Abdominal Imaging

Cover\nFront Matter\nAbdominal Imaging\nCopyright\nDedication\nContributors\nPreface\nPlain Radiography of the Abdomen\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Intraluminal Gas\n		Extraluminal Gas\n		Calcification\n		Soft Tissues and Bone\n		Artifacts\n	PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS\n		Renal Colic\n		Intestinal Obstruction\n		Perforation of the Intestine\n		Appendicitis\n		Intussusception\n		Body Packers\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Small Bowel\n		Colon\n		Miscellaneous Findings\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nFluoroscopic Study of the Abdomen and Fluoroscopic Contrast Media\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Fluoroscopy\n			History\n			Patient Preparation\n		Fluoroscopic Examinations\n			Gastrointestinal Fluoroscopic Procedures\n			Genitourinary Fluoroscopic Procedures\n			Interventional Procedures\n			Other Examinations\n	FLUOROSCOPIC CONTRAST AGENTS\n		Barium\n		Water-Soluble Contrast Agents\n		Gastrografin\n			Oral Administration\n			Enemas or Enterostomy Instillations\n			Oral Gastrografin Indications\n		Equipment Factors\n		Patient Factors\n		Side Effects\n			Barium\n			Iodinated Oral Contrast Media\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nUltrasound Physics and Instrumentation: A Condensed View\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	ULTRASOUND WAVES\n	TRANSDUCERS\n		Transducer Selection (Fig. 3-2)\n			Linear Sequential Array\n			Curved Array\n			Matrix Array\n		Transducer Care\n	KNOBOLOGY\n	IMAGING ARTIFACTS\n		Propagation Artifact\n		Reverberation Artifact\n		Comet Tail Artifact\n		Refraction Artifact\n		Side Lobe Artifact\n		Mirror Image Artifact\n		Shadowing Artifact\n		Acoustic Enhancement\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAbdominal Ultrasound Imaging\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC AREAS\n		Liver and Ducts\n		Gallbladder\n		Kidney and Spleen\n		Pancreas\n		Urinary Bladder\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHarmonic Imaging\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Why Harmonic Imaging?\n			Grating Lobes\n			Slice Thickness Side Lobes\n			Reverberation Artifacts\n		How Harmonics Improve Imaging\n	EQUIPMENT\n	PROCESS\n	TECHNICAL CHALLENGE\n	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS\n		“Technically Difficult” Patients\n		Cystic Structures\n		Major Vascular Structures\n		Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDoppler Ultrasound Imaging\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n		Pros\n		Cons\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Portal System\n		Hepatic Veins\n		Renal Arteries\n		Renal Veins\n		Abdominal Aorta\n		Inferior Vena Cava\n		Abdominal Vessels\n			Celiac Artery\n			Splenic Artery\n			Hepatic Artery\n			Superior Mesenteric Artery\n			Inferior Mesenteric Artery\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS\n		Portal Hypertension\n			Common Causes\n			Pathophysiology\n			Diagnostic Criteria\n				Gray Scale Imaging Findings\n				Doppler Imaging Findings\n					Portal Vein\n					Hepatic Artery\n					Hepatic Vein (Budd-Chiari Syndrome)\n		Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)\n			Doppler Imaging Findings\n		Liver Transplantation\n		Mesenteric Ischemia\n		Renal Artery Stenosis\n		Renal Vein Thrombosis\n		Medical Renal Disease\n		Renal Transplantation\n			Parenchymal Complications\n			Vascular Complications\n		Aorta\n			Aneurysm\n			Aortic Dissection\n		Inferior Vena Cava\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nFour-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n		Benefits of 4D Ultrasound Imaging\n		Limitations\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nContrast Media and Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Evaluation\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Physical Properties\n		Mechanical Index\n		Applications of Microbubbles in Ultrasonography\n			Untargeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents\n			Targeted Ultrasound Contrast Agents\n				Targeting Inflammations\n				Targeting Cancers\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPrinciples of CT Physics\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		64-Slice CT Scanners\n			Flying Focal Spot Function\n			Dual-Source CT Scanners\n		Reconstruction Algorithms\n		Pitch, Noise, and Radiation Dose\n		Reducing Radiation Dose\n		Artifacts of Multislice Scanners\n			Cone Beam Artifact\n			Windmill Artifact\n			Zebra Artifact\n	CONCLUSION\n	References\nInstrumentation and Radiation Safety\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		CT Instrumentation\n		Radiation Safety\n		Summary\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nRecent Advances\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Advances in X-Ray Tube\n		Dual-Energy CT\n			Clinical Applications of Dual-Energy CT in the Abdomen\n		Advances in Detector Technology\n			Wide-Area Detector\n			New Detector Materials\n			Sandwich Detectors\n		New Reconstruction Algorithms\n		Perfusion CT\n			Technique\n			Abdominopelvic Applications of Perfusion CT\n				Liver Tumors\n				Pancreatic Tumors\n				Colorectal Cancer\n				Prostate Cancer\n				Lymphoma\n			Nononcologic Applications\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT Contrast Media and Principles of Contrast Enhancement\n	CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT PRINCIPLES\n	TYPES OF CONTRAST MEDIA\n		High Osmolar Contrast Media\n		Low Osmolar Contrast Media\n		Isosmolar Contrast Media\n	PHARMACOKINETICS\n	FACTORS AFFECTING ENHANCEMENT\n		Organ-Specific Factors\n			Liver\n			Pancreas\n			Kidneys\n		Patient-Related Factors\n		Injection-Related Factors\n			Test Bolus\n			Contrast Medium Concentration\n	CONTRAST-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY\n		Risk Factors\n			Preexisting Renal Disease\n			Diabetes\n			Age\n			Other Risk Factors\n		Prevention\n	ADVERSE EFFECTS OF CONTRAST MEDIA\n		General Adverse Reactions\n			Acute Reactions\n			Delayed Reactions\n			Pathophysiology of General Adverse Effects\n			Treatment\n		Organ-Specific Adverse Effects\n			Prevention\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT Protocols for Abdomen and Pelvis\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Oral Contrast Media\n			Need for Oral Contrast Media\n		Intravenous Contrast Media\n			Screening Patients before Use\n			Intravenous Contrast Media Protocols\n			Timing of Bolus\n		Contrast Injection Rate and Intravenous Access\n		Technical Parameters\n			Scan Coverage\n			Tube Potential\n			Tube Current\n			Pitch\n			Reconstructed Slice Thickness\n			Volume Acquisition and Postprocessing\n	USE OF CT IN SPECIFIC SITUATIONS\n		CT in the Pregnant Patient\n		CT in Very Large Patients\n	CONCLUSION\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPrinciples of MRI Physics\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Magnetization and Protons\n		Radiofrequency Excitation\n		T1 and T2 Relaxation\n		Image Acquisition\n		Spatial Encoding\n		Fourier Transform Analysis and k-Space\n	Suggested Readings\nMRI Instrumentation and Safety\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Instrumentation\n			MRI Magnets\n				Permanent Magnets\n				Resistive Magnets\n				Superconducting Magnets\n			Radiofrequency Coils\n			Radiofrequency System (“Radiofrequency Chain”)\n			Computer and Software\n		Safety\n			Cryogen Safety\n			Eddy Currents and Acoustic Noise\n			Ferromagnetic Materials and Objects\n			Specific Absorption Rate\n			Sedation\n			Pregnancy and Fetus Risk\n			Gadolinium and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	References\nMRI Pulse Sequences\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		T1-Weighted Techniques\n			Gradient-Recalled-Echo Sequences\n			Fat Suppression\n			Out-of-Phase Imaging\n			Contrast-Enhanced Sequences\n		T2-Weighted Techniques\n			Spin-Echo Sequences\n			Fast Spin-Echo Sequences and Single-Shot Fast Spin-Echo Sequences\n			Fat-Suppressed T2-Weighted Sequences\n			Fast Advanced Spin Echo\n		General Strategies\n	Suggested Readings\nMRI Artifacts\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Types of Artifacts\n			Motion Artifacts\n			Chemical Shift Artifact\n			Phase-Wrap Artifact/Aliasing Artifact\n			Frequency-Encoding Artifacts\n			Susceptibility Artifact (T2* Effect) and Paramagnetic Effects\n		Patient Compliance and Capacity for Cooperation\n	Suggested Readings\nContrast Media and Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Principle of Relaxivity\n		Chemical Structure of Currently Approved Chelates of Gadolinium\n		Biodistribution\n		Phases of Vascular and Tissue Enhancement\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMR Angiography\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Time-of-Flight MRA\n			TOF Principles\n			Imaging Parameters\n			2D versus 3D Sequences\n		Phase-Contrast MRA\n			Phase-Contrast Imaging Principles\n			2D and 3D Phase-Contrast Imaging\n			Advantages and Disadvantages\n		Contrast-Enhanced MRA\n			Pulse Sequences\n			Contrast Injection and Bolus Timing\n			Dynamic or Time-Resolved MRA\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\nAdvanced MRI Applications\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Parallel Imaging\n		Clinical High Field Strength Imaging with 3.0-T Imaging\n		Novel Tissue-Specific Contrast Agents\n			Liver-Specific MRI Contrast Agents\n				Mangafodipir Trisodium\n				Gadolinium Chelates\n				Ferumoxides\n				Ferucarbotran\n			Blood-Pool Contrast Agents\n			Lymph Node–Specific MRI Contrast Agents\n		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Abdomen\n		Perfusion Imaging and Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPET/CT Technique and Instrumentation\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Instrumentation Considerations\n		Technique Considerations\n		Protocols in Practice\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPearls and Pitfalls in PET and PET/CT Interpretation\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PRINCIPLES\n		General Interpretation\n		Specific Interpretation\n			Artifacts\n				Attenuation Correction\n				Misregistration\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC LESIONS OR REGIONS\n		Nonmalignant Hypermetabolic Lesions\n		Liver and Spleen\n		Kidney and Urinary Tract\n		Pancreas\n		Adrenal Gland\n		Hypometabolic Lesions\n		Gastrointestinal Tract\n		Reproductive Tract\n			