thinking Matters: Why Were the Symptom-Based Subtypes of Schizophrenia Dropped from DSM-5?
		13.2.3 Related Psychotic Disorders
		13.2.4 Course and Outcome
			Schizoaffective Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
	13.3 Frequency of Schizophrenia
		13.3.1 Gender Differences
		13.3.2 Cross-Cultural Comparisons
	13.4 Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
		13.4.1 Genetics
		13.4.2 Pregnancy and Birth Complications
		13.4.3 Neuropathology
		13.4.4 Neurochemistry
	13.5 Social and Psychological Causes of Schizophrenia
		13.5.1 Social Class
		13.5.2 Expressed Emotion
		13.5.3 Interaction of Biological and Environmental Factors
			Research Methods: Comparison Groups: What Is Normal?
	13.6 The Search for Markers of Vulnerability
		13.6.1 Designing a Measure for Vulnerability
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome (APS) - Reflects Wishful Rather Than Critical Thinking
		13.6.2 Working-Memory Impairment
		13.6.3 Eye-Tracking Dysfunction
	13.7 Treatment of Schizophrenia
		13.7.1 Antipsychotic Medication
		13.7.2 Psychosocial Treatment
	Summary: Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
14 Neurocognitive Disorders
	Case Study: A Physician’s Developing Dementia
	Case Study: Dementia and Delirium—A Niece’s Terrible Discoveries
	14.1 Symptoms of Neurocognitive Disorders
		14.1.1 Delirium
			Dementia: How Does It Impact a Life?
			Criteria for Delirium
		14.1.2 Major Neurocognitive Disorder
	14.2 Diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorders
		14.2.1 Brief Historical Perspective
			Criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder
		14.2.2 Specific Types of Neurocognitive Disorder
			Critical Thinking Matters: How Can Clinicians Establish an Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease?
			Research Methods: Finding Genes That Cause Behavioral Problems
	14.3 Frequency of Delirium and Major Neurocognitive Disorders
		14.3.1 Prevalence of Dementia
		14.3.2 Prevalence by Subtypes of Neurocognitive Disorder
		14.3.3 Cross-Cultural Comparisons
	14.4 Causes of Neurocognitive Disorders
		14.4.1 Causes of Delirium
		14.4.2 Neurocognitive Disorder Genetic Factors
		14.4.3 Neurotransmitters in NCD
		14.4.4 Immunology and NCD
		14.4.5 Environmental Factors
	14.5 Treatment and Management
		Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Will Patients and Their Families Understand “Mild” Neurocognitive Disorder?
		14.5.1 Medication
		14.5.2 Environmental and Behavioral Management
		14.5.3 Support for Caregivers
			Alzheimer’s Disease: How Does It Impact a Life?
	Summary: Neurocognitive Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
15 Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders
	Case Study: Should This Mother Raise Her Children?
	15.1 Symptoms of Intellectual Disabilities
		15.1.1 Measuring Intelligence
			DSM-5: Criteria for Intellectual Disability (Intellectual Developmental Disorder)
			Research Methods: Central Tendency and Variability: What Do IQ Scores Mean?
		15.1.2 Measuring Adaptive Skills
		15.1.3 Age of Onset
	15.2 Diagnosis of Intellectual Disabilities
		15.2.1 History of Diagnosis
		15.2.2 Contemporary Diagnosis
		15.2.3 Frequency of Intellectual Disabilities
	15.3 Causes of Intellectual Disabilities
		15.3.1 Biological Factors Leading to Intellectual Disabilities
		15.3.2 Psychological and Social Factors Leading to Intellectual Disabilities
			Eugenics: Our History of Shame
	15.4 Prevention and Normalization of Intellectual Disabilities
		15.4.1 Primary Prevention
		15.4.2 Secondary Prevention
		15.4.3 Tertiary Prevention
		15.4.4 Normalization
	15.5 Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Case Study: Temple Grandin—An Anthropologist on Mars
		15.5.1 Early Onset
		15.5.2 Deficits in Social Communication and Interaction
		15.5.3 Restricted, Repetitive Interests and Activities
		15.5.4 Other Symptoms of ASD
		15.5.5 Diagnosis of ASD
			DSM-5: Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Autism Spectrum
		15.5.6 Frequency of ASD
			Asperger’s Disorder: How Does It Impact a Life?
	15.6 Causes of ASD
		15.6.1 Psychological and Social Factors Leading to ASD
		15.6.2 Biological Factors Leading to ASD
	15.7 Treatment of ASD
		Critical Thinking Matters: Bogus Treatments
		15.7.1 Course and Outcome
		15.7.2 Medication
		15.7.3 Applied Behavior Analysis
	Summary: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
16 Psychological Disorders of Childhood
	Case Study: Bad Boy, Troubled Boy, or All Boy?
