A Short History of Christianity Beyond the West: Asia, Africa, and Latin America 1450-2000

Front Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title page
Copyrights Informations
Contents
Preface
Figures and Maps
	Figures
	Maps
Technical Notes for Use
	1 Running References to the Parallel Documentary Sourcebook
	2 Illustrations and Maps
	3 Digital Appendix with Photos
	4 Bibliography in Two Parts
	5 Footnotes/ Endnotes
In Place of an Introduction: “Christians and Spices” – or: the Multiplicity of Regional Centers in the History of World Christianity
Part 1: 1450–1600
1 The Christian World around 1500
	1.1 Christian Europe around 1500
	1.2 The Islamic World
	1.3 Knowledge of Non-European Cultures, Perceptions of Europe from Outside
	1.4 Christians and Churches in Africa and Asia
	Notes to Chapter 1
	Further Reading for Chapter 1
		1.1–3 (Global Situation of Christianity around 1500)
		1.4 (Oriental Churches before 1500)
2 The Iberian Expansion of 15th/16th Centuries
	2.1 The Portuguese on Their Way around Africa (1415ff)
	2.2 Spain, Columbus and the “Discovery” of the “New World” (1492)
	2.3 Divided Spheres of Interest (‘Inter Cetera’ 1493, Tordesillas 1494)
	2.4 Encounters: Vasco da Gama and the Indian St. Thomas Christians (1498ff)
	Notes to Chapter 2
	Further Reading for Chapter 2
		2.1 (The Portuguese on their Way around Africa, 1415 ff)
		2.2 (Spain, Columbus and the “Discovery” of the “New World” [1492])
		2.3 (Divided Spheres of Interest [‘Inter Cetera’ 1493, Tordesillas 1494])
		2.4 (Encounters: Vasco da Gama and the Indian St. Thomas Christians, 1498 ff)
3 Iberoamerica I: Colonization and Christianization
	3.1 American-Indian Cultures on the Eve of the Iberian Invasion
	3.2 Stages of the Conquest
	3.3 Legal Titles: Patronage and ‘Requerimiento’
	3.4 Mission Personnel, Duality of Mission and Colonial Church
	Notes to Chapter 3
	Further Reading for Chapter 3
		3.1 (American-Indian Cultures on the Eve of the Iberian Invasion)
		3.2 (Stations of the Conquest)
		3.3 (Legal Titles: Patronage and ‘Requerimiento’)
		3.4 (Mission Personnel, Duality of Mission and Colonial Church)
4 Iberoamerica II: Debates and Controversies
	4.1 Religious Debates: Franciscans and Aztecs in Mexico 1524
	4.2 Controversies over Ethics of Colonialism: Antonio de Montesinos, Bartolomé de las Casas
	4.3 Experiments on the Formation of an American-Indigenous Church
	4.4 Beginnings of Black Slavery in America
	Notes to Chapter 4
	Further Reading for Chapter 4
		4.1 (Religious Debates: Franciscans and Aztecs in Mexico 1524)
		4.2 (Controversies over Ethics of Colonialism: Antonio de Montesinos, Bartolomé de las Casas)
		4.3 (Experiments in the Formation of an American-Indigenous Church)
		4.4 (Beginnings of Black Slavery in America)
5 Mission under the Padroado: Encounters and Conflicts in Africa and Asia
	5.1 Ethiopia: Portuguese as Guests and Allies in the Christian Empire
	5.2 Beginnings of Catholic Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa
	5.3 Goa as an Ecclesiastical and Political Center
	5.4 Francis Xavier: India, Malacca, Moluccas, Japan, Plans for China (1542–1552)
	Notes to Chapter 5
	Further Reading for Chapter 5
		5.1 (Ethiopia: Portuguese as Guests and Allies in the Christian Empire)
		5.2 (Beginnings of Catholic Presence in Sub-Saharan Africa)
		5.3 (Goa as Ecclesiastical and Political Center)
		5.4 (Francis Xavier: India, Malacca, Moluccas, Japan, Plans for China [1542–1552])
6 Forms of Indigenous Christianity
	6.1 Asia: the South Indian Paravars and the Martyrs of Mannar (Sri Lanka)
	6.2 Africa: the Christian Kongo Kingdom in its Transatlantic Connections
	6.3 Iberoamerica: Voices of American-Indian and Mestizo Christians
	Notes to Chapter 6
	Further Reading for Chapter 6
		6.1 (Asia: The South Indian Paravars and the Martyrs of Mannar [Sri Lanka])
		6.2 (Africa: The Christian Kongo Kingdom in its Transatlantic Connections)
		6.3 (Iberoamerica: Voices of American-Indian and Mestizo Christians)