Uterus\n			Ovary\n		Prostate\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPET and PET/CT Clinical Applications\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC AREAS\n		Gastrointestinal Tract\n			Esophageal Carcinoma\n			Colorectal Carcinoma\n				Diagnosis\n				Staging\n				Metastatic Disease\n				Restaging\n				Future PET/CT Applications for the Patient with Colorectal Disease\n			Other Gastrointestinal Malignancies\n				Gastric Cancer\n			Tumors of the Small Intestine\n				Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors\n		Gynecologic Malignancy\n			Cervical Cancer\n			Ovarian Cancer\n			Endometrial Cancer\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPrinciples of 3D Postprocessing\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Data Handling\n			MDCT\n				CT of Liver and Biliary Tree\n				CT of Pancreas\n				CT of Urinary Tract\n				CT in Lower Abdominal Pain\n				CT Enterography\n			Ultrasonography\n			MRI\n		Segmentation of Abdominal Viscera\n		Filtering of 3D Images\n		Visualization of 3D Image\n		Virtual Endoscopy\n			Colon\n			Vessels\n		Computer-Aided Detection\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAdvanced Applications in Postprocessing\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Virtual Endoscopy\n			Scan Parameters\n				Colon\n				Vascular Imaging\n				Biliary and Urinary Tracts\n			Segmentation of the Desired Volume\n			Creating a Fly-Through Path\n			Virtual Endoscopy of Upper Gastrointestinal Tract\n			Virtual Endoscopy of the Colon\n				Bowel Preparation\n				Interpretation\n			Virtual Cholangioscopy\n			Virtual Pancreatoscopy\n		Volumetry\n			Liver and Spleen\n			Kidney\n			Tumor Volumes\n		Computer-Aided Techniques\n			Colon\n			Liver\n			Small Bowel\n			Kidney\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nUreteral and Kidney Stones\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAcute Appendicitis\n	ETIOLOGY\n	EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHollow Viscus Perforation\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAcute Gastrointestinal Bleeding\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nConventional Imaging of the Stomach and Duodenum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		The Double-Contrast Examination\n			Technique\n			Stomach Views\n			Duodenum Views\n			Single-Contrast Examination\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Anatomic Relationships of the Stomach and Duodenum\n		Blood Supply\n			Arterial Supply to the Stomach\n			Venous Drainage of the Stomach\n			Lymphatic Drainage of the Stomach\n			Arterial Supply of the Duodenum\n			Venous Drainage of the Duodenum\n			Lymphatic Drainage of the Duodenum\n	PATTERNS AND APPEARANCES ON BARIUM STUDIES\n		Gastric Ulcers\n		Superficial Gastric Erosions\n		Duodenal Ulcers\n		Narrowing of the Stomach (Linitis Plastica Pattern)\n		Filling Defects in the Stomach\n		Thickening of Gastric Folds\n		Extrinsic Lesions\n		Widening of the Duodenal “C” Loop\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT of the Stomach and Duodenum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	CT OF THE STOMACH\n		Inflammatory Disease\n		Gastric Ulcer\n		Generalized Gastric Wall Thickening\n		Neoplasms\n			Primary Malignant Neoplasms\n			Staging of Gastric Cancer\n			Gastric Lymphoma\n			Other Tumors\n				Submucosal Lesions\n					Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors\n					Leiomyosarcoma\n					Metastasis\n		Miscellaneous Disorders\n			Gastric Varices\n			Gastric Distention\n	CT OF THE DUODENUM\n		Inflammatory Conditions\n		Duodenal Diverticulum\n		Neoplasm\n			Malignant Tumors\n				Secondary Involvement\n			Other Tumors\n		Trauma\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAnatomic Variants of the Stomach and Duodenum\n	CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES\n		Microgastria\n		Isolated Dextrogastria\n		Gastric Duplication\n		Duodenal Duplication\n		Duodenal Diverticulum\n	ACQUIRED POSITIONAL ABNORMALITIES\n		Gastric Hernia\n		Herniations\n		Volvulus\n			Organoaxial Volvulus\n			Mesoaxial Volvulus\n		Malrotation\n		The Postoperative Stomach\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Mucosal Diseases of the Stomach\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n		Benign Diseases Causing Mucosal Ulcerations\n		Benign Diseases Causing Polyps/Masses\n		Benign Diseases Causing Diffuse Mucosal Abnormalities\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Ulcers\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Polyps/Masses\n			Radiography\n			CT\n		Diffuse Mucosal Disease\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Mucosal Diseases of the Stomach\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Malignant Mucosal Disease\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nGastric Stromal Tumors\n	INTRODUCTION\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		PET/CT\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nGastric Outlet Obstruction\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	ANATOMY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAbnormal Positions of the Stomach\n	ETIOLOGY\n	DEFINITIONS, PREVALENCE, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		Ultrasonography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nGastric Function Imaging Techniques\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Radiopharmaceuticals\n		Pharmacologic Adjuncts\n		Technique\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	References\nClinical Applications of Gastric Function Imaging\n	EMBRYOLOGY\n	GASTRIC ANATOMY AND FUNCTION\n	NORMAL GASTRIC ANALYSIS CURVES AND IMAGE\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Factors Affecting Gastric Emptying\n		Mechanical Delayed Gastric Emptying\n		Functional Delayed Gastric Emptying\n	References\nConventional Imaging of the Small Bowel\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Small Bowel Follow-Through\n		Peroral Pneumocolon\n		Enteroclysis\n			Single-Contrast Enteroclysis\n			Double-Contrast Enteroclysis\n				Air-Contrast Enteroclysis\n				Methylcellulose-Contrast Enteroclysis\n		Small Bowel Studies Using Water-Soluble Contrast Agents\n		Retrograde Examinations of the Small Intestine\n			Ileostomy Enema\n	PROS AND CONS\n		Small Bowel Follow-Through\n		Single-Contrast Enteroclysis\n		Air-Contrast Enteroclysis\n		Methylcellulose-Contrast Enteroclysis\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	SPECIFIC INDICATIONS\n		Abdominal Pain\n		Chronic Diarrhea\n		Small Bowel Obstruction\n		Unexplained Gastrointestinal Bleeding\n		Malabsorption\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT of the Small Bowel\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		“Routine” CT of the Abdomen and Pelvis\n		CT Enterography\n		CT Enteroclysis\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMIC IMAGING FINDINGS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nUltrasound Imaging of the Small Bowel\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	IMAGING\n		Normal Appearance\n		The Abnormal Small Bowel\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	References\nMRI of the Small Bowel\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Intraluminal Contrast Agents\n		Pulse Sequences\n		Coil Selection\n		MR Enteroclysis\n	PROS AND CONS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	IMAGING\n		Normal Appearance\n		Small Bowel Obstruction\n		Crohn’s Disease\n		Small Bowel Neoplasms\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNuclear Medicine Techniques for the Small Bowel\n	IMAGING STUDIES\n		Imaging of Inflammation and Infection\n			Principle\n			Technical Aspects\n			Image Interpretation\n			Pros and Cons\n			Other Radiopharmaceuticals\n				99mTc-Fanolesomab (NeutroSpec)\n				99mTc-Sulesomab (LeukoScan)\n				18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET\n				Gallium-67 Citrate\n		Imaging of Meckel’s Diverticulum\n			Principle\n			Technical Aspects\n			Image Interpretation\n			Pros and Cons\n		Imaging for Gastrointestinal Bleeding\n			Principle\n			Technical Aspects\n			Image Interpretation\n			Pros and Cons\n		Imaging of Tumors\n			Principle\n			Technical Aspects\n			Image Interpretation\n			Pros and Cons\n		Imaging of Small Bowel Motility\n			Principle\n			Technical Aspects\n			Pros and Cons\n	NONIMAGING TECHNIQUES\n		Schilling Test\n			Principle\n		Breath Test for Small Bowel Bacterial Overgrowth\n			Principle\n		Protein-Losing Enteropathy\n		Bile Salt Malabsorption\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nSmall Bowel Obstruction\n	SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Anatomy\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n				Abdominal Radiography\n				Intraluminal Contrast Radiography\n				Barium Enteroclysis\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	BENIGN CAUSES OF SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	MALIGNANT CAUSES OF SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAcute Small Bowel Ischemia\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	ANATOMY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolism\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Angiography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Superior Mesenteric Artery Thrombosis\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Angiography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Nonocclusive Mesenteric Ischemia\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Angiography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Mesenteric Venous Thrombosis\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Angiography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nChronic Small Bowel Ischemia\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Angiography\n		Imaging Algorithms\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Neoplasms and Wall Thickening of the Small Bowel\n	CROHN’S DISEASE\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Anatomy\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	INFECTIOUS CAUSES\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	MISCELLANEOUS CAUSES OF BENIGN SMALL BOWEL WALL THICKENING\n		Etiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging (Table 48-5; see also Fig. 48-28)\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF THE SMALL BOWEL\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n			Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome\n		