	16.1 Externalizing Disorders
		16.1.1 Rule Violations
		16.1.2 Other Symptoms
		16.1.3 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
			Learning Disabilities
		16.1.4 Oppositional Defiant Disorder
		16.1.5 Conduct Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Oppositional Defiant Disorder
			DSM-5: Criteria for Conduct Disorder
	16.2 Causes of Externalizing Disorders
		16.2.1 Frequency of Externalizing
			Research Methods: Selecting People to Study
		16.2.2 Biological Factors Contributing to Externalizing Disorders
		16.2.3 Social Factors Contributing to Externalizing Disorders
			Case Study: I Want Candy!
		16.2.4 Psychological Factors in Externalizing Disorders
	16.3 Treatment of Externalizing Disorders
		16.3.1 Psychostimulants and ADHD
			Critical Thinking Matters: ADHD’s False Causes and Cures
		16.3.2 Behavioral Family Therapy for ODD
		16.3.3 Treatment of Conduct Disorders
			ADHD: How Does It Impact a Life?
	16.4 Internalizing and Other Disorders
		Case Study: Turning the Tables on Tormentors
		16.4.1 Symptoms of Internalizing Disorders
		16.4.2 Diagnosis of Internalizing and Other Childhood Disorders
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
	16.5 Causes and Treatment of Internalizing Disorders
		16.5.1 Frequency of Internalizing Disorders
		16.5.2 Suicide
		16.5.3 Biological Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders
		16.5.4 Social Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders
		16.5.5 Psychological Factors Causing Internalizing Disorders
		16.5.6 Treatment of Internalizing Disorders
	Summary: Psychological Disorders of Childhood
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
17 Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle Transitions
	Case Study: Left for Another Man
	17.1 Adjustment Disorders
		17.1.1 Symptoms of Adjustment Disorders
		17.1.2 Diagnosis of Adjustment Disorders
			DSM-5: Criteria for Adjustment Disorder
	17.2 The Transition to Adulthood
		17.2.1 Identity Crisis
		17.2.2 Changing Roles and Relationships
		17.2.3 Diagnosis of Identity Conflicts
		17.2.4 Frequency and Causes of Identity Conflicts
		17.2.5 Treatment During the Transition to Adult Life
			Case Study: Samantha’s Birth Mother
	17.3 Family Transitions
		17.3.1 Symptoms of Family Transitions
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Diagnosis of Individuals
		17.3.2 Frequency of Family Transitions
		17.3.3 Causes of Difficulty in Family Transitions
			Research Methods: Genes and the Environment
		17.3.4 Prevention of Relationship Distress
			Critical Thinking Matters: Is Divorce Genetic?
		17.3.5 Couple Therapy and Family Therapy
			Case Study: Learning to Listen
	17.4 The Transition to Later Life
		17.4.1 Physical Functioning and Health
		17.4.2 Happiness, Work, Relationships, and Sex
			Case Study: Mrs. J.’s Grief
			Reliving the Past
		17.4.3 Grief and Bereavement
		17.4.4 Mental Health and Suicide
		17.4.5 Diagnosis and Frequency of Aging
		17.4.6 Causes of Psychological Problems in Later Life
		17.4.7 Treatment of Psychological Problems in Later Life
	Summary: Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle Transitions
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
18 Mental Health and the Law
	Case Study: John Hinckley and the Insanity Defense
	18.1 Conflicts
		18.1.1 Expert Witnesses
		18.1.2 Free Will Versus Determinism
		18.1.3 Rights and Responsibilities
	18.2 Mental Illness and Criminal Responsibility
		18.2.1 The Insanity Defense
		18.2.2 Competence to Stand Trial
		18.2.3 Sentencing and Mental Health
			Thinking Critically About DSM-5: Thresholds
	18.3 Civil Commitment
		18.3.1 A Brief History of U.S. Mental Hospitals
		18.3.2 Involuntary Hospitalization
			Research Methods: Base Rates and Prediction—Justice Blackmun’s Error
			Critical Thinking Matters: Violence and Mental Illness
	18.4 Committed Patients’ Rights
		18.4.1 Right to Treatment
		18.4.2 Least Restrictive Environment
		18.4.3 Right to Refuse Treatment
		18.4.4 Deinstitutionalization
	18.5 Mental Health and Family Law
		18.5.1 Child Custody Disputes
			Case Study: Not Fighting for Your Children
		18.5.2 Child Abuse
	18.6 Professional Responsibilities and the Law
		18.6.1 Professional Negligence and Malpractice
		18.6.2 Confidentiality
			Case Study: The Duty to Protect
	Summary: Mental Health and the Law
		Getting Help
	Key Terms
Glossary
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References
Credits
Name Index
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Subject Index
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