7 Reception of the Council of Trent Overseas and the End of Local Experiments
	7.1 State of Expansion at the End of the 16th Century
	7.2 Trent and its Impact on Spanish America
	7.3 India: the Synod of Diamper 1599 and the Forced Union of the St. Thomas Christians
	7.4 Ethiopia: Expulsion of the Jesuits under Emperor Fasilidas (since 1632/33)
	Notes to Chapter 7
	Further Reading for Chapter 7
		7.2 (Trent and Its Impact on Spanish America)
		7.3 (India: The Synod of Diamper 1599 and the Forced Union of St. Thomas Christians)
		7.4 (Ethiopia: Expulsion of the Jesuits under Emperor Fasilidas [since 1632/33])
Illustrations for Part 1
Part 2: 17th/18th Centuries
8 Changing Framework
	8.1 Aspects of European Expansion
	8.2 Stages in Mission History
	8.3 Enlightenment and Other Debates
	8.4 Regional Centers, Transcontinental Entanglements
	Further Reading for Chapter 8
		8.1–3 (Steps of European Expansion, Stages in Mission History, Enlightenment and Other Debates)
		8.4 (Regional Centers, Transcontinental Entanglements)
9 Latin America
	9.1 The Church in the Colonial City
	9.2 Native American and Mestizo Voices
	9.3 Jesuit Reductions (1609–1768)
	9.4 On the Eve of Independence
	Notes to Chapter 9
	Further Reading for Chapter 9
		9.1 (The Church in the Colonial City)
		9.2 (Native American and Mestizo Voices)
		9.3 (Jesuit Reductions [1609–1768])
		9.4 (On the Eve of Independence)
10 Africa
	10.1 Ethiopia: Period of Self-Imposed Isolation
	10.2 Regional Developments
	10.3 Protestant Beginnings
	10.4 Transatlantic Slave Trade, Vision of a Return to Africa
	Notes to Chapter 10
	Further Reading for Chapter 10
		10.1 (Ethiopia: Period of Self-Imposed Isolation)
		10.2 (Regional Developments)
		10.3 (Protestant Beginnings)
		10.4 (Transatlantic Slave Trade, Vision of a Return to Africa)
11 Asia
	11.1 Japan: the End of the “Christian Century”
	11.2 China: Accommodation Strategies and Rite Controversy
	11.3 Sri Lanka and the Philippines: Resistance in a Colonial Context
	11.4 Korea: Self-Founded Martyrs’ Church (1784ff)
	11.5 Tranquebar 1706 and the Beginnings of Protestant Mission in Asia
	Notes to Chapter 11
	Further Reading for Chapter 11
		11.1 (Japan: The End of the “Christian Century”)
		11.2 (China: Accommodation Strategies and Rite Controversy)
		11.3 (Sri Lanka and the Philippines: Resistance in a Colonial Context)
		11.4 (Korea: Self-Founded Martyrs’ Church [1784ff])
		11.5 (Tranquebar 1706 and the Beginnings of Protestant Missionary Work in Asia)
Illustrations for Part 2
Part 3: 1800–1890
12 The End of the First Colonial Age and the Beginning of the “Protestant Century”
	12.1 Collapse of the Old Colonial Systems (Ibero-America, Africa, Asia)
	12.2 Hitting Rock Bottom of the Catholic Missions (Asia, Africa, America)
	12.3 Developments in the Protestant World
	12.4 Transcontinental Migration Flows, Beginnings of African-American Missions
	Further Reading for Chapter 12
		12.1 (Collapse of the Old Colonial Systems)
		12.2 (Hitting Rock Bottom of Catholic Missions)
		12.3 (Developments in the Protestant World)
		12.4 (Transcontinental Migration, Beginnings of African-American Missions)
13 Asia
	13.1 South Asia: Missions as a Factor of Modernization
		13.1.1 New Beginning in Serampore (1800ff)
		13.1.2 Further Developments (1813ff)
		13.1.3 Mission as a Factor of Modernization
		13.1.4 Reception Outside the Mission Churches, Indigenous Interpretations of Christianity
	13.2 Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea): Opium Trade and Bible Smuggling
		13.2.1 China
		13.2.2 Japan
		13.2.3 Korea
	13.3 Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia
	13.4 Indigenous Versions of Christianity
		13.4.1 Japan’s “Hidden Christians” (Sempuku Kirishitan/ Kakure Kirishitan)
		13.4.2 China: the Taiping Movement
	Notes to Chapter 13
	Further Reading for Chapter 13
		13.1 (South Asia: Missions as a Factor of Modernization)
		13.2 (Northeast Asia: China, Japan, Korea)