Anatomy\n		Pathology\n			Benign Neoplasms\n				Adenoma\n				Lipoma\n				Neural Tumors\n				Vascular Tumors\n				Leiomyoma and Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors\n				Polyposis and Polyposis Syndromes\n			Tumor-like Benign Conditions\n				Heterotopic Pancreas\n				Hyperplasia of Brunner Gland\n				Endometriosis\n				Inflammatory Fibroid Polyp\n				Heterotopic Gastric Mucosa\n				Lymphoid Hyperplasia\n				Mimics\n		Imaging\n			Solitary Benign Tumors\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Neoplasms and Wall Thickening of the Small Bowel\n	SECONDARY MALIGNANCIES OF THE SMALL BOWEL\n		Etiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	PRIMARY MALIGNANCIES OF THE SMALL BOWEL\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nSmall Bowel Anomalies and Variants\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Plain Radiography\n		Fluoroscopic Methods: Small Bowel Series and Enteroclysis\n		CT\n		MRI\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Malrotation and Nonrotation\n		Intestinal Atresia\n		Intussusception\n		Internal Hernias\n		Meckel’s Diverticulum\n	IMAGING\n		Malrotation and Nonrotation\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithms\n		Intestinal Atresia\n			Radiography\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithms\n		Intussusception\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithms\n		Internal Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Imaging Algorithms\n		Meckel’s Diverticulum\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithms\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nConventional Imaging of the Colon and Rectum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Single-Contrast Barium Enema Examination\n		Double-Contrast Barium Enema Examination\n			Bowel Preparation\n			Barium Suspension: Viscosity and Density\n			Hypotonizing Agent\n			Procedure\n				Digital Rectal Examination\n				Rectal Catheter Insertion\n				Glucagon\n				Barium Instillation\n				Air Insufflation\n				Radiographic Documentation: Spot Films and Overhead Views\n				Erect Views\n			Technical Modifications\n				Peroral Pneumocolon\n				Water-Soluble Contrast Enema\n				Colostomy Enema\n	PROS AND CONS\n	COMPLICATIONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Luminal Distention\n		Luminal Contour\n		Mucosal Surface Variations\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Ulcerative Colitis\n			Early Changes\n			Late Changes\n		Crohn’s Disease\n		Pseudomembranous Colitis\n		Ischemic Colitis\n		AIDS-Associated Colitis\n		Radiation Colitis\n		Diverticular Disease\n			Diverticulitis\n			Diverticular Abscess\n		Lymphoid Hyperplasia\n		Lymphoma\n		Lipoma\n		Extrinsic Masses\n		Colorectal Carcinoma\n		Metastases\n	PATHOLOGY\n		Dependent and Nondependent Surfaces\n		Artifacts\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT of the Colon and Rectum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Imaging Protocol\n		Contrast Agents\n			Intravenous Contrast Agents\n			Luminal Contrast Agents\n			Positive Contrast Opacification\n			Neutral Contrast Opacification\n		Perfusion CT\n	PROS AND CONS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Characteristic Features of the Colon\n		Variations in Colon Anatomy\n	DIAGNOSIS\n		Clinical Presentation\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC AREAS\n		Bowel Wall Thickening\n		Morphology of Fat\n		Ascites\n		Lymphadenopathy\n		Complications\n		Descriptive CT Signs\n			“Accordion” Sign\n			“Comb” Sign\n			“Arrowhead” Sign\n			“Cecal Bar” Sign\n		Imaging Algorithm\n			White Attenuation\n			Gray Attenuation\n			“Water Halo” Pattern\n			“Fat Halo” Pattern\n			Black Attenuation\n		Perfusion CT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT Colonography\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Technique\n		Colonic Cleansing\n			Contraindications for Bowel Cleansing Agents\n		Residual Stool and Luminal Fluid Tagging\n		Colonic Distention\n			Room Air\n			Carbon Dioxide\n			Technique\n				Room Air\n				Automated CO2 Technique\n		Use of Spasmolytic Agents\n			Glucagon\n			Hyoscine Butylbromide\n		MDCT Protocol for CT Colonography\n		CT Colonography and Radiation Dose\n		CT Colonography Visualization\n			2D Visualization\n			3D Visualization\n			Newer Display Methods\n			CT Colonography Interpretation\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	FUTURE TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Adenoma\n			Adenoma Variants\n			Adenoma Progression\n			Classification of Adenoma Shape and Cancer Risk\n			Adenoma Size and Cancer Risk\n			Pathologic and Molecular Pathways from Adenoma to Carcinoma\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNormal Anatomy and Variants of the Colon\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Embryology\n		Normal Gross Anatomy\n		Vascular Anatomy\n		Normal Radiologic Anatomy\n			Barium Enema\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGIC CORRELATION\n		Nonrotation\n		Subhepatic Cecum\n		Mobile Cecum\n		Hyperrotation\n		Inverse Cecum\n		Retroperitoneal Cecum\n		Retrogastric Colon\n		Colonic Interpositions\n			Chilaiditi’s Sign\n			Right Lower Quadrant Position of the Sigmoid Colon\n			Redundant Colon\n	ANATOMIC VARIANTS\n		Vascular Variants1,26\n		Pseudolesions and Pathology Mimics\n			Pressure Effect and Displacements\n			Pseudomass Lesions\n			Appendiceal Variations\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nInflammatory and Infectious Colonic Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		General Considerations\n			Length of Involvement\n				Focal Disease (2 to 10 cm)\n				Segmental Disease (10 to 40 cm)\n				Diffuse Disease (Most of the Colon)\n			Location of Involvement\n				Cecal Region\n				Isolated Splenic Flexure/Proximal Descending Colon\n				Rectum\n				Multiple Skip Regions\n			Degree of Thickening\n			Pattern of Enhancement\n				Target/Double Halo\n				Homogeneous\n				Heterogeneous\n				Diminished\n			Extraintestinal Manifestations\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			Normal Colon\n			Specific Pathologic Causes of Colonic Inflammation\n		MRI\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nColonic Vascular Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n		Angiodysplasia\n		Dieulafoy’s Lesion\n		Congenital Arteriovenous Malformations\n		Hemangioma\n	IMAGING\n		Angiodysplasia\n			Barium Studies\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Colonoscopy\n			Angiography\n		Hemangiomas\n			Radiography\n			Barium Studies\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Endoscopy\n			Angiography\n		Dieulafoy’s Lesion\n			Nuclear Scintigraphy\n			Endoscopy\n			Angiography\n		Congenital Arteriovenous Malformations\n			CT\n			Endoscopy\n			Angiography\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nColon Cancer and Screening Strategies\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n		Histology of Colonic Polyps\n		Location of Adenomas\n		Adenoma-Carcinoma Sequence\n		Advanced Adenoma\n		Multiple Adenomas\n	SCREENING\n		Theory of Screening and Cost-Benefit Analysis\n			Screening Modalities\n				Fecal Occult Blood Test and Other Stool-Based Examinations\n					Theory\n					Benefit\n					Limitations\n					Recommendation\n				Flexible Sigmoidoscopy\n					Theory\n					Benefits\n					Limitations\n					Recommendation\n				Double-Contrast Barium Enema\n					Theory\n					Benefits\n					Limitations\n					Recommendation\n				Colonoscopy\n					Theory\n					Benefits\n					Limitations\n					Recommendation\n				CT Colonography\n					Theory\n					Benefits\n					Limitations\n					Recommendation\n			Recommendation\n	IMAGING\n		Early-Stage Adenocarcinoma and the Adenomatous Polyp\n			The Diminutive Lesion (<6 mm)\n			The Small Lesion (6-9 mm)\n			The Large Polyp (≥10 mm)\n	References\nImaging of the Postoperative Bowel\n	PROCEDURES\n		Esophageal Resection\n			Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanisms\n			Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities\n		Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance\n		Antireflux Surgery\n			Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanisms\n			Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities\n			Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance\n		Gastric Bypass\n			Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanisms\n			Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities\n			Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance\n		Gastrectomy, Billroth I and II Procedures, and Esophagojejunostomy\n			Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanisms\n			Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities\n			Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance\n		Surgery of Small Bowel, Colon, and Rectum\n			Indications, Contraindications, Purpose, and Underlying Mechanisms\n			Expected Appearance on Relevant Modalities\n			Potential Complications and Radiologic Appearance\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nUltrasonography of the Liver\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Technique\n			Patient Preparation and Positioning\n			Scanning Approach and Anatomic Overview\n			Advanced Techniques and Applications\n				Harmonic Imaging\n				Doppler Imaging\n				Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Relevant Morphologic Features\n		Normal Hemodynamics\n	ASSESSING FOCAL LESIONS OF THE LIVER\n		Focal Liver Lesions\n		Diffuse Liver Disease\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT of the Liver\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Dual-Phase Imaging\n		Role of High-Concentrated Iodinated Contrast Media\n		Other Technical Factors\n			Scan Delay and Contrast Delivery\n			Contrast Volume\n			Pitch and Scan Collimation\n			Technical Aspects for Image Postprocessing\n			Postprocessing Techniques for CT Angiography\n			Advanced Postprocessing Applications\n		Liver Tumors\n		Liver Cirrhosis\n		Vascular Pathologic Processes\n		Imaging of the Biliary System\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMRI of the Liver: From Sequences to Protocol\n	INDICATIONS\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		T1-Weighted Imaging\n		T2-Weighted Imaging\n		HASTE Sequence\n		Contrast-Enhanced Imaging\n		Time-of-Flight (TOF) Sequence\n		Gadolinium Contrast Agents\n		SPIO (Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide) Particles (Ferumoxides)\n	TECHNIQUE OPTIMIZATION AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS\n		Parallel Imaging and Multichannel Systems\n		3.0-T Considerations\n		Diffusion-Weighted MRI\n		Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n	PROS AND CONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNuclear Imaging of the Liver\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Radiopharmaceuticals\n	CHOLESCINTIGRAPHY\n		Patient Preparation\n			Cholecystokinin and Morphine Sulfate\n		Hemangioma Scintigraphy\n		Pros and Cons\n		Controversies\n	NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY IN ADULTS\n	NORMAL HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY IN INFANTS\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Acute Cholecystitis\n		Biliary Obstruction\n		Bile Leaks\n		Hemangioma\n	HEPATOBILIARY SCINTIGRAPHY IN CHILDREN\n		Biliary Atresia\n		Neonatal Hepatitis\n		Other Causes of Congenital Hepatobiliary Dysfunction\n	References\nBenign Focal Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Simple (Bile Duct) Cyst\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatic Hemangioma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatocellular Adenoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Focal Nodular Hyperplasia\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Large Benign Regenerative Nodules\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatic Abscess\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Focal Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	LIVER FUNCTION\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Angiosarcoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Noncirrhotic Liver\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Fibrolamellar Hepatocellular Carcinoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatoblastoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Lymphoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Hepatic Metastases\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Liver Function\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	SUMMARY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nFatty Liver Disease\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		Imaging Algorithm\n			Hepatic Fat Detection\n			Hepatic Fat Quantification\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCirrhosis\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			Technical Considerations\n			Fibrosis\n			Nodules\n		MRI\n			Technical Considerations\n			Fibrosis\n			Nodules\n		Ultrasonography\n			Technical Considerations\n			Nodules\n			Fibrosis\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHepatic Iron Overload\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			Unenhanced CT\n			Contrast-Enhanced CT\n				Extrahepatic Findings\n				CT Quantification of Hepatic Iron Overload\n		MRI\n			Unenhanced MRI\n			Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n				MR Features of Extrahepatic Iron Overload\n				MR Quantification of Hepatic Iron Overload\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHepatic Storage Disorders\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PATHOGENESIS\n		Wilson’s Disease\n		α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n		Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n		Wilson’s Disease\n		α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n		Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	PATHOLOGY\n		Wilson’s Disease\n		α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n		Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	IMAGING\n		CT, MRI, and Ultrasonography\n			Wilson’s Disease\n			α1-Antitryspin Deficiency\n			Glycogen Storage Diseases\n		Imaging Algorithm\n			Wilson’s Disease and α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n			Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		Wilson’s Disease\n		α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n		Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n			Wilson’s Disease\n			α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n			Glycogen Storage Diseases\n		Surgical Treatment\n			Wilson’s Disease\n			α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency\n			Glycogen Storage Diseases\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHepatitis\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Acute Hepatitis\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Chronic Hepatitis\n			CT\n			MRI\n				Double-Contrast–Enhanced MRI\n				Diffusion-Weighted MRI\n				MR Elastography\n				MR Spectroscopy\n				MR Perfusion\n			Ultrasonography\n				Ultrasound Perfusion Imaging\n				Ultrasound Transient Elastography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		Acute Hepatitis\n		Chronic Hepatitis\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHepatic Veno-occlusive Diseases\n	ETIOLOGY\n		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n		Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n	PATHOGENESIS\n		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n		Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n		Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT and MRI\n			Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n			Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n		Ultrasonography\n			Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n			Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n		Nuclear Medicine\n			Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n			Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n		Imaging Algorithms\n			Suspicion of SOS\n			Suspicion of BCS\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n		Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n	TREATMENT\n		Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome\n		Budd-Chiari Syndrome\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCholestatic Hepatic Disorders\n	ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS\n		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	PATHOLOGY\n		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	IMAGING\n		CT, MRI, Ultrasonography, and Cholangiography\n			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n		Imaging Algorithms\n			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n			Primary Biliary Cirrhosis\n			Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nHepatic Variants\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Liver\n		Hepatic Arterial Anatomy\n		Hepatic Venous Anatomy\n		Portal Venous Anatomy\n		Hepatic Biliary Anatomy\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Parenchymal Variants\n		Vascular and Biliary Variants\n			Living-Donor Liver Transplantation\n			Hepatic Tumor Resection\n			Cholecystectomy\n			Intra-arterial Chemotherapy\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of the Pancreas\n	MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY\n		Pre-examination Considerations\n		Scanning Technique\n		Dynamic Imaging\n		Image Postprocessing\n	MRI\n		Technical Aspects\n		Protocol\n		Imaging Appearance\n			T1-Weighted Images\n			T2-Weighted Images\n			MRCP Images\n				Evaluation of the Response to Secretin\n					Morphologic Evaluation\n					Functional Evaluation\n	ULTRASONOGRAPHY\n		Technical Aspects\n		Examination Protocols\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CLINICAL APPLICATIONS\n		Inflammatory Pathologic Processes\n			MDCT\n				Role of CT in Acute Pancreatitis\n			MRI\n				Role of MRI in Acute Pancreatitis\n				Role of MRI in Chronic Pancreatitis\n			Ultrasonography\n		Solid Lesions\n			MDCT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Cystic Lesions\n			MDCT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPancreas—Normal Variants\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Pancreas Divisum\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Annular Pancreas\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Agenesis of the Dorsal Pancreas\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Pancreatic Head Lobulations and Focal Enlargements of the Pancreas\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Ectopic Pancreas\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Uneven Pancreatic Lipomatosis\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Miscellaneous Variants\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nSolid Pancreatic Masses\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Adenocarcinoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Endocrine Tumors\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Intrapancreatic Metastases\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Pancreatic Lymphoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Acinar Cell Carcinoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCystic Lesions of the Pancreas\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Serous Cystic Neoplasms\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Mucinous Cystic Neoplasms\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Solid and Pseudopapillary Epithelial Neoplasms\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Cystic Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasm\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of Acute Pancreatitis\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			Role of CT in Acute Pancreatitis\n			When Is the Optimal Time to Perform CT?\n			Scanning Technique\n			Imaging Findings\n				Acute Fluid Collections\n				Acute Pseudocyst\n				Pancreatic Abscess\n				Pancreatic Necrosis\n			Can Imaging Differentiate Sterile versus Infected Necrosis?