A Textbook of Community Nursing

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of contributors
Foreword
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	References
Chapter 1: Nursing in the community
	Introduction
	Capturing the ‘essence’ of community nursing
	Community health and social care across the UK: Policy, systems and processes
		England
		Wales
		Scotland
		Northern Ireland
	Factors influencing the delivery of community healthcare services
	Community nursing: Developing the required expertise to meet the needs of people, families and communities
		England
		Wales
		Scotland
		Northern Ireland
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 2: Using research to inform evidence-based care
	Introduction
	An overview of the political, professional and policy drivers influencing community nursing research
	Community nursing roles in supporting, delivering and leading research in different care settings
	Identifying types of research to be conducted in the community setting
	Conducting, reporting and disseminating research
	Disseminating your work
	Ensuring principles of equality, diversity and inclusion are central to the research process
	The importance of embedding patient and public involvement throughout the research process
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 3: Public health and the promotion of wellbeing
	Introduction
	Health inequalities strategy and policy
		England
		Scotland
		Wales
		Northern Ireland
	Health, wellbeing and influencing factors
		Health
		Wellbeing
		Social determinants of health
		Public health
	Health promotion and the role of the nurse
		Community development
		Collaborative working
		Use of technology
		Social prescribing
	Assessing population need
	Strategies and approaches to promote health and wellbeing
	Health promotion
		Approaches to health promotion
		Assets approach
		Strengths-based approach
	Health promotion in the workplace
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 4: Professional approaches to care
	Introduction
	Professional standards, regulatory requirements, ethics and policies underpinning community nursing
	Decision-making approaches to manage complexity and risk in the community
	Professionalism and accountability in integrated working environments and diverse cultures
		Intersectionality
		Purnell’s model for cultural competence (2021)
	Lifelong learning and professional development in a continuously changing community landscape
	The community nurse’s influence in supporting learning and development in the community
	Recruitment and retention
	Conclusion
	Further reading
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 5: Risk identification, mitigation and management
	Introduction
	The principles of risk management and professional and strategic standards of practice
	Principles of risk management
	The risks to personal safety in community nursing roles
	The importance of preparation needed prior to visiting people in their place of residence
	Minimise risks to personal safety for community nurses in a range of community settings
		Environment
		Hoarding
	Risk assessment and the implications of identified risks for staff and people using community services
		Prevention
	Falls
	Identifying patients at risk of readmission and admission
	Hospital admissions due to patient safety issues
	Human factors
	Raising concerns about patient safety
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 6: Safeguarding
	Overview: Context of community nursing
	Legislation: Safeguarding versus protection
	Children and young people
	Adults
	Consent
	Capacity, consent and safeguarding
	Transitional and contextual safeguarding
	What moves vulnerability to risk
	Roles and responsibilities in safeguarding
	Recognition
	Factors that contribute to decision-making
		Developing professional curiosity
		Communication skills
		Barriers to professional curiosity
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Therapeutic relationships across the lifespan
	Introduction
	Understanding therapeutic relationships
		Connecting with self and others
		Recognising your own past experiences, bias and contexts to manage practice
	Making connections with people, families and communities
	Developing therapeutic relationships
		The dimensions of an interpersonal connection with others
		Key features of therapeutic relationships
			Trust
			Empathy
			Compassion
			Continuity
			Self-disclosure in a professional and appropriate manner
		Relationship between interpersonal connections and therapeutic relationships
	Influential factors when nurturing and maintaining therapeutic relationships
		Therapeutic relationships through non-verbal and other mediums including play, the senses and the arts, including digital platforms
		Balancing professionalism in a therapeutic relationship
		People as partners
	Exploring the concept of self-wellbeing and how this might influence your experiences
		Influential factors within community settings
			Location for providing care and its influence on therapeutic relationships
			Uniforms and their influence on therapeutic relationships
			Navigating challenges in therapeutic relationships: Having courageous conversations
	Concluding therapeutic relationships
		Withdrawal after therapeutic relationships have come to an end
		Promoting mental health and wellbeing when therapeutic relationships end
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 8: The lifespan approach
	Introduction
	Human growth and development
	The lifespan approach to healthcare
	Introduction to biopsychosocial approaches to healthcare
	Biomedical approaches to healthcare
	Psychosocial approaches to healthcare
	Health: Definitions, beliefs and attitudes
	Childhood
	Adolescence
	Adulthood
	Middle age
	Older age
	Conclusion
	Recommended reading
	References
Chapter 9: Community nursing assessment
	Introduction
	Exploring the meaning of assessment
	Defining assessment
	Analysing conceptual aspects of assessment
	Person- and family-centred assessment
		Person-centred care
		Family-centred care
	Exploring the concept of need
	The role of communication within assessment
	Preparing to undertake an assessment
	Consultation models
	Undertaking an assessment
	Assessment frameworks
	Planning, implementing and evaluating care based on your assessment
	Applying decision-making to assessment
	Context of decision-making
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: The role of the community nurse in mental health
	Introduction
		The relationship between physical and mental health
		Mental health assessment and the role of the community nurse
	Mental health conditions across the lifespan
		Mental health interventions
		Collaborative working
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Informal carers: the unpaid workforce
	Introduction
	Who is a ‘carer’?