		13.3 (Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia)
		13.4 (Indigenous Versions of Christianity)
14 Africa
	14.1 West Africa: Slave Emancipation and Transatlantic Resettlement Projects
	14.2 South Africa: Black Christians and White Settlers
	14.3 East and Central Africa: David Livingstone and Other European “Discoverers”
	14.4 African Christian Rulers: Madagascar, Uganda, Ethiopia
	14.5 S. A. J. Crowther, First Black African Bishop, and Controversies about the “Three Selves”
	Notes to Chapter 14
	Further Reading for Chapter 14
		14.1 (West Africa: Slave Emancipation and Transatlantic Resettlement Projects)
		14.2 (South Africa: Black Christians and White Settlers)
		14.3 (East and Central Africa: David Livingstone and Other European “Discoverers”)
		14.4 (African Christian Rulers: Madagascar, Uganda, Ethiopia)
		14.5 (S.A.J. Crowther, First Black African Bishop)
15 Latin America
	15.1 Independence Struggle and the Church (1804–1830)
	15.2 The Catholic Church and the New States (1830–1890)
	15.3 Romanization of Latin American Catholicism
	15.4 Forms of Protestant Presence in Latin America
	Notes to Chapter 15
	Further Reading for Chapter 15
		15.1 (Independence Struggle and the Church [1804–1830])
		15.2 (The Catholic Church and the New States [1830–1890])
		15.3 (Romanization of Latin American Catholicism)
		15.4 (Forms of Protestant Presence in Latin America)
Illustrations for Part 3
Part 4: 1890–1945
16 Churches and Missions in the Age of High Imperialism
	16.1 Growing Colonial Rivalries
	16.2 New Missionary Actors
	16.3 Indigenous Counter-Movements
	16.4 Multiplicity of Transregional and Transcontinental Networks
	16.5 The First World War as a Caesura and the End of the ‘Christianity-Civilization’ Model
	Notes to Chapter 16
	Further Reading for Chapter 16
		16.1 (Growing Colonial Rivalries)
		16.2 (New Missionary Actors)
		16.3 + 4 (Indigenous Counter Movements, Multiplicity of Transregional and Transcontinental Networks)
		16.5 (The First World War as a Caesura and Moral Catastrophe)
17 Asia
	17.1 Religious Nationalisms and Indigenization Experiments
	17.2 Ecumenism as a Protest Movement, National Church Aspirations
	17.3 Developments in Catholic Asia
	17.4 Between World War I and World War II
	Footnote to Chapter 17
	Further Reading for Chapter 17
		17.1 (Religious Nationalisms and Indigenization Experiments)
		17.2 (Ecumenism as a Protest Movement, National Church Movements)
		17.3 (Developments in Catholic Asia)
		17.4 (Between World War I and World War II)
18 Africa
	18.1 The Christian Missions and the “Scramble for Africa”
	18.2 The Emergence of African Independent Churches
	18.3 Themes of the Twenties and Thirties
	18.4 Christian Elites and the Political Independence Movements
	Notes to Chapter 18
	Further Reading for Chapter 18
		18.1 (Christian Missions and the “Scramble for Africa”)
		18.2 (The Emergence of African Independent Churches)
		18.3 (Themes of the Twenties and Thirties)
		18.4 (Christian Elites and National Independence Movements)
19 Latin America
	19.1 The Situation around 1900
	19.2 Regional Profiles: Brazil, Mexico, Cuba
	19.3 World Economic Crisis and Social Question
	19.4 Denominational Pluralization, New Religions
	Footnote to Chapter 19
	Further Reading for Chapter 19
		19.1 (The Situation around 1900)
		19.2 (Regional Profiles: Brazil, Mexico, Cuba)
		19.3 (World Economic Crisis and Social Question)
		19.4 (Denominational Pluralization, New Religions)
Illustrations for Part 4
Part 5: 1945–1990
20 Postcolonial Order and Ecclesial Emancipation Movements
	20.1 End of the Second World War, Waves of Decolonization
	20.2 New Alliances, Movement of “Third World”-Countries
	20.3 Forms of Ecclesiastical and Theological Emancipation
	20.4 Growing Importance of the Southern Churches in the Global Ecumenical Movement
	20.5 New Actors and Movements
	Notes to Chapter 20
	Further Reading for Chapter 20
		20.1 (End of World War II, Waves of Decolonization)