\n			CT Severity Index\n			Extrapancreatic Findings in Acute Pancreatitis\n			Vascular Complications\n		Angiography\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		ERCP\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n			Endoscopic Interventions\n			Percutaneous Image-Guided Interventions\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of Chronic Pancreatitis\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		Ultrasonography\n		Endoscopic Ultrasonography\n		CT\n		Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography\n		MRI\n		MRCP\n			Technique\n		Functional/Secretin MRCP\n			Technique\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n			Endoscopy\n			Decompression Procedures\n			Resection\n	References\nMiscellaneous Pancreatitis\n	AUTOIMMUNE PANCREATITIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n			Laboratory\n			Serology\n			Gross Pathology\n			Histopathology\n			IgG4 Immunohistochemistry\n			Immunogeneity\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			ERCP\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	TUMOR LYSIS PANCREATITIS\n	EOSINOPHILIC PANCREATITIS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDiffuse Pancreatic Disease\n	GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	INFILTRATIVE DISORDERS\n		Cystic Fibrosis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Fatty Replacement (Lipomatosis) of Pancreas\n			Etiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Amyloidosis\n			Etiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Hemochromatosis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	INFECTIONS\n		Tuberculosis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				PET/CT\n				ERCP\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome\n			Etiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography and CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	NEOPLASMS\n		Lymphoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				ERCP\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Leukemia\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography and CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Carcinoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Metastases\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography and CT\n				MRI\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	MISCELLANEOUS DISORDERS\n		Congenital Hyperinsulinism of Infancy (Nesidioblastosis)\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Von Hippel-Lindau Disease\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging Techniques for the Gallbladder and Bile Ducts\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Ultrasonography\n			Instrumentation and Patient Preparation\n			Step-by-Step Approach: Gray-Scale Ultrasonography\n			Indications\n			Role of Color Doppler Ultrasonography\n			Recent Advancements\n		MRI\n			Technique for Evaluation of the Gallbladder\n			Indications\n		2D and 3D MR Cholangiopancreatography\n			Indications\n			Contrast-Enhanced MRCP\n			Functional MRCP using Hepatobiliary MR Contrast Media\n		Nuclear Imaging\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Ultrasonography\n		MRI\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nGallbladder and Bile Ducts—Variants and Anomalies\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Gallbladder\n			Agenesis\n			Duplication\n			Ectopic Gallbladder\n		Biliary Tract\n			Accessory Bile Duct\n			Anomalous Cystic Duct\n			Duct of Luschka\n			Cystohepatic Duct\n			Choledochal Cyst\n			Anomalous Pancreaticobiliary Junction\n	IMAGING\n		Gallbladder Agenesis\n			CT, MRI, and Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Gallbladder Duplication\n			CT, MRI, and Ultrasonography\n		Ectopic Gallbladder\n			CT and MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Biliary and Cystic Duct\n		Choledochal Cyst\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			ERCP\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	COMPLICATIONS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDilated Bile Ducts\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI/MRCP\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Choledocholithiasis\n			Etiology\n			Epidemiology and Definitions\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI/MRCP\n				Ultrasonography\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Postoperative Bile Duct Strictures\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI/MRCP\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis\n			Etiology, Prevalence, and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT and MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nTumors of the Gallbladder\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nIntrahepatic Bile Duct Tumors\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nExtrahepatic Bile Duct Tumors\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDiffuse Gallbladder Wall Thickening\n	NORMAL GALLBLADDER WALL\n	THICKENED GALLBLADDER WALL\n	PRIMARY GALLBLADDER WALL THICKENING\n		Acute Cholecystitis\n			Etiology\n				Acute Calculous Cholecystitis1,4,6\n				Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation1,5,6,8\n				Acute Calculous Cholecystitis\n				Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis4,6\n			Pathophysiology\n				Acute Calculous Cholecystitis1,4,6,8-10\n				Acute Acalculous Cholecysitis1,4,6,8-10\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n					Acute Calculous Cholecystitis1,4,6-8,10-15\n					Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis\n					Gangrenous Cholecystitis\n					Emphysematous Cholecystitis\n				MRI1-3,5,16\n				Ultrasonography\n					Acute Calculous Cholecystitis1,6-8,11,15,17\n					Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis\n					Gangrenous Cholecystitis\n					Emphysematous Cholecystitis7,11\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n					Acute Calculous Cholecystitis\n					Acute Acalculus Cholecystitis\n		Chronic Cholecystitis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n					Chronic Cholecystitis\n					Porcelain Gallbladder\n		Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Gallbladder Malignancy\n			Etiology\n				Gallbladder Carcinoma\n				Lymphoma of Gallbladder\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			TNM Staging\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Adenomyomatosis2-5,14,22,45-49\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	SECONDARY GALLBLADDER WALL THICKENING\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	References\nFocal Gallbladder Wall Thickening\n	GALLBLADDER ADENOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	CHOLESTEROL POLYPS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n			Ultrasonography\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	FOCAL XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS CHOLECYSTITIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology9-15\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	ADENOMYOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	GALLBLADDER CARCINOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nGallbladder and Bile Duct Functional Imaging\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Functional MR Cholangiography (fMRC)\n		CT Cholangiography\n	PROS AND CONS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGIC CORRELATION\n		Biliary Anatomy\n		Biliary Leaks\n		Drainage\n		Sphincter of Oddi Dysfunction\n		Diagnosis of Complete Obstruction\n		Stent Patency\n		Strictures\n		Acute Cholecystitis\n		Biliary Duct Calculi\n		Biliary Atresia\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nFocal Splenic Lesions\n	SPLENIC CYSTS\n		Non-neoplastic and Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	BENIGN SPLENIC TUMORS\n		Hemangioma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n		Hamartoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Angiography\n				PET/CT\n		Lymphangioma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n		Littoral Cell Angioma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n		Inflammatory Pseudotumor/Myofibroblastoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n	MALIGNANT SPLENIC TUMORS\n		Angiosarcoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n		Lymphoma\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			AIDS-Related Lymphoma\n		Metastasis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Direct Invasion of the Spleen\n			Peritoneal Implants to the Surface of the Spleen\n			Treatment\n				Medical Treatment\n				Surgical Treatment\n		Other Splenic Malignancies\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDiffuse Splenic Lesions\n	NORMAL VARIANTS AND CONGENITAL ANOMALIES\n		Accessory Spleen\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Wandering Spleen\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Polysplenia and Asplenia Syndromes\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n				Spleen\n				Liver, Gallbladder, and Biliary Tract\n				Pancreas\n				Gastrointestinal Tract\n				Venous System\n				Cardiac and Pulmonary System\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Differential Diagnosis\n				Splenectomy\n				Splenosis\n				Accessory Spleens\n			Treatment\n	INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY LESIONS\n		Bacterial Infection\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Fungal Infection\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Mycobacterial Infection\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n			Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare in AIDS\n		Parasitic Infections: Echinococcosis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Pneumocystis jiroveci Infection\n		Viral Infection\n		Sarcoidosis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	VASCULAR LESIONS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Angiography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	TRAUMA-RELATED LESIONS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n				Acute Hematoma\n				Laceration\n				Active Bleeding\n				Vascular Injuries\n				Post-traumatic Infarction\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Angiography\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n		Splenosis\n	MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS\n		Non-neoplastic and Noninfectious Splenomegaly\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Treatment\n		Hemochromatosis\n		Gaucher’s Disease\n		Amyloidosis\n		Sickle Cell Anemia\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nLymph Node Imaging Techniques\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Retrocrural Nodes5\n		Gastric Nodes\n		Gastrohepatic Ligament Nodes\n		Portohepatic Nodes\n		Pancreaticoduodenal Nodes\n		Perisplenic Nodes\n		Mesenteric Nodes\n		Celiac, Superior Mesenteric, and Inferior Mesenteric Nodes\n		Para-aortic Nodes\n		External Iliac Nodes\n		Internal Iliac Nodes\n		Common Iliac Nodes\n		Inguinal Lymph Nodes\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n	LYMPHANGIOGRAPHY\n		Technical Aspects\n		Technique\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n	CT\n		Technique\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n			Measurement of Nodal Size\n			Mimics of Abnormal Lymph Nodes on CT\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n	ULTRASONOGRAPHY\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n	MRI\n		