	United Kingdom carer demography
	United Kingdom (England, Northern Ireland, Scotland, Wales) health and social care carer policy
	Young carers
	Adult carers
	The emotional impact of caring
	The physical impact of caring
	The financial impact of caring
	The practical support needs of carers
	The future of caring in the United Kingdom
	Conclusion
	Further Resources
	References
Chapter 12: Spirituality: its place in a holistic approach to care
	Introduction
	Spirituality
	Defining spirituality
		Spirituality and community nursing
	Listening
	Supporting self-reflection (listening to yourself)
	Spiritual assessment and intervention
	Preparing to give spiritual care
	Self-awareness
	Nursing competence and spiritual care
	Conclusion
	Further Resources
	References
Chapter 13: Collaborative working
	Introduction
	Definitions of ‘collaborative working’
	Collaborative working frameworks
	Political drivers influencing collaborative working
		England
		Northern Ireland
		Scotland
		Wales
		Similarities across the four nations
	Knowledge, skills, attitudes and behaviours required for successful collaboration
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	Bibliography
Chapter 14: Approaches to acute care
	Introduction
	Acute illness and acute care
	Skills and tools to support the assessment of acute episodes of care in the community setting
	Communication strategies
	Adapting care provision for acute presentations whilst ensuring person-centred care is delivered
		Management of sepsis in the community
	The deteriorating patient
		Airway
		Breathing
		Circulation
		Circulation (C)
		Disability
		Disability (D)
		Exposure
	Preventing hospital admission and supporting discharge planning
		Exacerbation of a long-term condition
		Anticipatory care
		DNACPR
	Applying pharmacological knowledge to support the management of acute conditions in the community
	PGDs
	Conclusion
	Further Resources
	References
Chapter 15: Emerging issues in long-term conditions
	Introduction
	Policy drivers and government strategy in long-term condition management
		Northern Ireland
		Scotland
		Wales
		England
	The complex nature of multiple and co-morbidities across the life span
		Ageing population
		Social isolation and loneliness
		Health inequalities
			Ethnic minorities
		LGBTQ
		Case management strategies
		Person-centred approach
		Models and frameworks
		The illness trajectory model
		The shifting perspective model
		Frameworks for practice
		The chronic care model
		House of care
	Self-care approaches, health promotion and behaviour change
		Helping people to change behaviour
		Social change
	Supporting children and young people with LTCs
		Transition to adult services
	The role of the community and primary care nurse
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 16: Providing quality end-of-life care
	Introduction
	End-of-life care policy across the UK
		Assessment of individuals and those important to them
			Acknowledge
			Communicate
			Thinking ahead
		Holistic needs assessment
			Compassionate leadership within end-of-life care
			Collaborative working and teamwork
			Quality improvement
			Equality, diversity and inclusion – considerations in end-of-life care
			Impact on grief, loss and bereavement
			Spiritual and religious considerations
			Equality, diversity and inclusion
	Further Resources
	References
Chapter 17: Organisation and management of care
	Introduction
	The community nursing setting: key features, care organisation and priorities
		Locus of control
		Care decisions, delivery and priorities
		Risks
		Resources
		Other: Public health and wider services
	Prioritisation, delegation and skill mix
	Skill mix, roles and responsibilities
	Caseload, workload and workforce management
	The role of community nurses influencing service provision
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Leading person-centred practice
	Introduction
	Person-centred practice
	Contemporary leadership models that promote person-centred care
	Exploring self as a developing leader in community practice
	Promoting healthful workplace cultures as an intention of leadership
	Applying participatory methodologies to develop practice within community contexts
	Utilising frameworks to develop self and colleagues within community teams
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Digital healthcare
	Introduction
	Digital healthcare and the associated terminology
		Digital healthcare
		Digital transformation
		Health and nursing informatics
		Electronic Health Record
	Remote monitoring and virtual wards
		Artificial Intelligence
		Mobile health and technology
		Technology-enabled care
	Application of digital health in community nursing
	Professional and ethical issues in the use of digital technology
		Access to information
		eRostering and workforce planning
		Equity and access to services
		Social media
	Educating the future digital transformational community nurse
	Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Chapter 20: Facing the Future
	Introduction
	The policy context – connections between research, policy and practice
	Complexity of community nursing
		Developing skills, knowledge and attributes for the future
		Sustainability in community nursing
		Conclusion
	Further resources
	References
Index