		20.2+3 (New Alliances, Cooperation of “Third World”-Countries, Forms of Ecclesial and Theological Emancipation)
		20.4 (Growing Importance of Southern Churches in Global Ecumenism)
		20.5 (New Actors and Movements)
21 Asia: the 1950s
	21.1 Christians as a Minority in the Process of Nation Building
	21.2 Loss of Status and Persecutions under Communist Rule
	21.3 Search for Christian Identity in the “New Asia”
	21.4 Approaches to New Theological Orientation
	Notes to Chapter 21
	Further Reading for Chapter 21
		21.1 (Christians as a Minority in the Process of Nation Building)
		21.2 (Loss of Status and Persecutions under Communist Rule)
		21.3 (Search for Christian Identity in the “New Asia”)
		21.4 (Approaches to New Theological Orientations)
22 Africa in the 1960s
	22.1 Church and State in New Africa
	22.2 ‘Historical’ and Independent Churches
	22.3 Approaches to African Theology, Interreligious Initiatives
	22.4 South Africa: Christians and Churches in the Apartheid State
	Notes to Chapter 22
	Further Reading for Chapter 22
		22.1 + 2 (Church and State in New Africa/ Historical and Independent Churches)
		22.3 (Approaches to African Theology, Interreligious Initiatives)
		22.4 (South Africa: Christians and Churches in the Apartheid State)
23 Latin America: the 1970s
	23.1 Between Social Revolution and State Repression
	23.2 The Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and the Bishops’ Conference of Medellín (1968)
	23.3 Liberation Theologies: Characteristics, Controversies, Developments
	23.4 Protestant and (Neo)Pentecostal Groups, Revitalization of African American Religions
	Notes to Chapter 23
	Further Reading for Chapter 23
		23.1–3 (Between Social Revolution and State Repression/ Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) and Medellín (1968) / Liberation Theologies)
		23.4 (Protestant and [Neo-]Pentecostal Groups, Revitalization of African-American Religions)
24 “Shift of Centers”: Developments in the 1980s
	24.1 From a North to a South Majority
	24.2 “Return of the Religions”, Religious Fundamentalisms
	24.3 “Reverse Missions”, Impacts on the West
	24.4 Regional Developments and Profiles
	Notes to Chapter 24
	Further Reading for Chapter 24
		24.1 (From a North to a South Majority)
		24.2 (“Return of Religions”, Religious Fundamentalisms)
		24.3 (Reverse Missions, Impacts on the West)
		24.4 (Regional Developments and Profiles)
Illustrations for Part 5
Part 6: On the Threshold of the 21st Century
25 1989/90 as an Epoch Year in the History of World Christianity
	25.1 End of the Cold War, Collapse of Apartheid, Crisis of Liberation Theologies
	25.2 Internet, Digital Globalization, Liberalized Travel
	25.3 Changing Geographies of Religion, Transcontinental Churches, New Dynamics of Polycentrism
	25.4 “The Next Christendom” – Discussions and Expectations around the Turn of the Millennium
	Notes to Chapter 25
	Further Reading for Chapter 25
		25.1 (End of the Cold War, Collapse of Apartheid, Crisis of Liberation Theologies)
		25.2 (Internet, Digital Globalization, Liberalized Travel)
		25.3 (Changing Geographies of Religion, Transcontinental churches, New Dynamics of Polycentrism)
		25.4 (“The Next Christendom” – Discussions and Contrary Expectations around the Turn of the Millennium)
Outlook, Perspectives
Maps
Bibliography
	Bibliography I: Standard Works, General Surveys
		Asia
		Africa
		Latin America, Carribean
		Oceania
		Middle East, Ancient Oriental Churches
		Transcontinental Links and Entanglements
		World Christianity in 20th /21st Centuries
		Mission History
		European Expansion, Colonialism, Decolonization
		Standard Books, General Surveys
		Selection of Sources
	Bibliography II: Complete List of References
Illustration Credits
	1 Figures
	2 Maps
Survey of the Digital Appendix: Photos from Selected Regions
Index
	I. Countries, Regions, Places
	II. Persons, Groups, Movements
	III. Subjects, Topics, Themes
Back Cover