Diffusion-Weighted Imaging\n		MR Lymphangiography\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n	PET\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nClinical Role of Lymph Node Imaging\n	BENIGN DISEASES OF LYMPH NODES\n		Infective and Noninfective Lymphadenitis\n			Infective Lymphadenitis\n				Suppurative Lymphadenitis\n				Tuberculosis\n				HIV Infection\n				Whipple’s Disease\n			Noninfective Lymphadenitis\n				Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n				Diffuse Liver Disease\n				Castleman Disease\n				Cavitating Mesenteric Lymph Node Syndrome\n				Lymphangioleiomyomatosis\n				Sarcoidosis\n			Normal Anatomy\n			Pathophysiology and Pathology\n				Suppurative Lymphadenitis\n				Tuberculosis\n				Tuberculosis vs. Lymphoma\n				HIV Infection\n				Whipple’s Disease\n		Inflammatory Lymphadenitis\n			Inflammatory Bowel Disease\n			Diffuse Hepatic Diseases\n			Castleman Disease\n				Localized Type\n				Diffuse Type\n			Cavitating Mesenteric Lymph Node Syndrome\n			Lymphangioleiomyomatosis\n			Mesenteric Lymphadenopathy\n			Sarcoidosis\n	LYMPHOMA\n		Pros and Cons\n		Normal Anatomy\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n				Solitary Mass\n				Multiple Nodular Type\n				Diffuse Type\n				The “Sandwich” Sign\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET\n		Post-treatment Appearance\n	METASTATIC LYMPHADENOPATHY\n		Definitions\n		Criteria for Assessing Metastatic Nodes on CT/MRI\n			Primary Criteria\n			Secondary Criteria\n				Lymph Node Location53\n				Lymph Node Number\n				Lymph Node Morphology53\n					Shape\n					Margin\n					Attenuation\n					Enhancement Patterns\n		Nodal Metastases and Tumor Biology\n			Patterns of Lymph Node Involvement\n				Upper Abdominal Malignancies\n				Colorectal Cancer\n				Urinary Tract Tumors\n				Bladder Cancer\n				Prostate Cancer\n				Testicular Cancer\n				Gynecologic Malignancies\n					Cervical Cancer\n					Endometrial Cancer\n					Ovarian Cancer\n		Pathophysiology and Pathology\n			Gastric Cancer\n			Pancreatic Cancer\n			Hepatocellular Carcinoma\n			Small Bowel Neoplasms\n			Colon Cancer\n			Rectal Cancer\n			Urogenital Tumors53,66\n			Renal Cell Carcinoma53,66\n			Upper Urinary Tract Tumors53,66\n			Urinary Bladder Cancer53,66\n			Testicular Cancer53,66\n			Prostate Cancer53,66\n			Cervical Carcinoma53,66\n			Endometrial Cancer\n			Ovarian Carcinoma\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nConventional Imaging of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract\n	ANATOMY\n		The Kidney\n		Renal Vasculature\n		The Perirenal Space\n		The Collecting System\n	RADIOGRAPHY\n	INTRAVENOUS UROGRAPHY\n		Technique\n		Interpretation and the Normal Urogram\n	ULTRASONOGRAPHY\n		Technique\n		Indications\n			Stones\n			Obstruction\n			Infection\n			Tumors\n			Renal Cystic Disease\n			Renal Parenchymal Disease\n			Vascular Abnormalities\n			Transplants\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCT of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	PROS AND CONS (Table 95-2)\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		The Kidneys and Ureters\n		The Bladder\n	SPECIFIC INDICATIONS AND TECHNIQUES\n		Urolithiasis/Suspected Renal Colic\n		Renal Mass Characterization\n		Hematuria and Evaluation for Urothelial Neoplasm\n		Preoperative Planning (Nephron-Sparing Surgery, Renal Donor Surgery)\n		CT Cystography\n		Trauma\n		Infection\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMRI of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Morphologic MRI of the Upper Urinary Tract, Ureters, and Bladder\n		MR Urography\n	PROS AND CONS\n		Benefits of MRI over Ultrasonography\n		Benefits of MRI over CT\n		Disadvantages of MRI Relative to CT\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC AREAS\n		Kidneys\n		Ureters\n		Bladder\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n		Evaluation of the Renal Parenchyma\n			Solid Mass Characterization\n			Staging of Renal Cell Carcinoma\n			Cystic Mass Evaluation\n				Simple Cysts\n				Complex Cysts\n			Evaluation of the Urinary Tract/Urothelium with MR Urography\n				Stone Detection\n				Noncalculous Causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction\n				Congenital Anomalies\n				Evaluation of the Bladder\n					MRI of Bladder Cancer\n					MRI of Non-neoplastic Diseases of the Bladder\n			Renal MR Angiography\n			Transplant Assessment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNuclear Imaging of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy\n		Renal Cortical Scintigraphy\n		Radionuclide Cystography\n	PROS AND CONS\n		Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy\n		Renal Cortical Scintigraphy\n		Radionuclide Cystography\n	CONTROVERSIES\n		Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy\n		Renal Cortical Scintigraphy\n		Radionuclide Cystography\n	IMAGING\n		Dynamic Renal Scintigraphy\n		Renal Cortical Scintigraphy\n		Radionuclide Cystography\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Urinary Obstruction\n		Renovascular Hypertension\n		Renal Transplant Evaluation\n		Vesicoureteral Reflux\n		Acute Pyelonephritis and Renal Scarring\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Focal Renal Lesions\n	ANGIOMYOLIPOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Angiography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	ONCOCYTOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			Angiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	LEIOMYOMA\n		Etiology and Prevalence/Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	MESOBLASTIC NEPHROMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	JUXTAGLOMERULAR TUMORS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			Ultrasonography\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	ADENOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Focal Renal Lesions\n	MALIGNANT RENAL PARENCHYMAL TUMORS, INCLUDING RENAL CELL CARCINOMA AND ITS SUBTYPES\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	UROTHELIAL CARCINOMAS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	SECONDARY RENAL NEOPLASMS (RENAL LYMPHOMA/LEUKEMIA AND METASTASES)\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	PEDIATRIC SOLID RENAL MALIGNANCIES (WILMS’ TUMOR, NEPHROBLASTOMATOSIS, CLEAR CELL SARCOMA, RHABDOID TUMOR OF THE KIDNEY)\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			PET/CT\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nCystic Renal Lesions\n	THE SIMPLE RENAL CYST\n		Imaging\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Clinical Implications\n	THE CYSTIC RENAL MASS\n		Imaging\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n		The Bosniak Classification\n		Clinical Implications\n			Calcifications\n			Septa\n			High Attenuation\n			Wall Thickening and Nodularity\n			Enhancement\n			Multilocular Lesion\n		Role of Biopsy\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nDiffuse Renal Parenchymal Diseases\n	GLOMERULONEPHRITIS\n		Etiology\n		Classification\n			Based on Cell Proliferation\n			Based on Presentation or Chronicity\n			Based on Extent of Disease within the Kidney\n			Based on Pattern of Glomerular Involvement\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Acute Glomerulonephritis\n			Chronic Glomerulonephritis\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	References\nRenal Parenchymal Infections\n	PYELONEPHRITIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Acute Pyelonephritis\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Chronic Pyelonephritis\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Emphysematous Pyelonephritis\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n			Acute Pyelonephritis\n			Chronic Pyelonephritis\n			Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis\n			Emphysematous Pyelonephritis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	HIV-ASSOCIATED NEPHROPATHY\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	RENAL TUBERCULOSIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	References\nRenal Vascular Diseases\n	RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Digital Subtraction Angiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	RENAL VEIN THROMBOSIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	MISCELLANEOUS VASCULAR DISEASES\n		Vasculitis\n		Renal Infarction\n		Acute Cortical Necrosis\n		Imaging\n			Vasculitis\n				Intravenous Pyelography/Angiography\n				CT\n				Ultrasonography\n			Renal Infarct\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n			Acute Cortical Necrosis\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n		Treatment\n	References\nMiscellaneous Diffuse Renal Diseases\n	NEPHROCALCINOSIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	RENAL PAPILLARY NECROSIS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	RENAL TRANSPLANT COMPLICATIONS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n			Vascular Complications\n			Renal Complications\n			Urologic Complications\n			Systemic Complications\n		Imaging\n			Vascular Complications: Renal Artery Stenosis\n				Angiography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n				Treatment\n			Vascular Complications: Biopsy-Induced Vascular Injury\n				CT\n				Ultrasonography\n				MRI\n				Imaging Algorithm\n				Treatment\n			Vascular Complications: Graft Thrombosis\n				Ultrasonography\n				MRI\n				CT\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Imaging Algorithm\n				Treatment\n			Renal Complications\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Imaging Algorithm\n				Differential Diagnosis\n				Treatment\n			Urologic Complications\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				Imaging Algorithm\n				Differential Diagnosis\n				Treatment\n	References\nUrinary Tract Obstruction\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE, EPIDEMIOLOGY, AND DEFINITIONS\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Plain Radiography\n		Excretory Urography\n			EUG Findings of Acute UTO\n			EUG Findings of Chronic UTO\n			Grading of Hydronephrosis on EUG\n		Retrograde Pyelography\n		Antegrade Pyelography\n		Digital Subtraction Angiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Ureteral Strictures\n	ETIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	TREATMENT\n	CONGENITAL DISORDERS\n		Primary Megaureter\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS\n		Pyeloureteritis Cystica\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Malacoplakia\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	INFECTIOUS DISORDERS\n		Tuberculosis\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Schistosomiasis\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	TRAUMA\n		Stone Disease\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Iatrogenic/Prior Ureteral Instrumentation\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Treatment\n		Anastomotic Stricture\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Radiation Therapy\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	IDIOPATHIC DISORDERS\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	VASCULAR DISEASE\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS\n		Retroperitoneal Fibrosis\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				PET/CT\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Inflammatory Bowel Process\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Endometriosis\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Ultrasonography\n				CT\n				MRI\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Ureteral Strictures\n	INTRINSIC UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS\n		Transitional Cell Carcinoma\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				Excretory Urography\n				Retrograde Urography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Pathophysiology\n			Imaging\n		Metastases\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	EXTRINSIC UROTHELIAL NEOPLASMS\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Bladder Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n		Leiomyoma\n		Hemangioma\n		Paraganglioma\n		Neurofibroma\n		Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n		Solitary Fibrous Tumor\n		Lipoma and Fibroma\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n		Leiomyoma\n		Hemangioma\n		Paraganglioma\n		Neurofibroma\n		Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n		Solitary Fibrous Tumor\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			Neurofibroma\n			Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n		MRI\n			Leiomyoma\n			Hemangioma\n			Paraganglioma\n			Neurofibroma\n			Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n			Solitary Fibrous Tumor\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Leiomyoma\n		Hemangioma\n		Paraganglioma\n		Neurofibroma\n		Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n		Solitary Fibrous Tumor\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Bladder Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Urothelial Carcinoma\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n	OTHER TYPES OF BLADDER CANCER\n		Squamous Cell Carcinoma\n		Adenocarcinoma\n		Leiomyosarcoma\n		Rhabdomyosarcoma\n		Lymphoma\n		Metastases\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nUrinary Tract Anomalies and Variants\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Renal Parenchyma\n			Renal Agenesis\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Renal Hypoplasia\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Renal Dysmorphisms\n				Persistent Fetal Lobulation\n					Imaging\n				Junctional Parenchymal Defect\n					Imaging\n				Dromedary Hump\n					Imaging\n				Septum of Bertin\n					Imaging\n				Lobar Dysmorphism\n					Imaging\n				Aberrant Papilla\n					Imaging\n				Linear Vascular Impressions on the Renal Pelvis and Infundibulum\n					Imaging\n				Sinus Lipomatosis\n					Imaging\n			Anomalies of Ascent\n				Pelvic Kidney\n					Pathophysiology\n					Imaging\n			Renal Fusion Anomalies\n				Crossed-Fused Ectopia\n					Pathophysiology\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n				Pancake Kidney\n					Pathophysiology\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n				Horseshoe Kidney\n					Pathophysiology\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n					Treatment\n				Multicystic Dysplastic Kidneys\n					Pathophysiology\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n					Treatment\n		Collecting System\n			Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Megaureter\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Congenital Megacalyces\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Infundibulopelvic Dysgenesis\n			Bifid Renal Pelvis\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Ureteral Duplication\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Pyelocalyceal Diverticulum\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Ectopic Ureter\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Ureterocele\n				Pathophysiology\n				Imaging\n			Retrocaval Ureter\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Ureteral Diverticulum\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Ureteral Pseudodiverticulosis\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Medullary Sponge Kidney (Benign Renal Tubular Ectasia)\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n		Bladder\n			Bladder Agenesis\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Bladder Duplication\n			Congenital Urachal Anomalies\n				Pathophysiology\n				Patent Urachus\n				Urachal Cyst\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n				Umbilical-Urachal Sinus\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n				Vesicourachal Diverticulum\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n				Bladder Diverticulum\n					Pathophysiology\n					Clinical Presentation\n					Imaging\n					Treatment\n			Prune Belly Syndrome\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n		Urethra\n			Posterior Urethral Valves\n				Pathophysiology\n				Imaging\n				Treatment\n			Anterior Urethral Valves\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Urethral Duplication (Accessory Urethra)\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Urethral Diverticula\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Megalourethra\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Urethral Fistula\n				Imaging\n			Congenital Urethral Stricture\n				Imaging\n		Vascular Anomalies\n			Retroaortic/Circumaortic Left Renal Vein\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Multiple Renal Arteries\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n			Thoracic Origin of the Renal Artery\n				Pathophysiology\n				Clinical Presentation\n				Imaging\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of Adrenal Glands\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		CT\n			CT Morphology\n				CT Size Criteria\n				CT Densitometry\n				Relative Percent Wash Out (RPW) and Absolute Percent Wash Out (APW)\n			Histogram Analysis\n		MRI\n			Chemical-Shift Imaging\n		Ultrasonography\n		PET and PET/CT\n	IMAGE-GUIDED ADRENAL BIOPSY AND INTERVENTION\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nEnlarged Adrenal Glands\n	DIFFUSE ENLARGEMENT\n		Adrenal Hyperplasia\n		Lymphoma\n		Granulomatous Disease\n		Metastasis\n	FOCAL NODULE OR MASS\n	MULTIPLE NODULES IN THE GLAND\n		Benign Multinodular Hyperplasia\n		Collision Tumors\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAdrenal Masses\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	IMAGING\n		Adrenal Adenoma\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n		Adrenal Myelolipoma\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Pheochromocytoma\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT\n		Adrenal Metastasis\n			CT\n			MRI\n			PET/CT\n		Adrenocortical Carcinoma\n			CT\n			MRI\n		Other Masses\n			Neuroblastoma\n			Ganglioneuroma\n			Adrenal Cysts\n			Hematoma\n		Pitfalls\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Prostate\n			Transrectal Ultrasonography\n				TRUS-Guided Biopsy\n				Complications\n			MRI\n				Technique\n			CT\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n		Seminal Vesicles\n			Seminal Vasography\n			Ultrasonography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			PET/CT\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Prostate\n		Seminal Vesicles\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Prostate\n			Ectopic Prostate\n			Congenital Agenesis of the Prostate\n			Congenital Hypoplasia of the Prostate\n			Prostate Cysts\n			Müllerian Duct Cyst of the Prostate\n			Prostatic Utricle Cyst\n		Seminal Vesicles\n			Seminal Vesicle Agenesis or Hypoplasia\n			Seminal Vesicle Ectopia\n			Seminal Vesicle Cysts\n	Suggested Reading\n	References\nBenign Prostatic Hypertrophy\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		Excretory Urography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n			Transabdominal Ultrasonography\n			Transrectal Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithms\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n		Radiologic Interventions\n	Suggested Reading\n	References\nBenign Focal Prostate Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	TREATMENT\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Acute Bacterial Prostatitis—NIH Category I\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Prostatic Abscess\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Nuclear Medicine\n				PET/CT\n			Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Chronic Nonbacterial Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography, CT, and MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Granulomatous Prostatitis\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Prostate Cysts\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathophysiology\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n			Treatment\n		Prostate Calcification\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	References\nMalignant Focal Prostate Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n			Prostate Specific Antigen\n			Staging\n			Other Factors\n			Prostate Cancer Screening\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n			CT SPECT\n		MRI\n			Pelvic Phased-Array Coil\n			Endorectal Pelvic Phased-Array Coil\n			Neurovascular Bundle Involvement\n			MR Spectroscopy\n			Contrast-Enhanced MRI\n			Diffusion MRI and ADC Mapping\n			Imaging at 3.0 T\n			Diagnostic Difficulties\n				Benign Prostate Hypertrophy\n				Multifocal Prostatitis\n				Hemorrhagic Nodules post TRUS Biopsy\n				MR Lymphography\n				Post-treatment MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n			Ultrasound Features of Prostate Cancer (Gray-Scale Ultrasonography)\n			TRUS-Guided Biopsy\n			Color and Power Doppler Imaging\n			Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography\n			Contrast-Enhanced Doppler Imaging\n			Contrast-Enhanced Harmonic Gray-Scale Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithms\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nSeminal Vesicle Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Seminal Vesicle Cyst\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Seminal Vesicle Obstruction\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Seminal Vesiculitis/Abscess\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Malignant Tumors of the Seminal Vesicles\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Benign Tumors of the Seminal Vesicles\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Seminal Vesicle Calcification\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Seminal Vesicle Amyloid\n			Etiology\n			Prevalence and Epidemiology\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Pathology\n			Imaging\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				Imaging Algorithm\n			Differential Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n	References\nImaging of the Penis\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Ultrasonography\n			Ultrasound Evaluation of the Urethra (Sonourethrography)\n		MRI\n			Cavernosometry and Cavernosography\n		Urethrography\n	PROS AND CONS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Blood Supply\n		Venous Drainage\n		Nerve Supply\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC LESIONS AND OTHER INDICATIONS\n		Congenital Anomalies\n		Penile Arterial Variants\n		Penile Malignancies\n		Benign Penile Masses\n		Inflammation and Infections\n		Trauma\n		Vasculogenic Impotence\n		Postoperative Penis\n		Penile Prostheses\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nErectile Dysfunction\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		MRI and CT\n		Ultrasonography\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPenile Trauma and Miscellaneous Penile Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n		Penile Trauma\n		Penile Malignancy\n		Benign Palpable Masses\n		Peyronie’s Disease\n		Erectile Dysfunction\n		Priapism\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOLOGY\n		Trauma\n		Vascular Injuries\n		Malignancy\n		Peyronie’s Disease\n		Priapism\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		PET/CT\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of the Scrotum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Ultrasonography\n		MRI\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	DIAGNOSIS\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nBenign Testicular Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	IMAGING\n		Testicular Torsion, Testicular Infarction, and Torsion of the Testicular Appendage\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Epididymitis, Epididymo-orchitis, and Testicular Abscess\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Testicular Trauma\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Hydrocele, Hematocele, and Pyocele\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Varicocele\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n		Benign Cystic Scrotal Lesions\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Testicular Calcification and Scrotal Calcification (“Scrotal Pearls”)\n			Ultrasonography\n		Miscellaneous Lesions: Sperm Granuloma, Adrenal Rests, Inguinal Hernia\n			Ultrasonography\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nMalignant Testicular Lesions\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n			Lymphotropic Nanoparticle Enhanced MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of the Urethra\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n		Retrograde Urethrography\n		Micturating Cystourethrography\n		Sonourethrography\n		Ultrasonography\n		CT Voiding Urethrography and CT Virtual Urethroscopy\n		MRI and MR Urethrography\n			Male Urethra\n	PROS AND CONS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of Disorders of the Female Urethra\n	URETHRAL DIVERTICULUM\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Complications\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI and Ultrasonography\n		Treatment\n	URETHRITIS\n		Clinical Presentation\n			Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	FEMALE URETHRAL STRICTURE\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Diagnosis\n	PARAURETHRAL CYSTS\n		Skene’s Gland Cyst/Abscess\n		Gartner’s (Mesonephric) Duct Cyst\n		Müllerian Remnant Cyst\n		Vaginal Wall Inclusion Cysts\n	URETHROVAGINAL/URETHROPERINEAL FISTULAS\n		Clinical Presentation\n	URETHRAL NEOPLASMS\n		Epidemiology and Clinical Manifestations\n		Imaging\n		Treatment and Prognosis\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nImaging of Disorders of the Male Urethra\n	TRAUMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Treatment\n			Complete Posterior Urethral Disruption\n				Immediate Surgical Repair\n				Deferred Treatment\n				Primary Realignment\n			Complete Anterior Urethral Disruption\n			Partial Anterior and/or Posterior Urethral Disruption\n	MALE URETHRAL NEOPLASMS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT and MRI\n		Treatment and Prognosis\n	INFLAMMATORY AND INFECTIOUS CONDITIONS OF THE MALE URETHRA\n		Urethral Condylomata Acuminata (Urethral Warts)\n			Clinical Presentation\n			Imaging and Treatment\n		Chronic Urethral Stricture\n			Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAnatomy of Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n		Definitions\n		Description of Specific Areas\n			Peritoneal Ligaments\n				Triangular Ligaments\n				Falciform Ligament\n				Gastrohepatic and Duodenohepatic Ligaments\n				Gastrosplenic Ligament\n				Greater Omentum\n				Splenorenal Ligament\n				Transverse Mesocolon\n				Small Bowel Mesentery\n			Peritoneal Spaces\n				Left Supracolic Spaces\n				Right Supracolic Spaces\n				Lesser Sac\n				Right and Left Inframesocolic Spaces\n				Paracolic Spaces (Gutters)\n				Pelvic Spaces\n			Retroperitoneal Spaces\n				Retromesenteric and Retrorenal Planes\n				Subperitoneal Space\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n		Subperitoneal Spread\n		Interfascial Spread\n	Suggested Readings\nPeritoneal Fluid Collections\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	SPECIFIC TYPES\n		Chylous Ascites\n		Hemorrhagic Ascites\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		Ultrasonography\n		CT\n		MRI\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Mesenteric Trauma\n		Abdominal Compartment Syndrome\n	ANALYSIS OF ASCITIC FLUID\n	TREATMENT\n		Paracentesis\n		Other Treatment Options\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nPeritonitis and Peritoneal Abscess\n	ETIOLOGY, PREVALENCE, AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis\n			Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Secondary Bacterial Peritonitis\n			Imaging\n				CT\n		Tuberculous Peritonitis\n			Diagnosis\n		Fungal Peritonitis\n		Sclerosing Encapsulating Peritonitis\n			Diagnosis\n			Treatment\n		Peritoneal Abscess\n			Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNon-neoplastic Conditions of the Peritoneum\n	PERITONEAL FAT-BASED DISEASES\n		Mesenteric Panniculitis\n		Epiploic Appendagitis, Segmental Omental Infarction, and Omental Torsion\n	PERITONEAL INVOLVEMENT IN CHRONIC MULTIPLE-ORGAN DISEASE\n		Amyloidosis\n		Whipple’s Disease\n		Systemic Mastocytosis\n		Sarcoidosis\n		Extramedullary Hematopoiesis\n		Eosinophilic Gastroenteritis\n		Castleman Disease\n	FIBROSIS-ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS\n		Mesenteric Fibromatosis (Abdominal Desmoid)\n		Inflammatory Pseudotumor\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNeoplastic Conditions of the Mesentery and Omentum\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Nuclear Medicine\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNormal Anatomy of the Abdominal Wall\n	TECHNICAL ASPECTS\n	CONTROVERSIES\n	NORMAL ANATOMY\n	DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC AREAS\n		Anterior and Anterolateral Muscular Groups\n		Posterior Muscular Group (Lumbar Region)\n		The Inguinal Canal\n		The Femoral Triangle\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNon-neoplastic Conditions of the Abdominal Wall\n	ABDOMINAL WALL INFLAMMATION, INFECTION, AND FLUID COLLECTIONS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	TRAUMATIC ABNORMALITIES, INCLUDING ABDOMINAL WALL HEMATOMA\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	ENDOMETRIOMAS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	VARICES\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n	PSEUDOANEURYSMS\n		Etiology\n		Prevalence and Epidemiology\n		Clinical Presentation\n		Pathophysiology\n		Pathology\n		Imaging\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n			Nuclear Medicine\n			Imaging Algorithm\n		Differential Diagnosis\n		Treatment\n			Medical Treatment\n			Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nNeoplastic Conditions of the Abdominal Wall\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	PATHOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		PET/CT\n		Imaging Algorithm\n		Imaging of Specific Lesions\n			Benign Abdominal Wall Tumors\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Desmoid Tumors and Deep Fibromatosis\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Soft Tissue Sarcomas\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n			Abdominal Wall Metastases\n				Radiography\n				CT\n				MRI\n				Ultrasonography\n				PET/CT\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n		Medical Treatment\n		Surgical Treatment\n	Suggested Readings\n	References\nAbdominal Wall Hernias\n	ETIOLOGY\n	PREVALENCE AND EPIDEMIOLOGY\n	CLINICAL PRESENTATION\n	PATHOPHYSIOLOGY\n	IMAGING\n		Radiography\n		CT\n		MRI\n		Ultrasonography\n		Imaging Algorithm\n	IMAGING OF SPECIFIC LESIONS\n		Inguinal Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Femoral Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Ventral Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Lumbar Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Incisional and Other Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Pelvic Hernias\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Complications of Abdominal Wall Hernias\n			Bowel Obstruction\n			Incarceration\n			Strangulation\n			Trauma\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n		Wall Hernia Repairs\n			Radiography\n			CT\n			MRI\n			Ultrasonography\n	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS\n	TREATMENT\n	Suggested Readings\n	References