A New Politics of Heritage Reconstruction in Afghanistan

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
Figures
Acknowledgements
Introduction
	After Bamyan: A new political paradigm for heritage
	Structure of this volume
1. International intervention in Afghanistan 2001-2021
	Introduction
	A military intervention
	The Bonn Agreement
	A history of international assistance and the Afghan state
	The post-2001 reconstruction project
	Aid and global security
	The Afghan state and state-building
	Ethnic groupings and religious affiliations
	Regional players
	Afghanistan and the UN Development Goals
	The reconstruction of Afghanistan\'s cultural heritage
	Conclusions
2. Arriving at the field: Heritage, national reconstruction and power
	Methodology
	Methods
	Risk assessment and ethical considerations
	Field sites
		Bamyan
		The Aga Khan Trust for Culture in Balkh
	Conclusions
3. New intersections: Theories of heritage and power
	Introduction
	Heritage, power and politics
		A preoccupation with a global/local dichotomy
		Cultural heritage, cultural diplomacy and soft power
		A power framework from International Relations
		Direct or hard power
		Diffuse forms of power
		Power, anthropology and international development
4. A \'Post-Bamyan\' heritage paradigm: New global configurations of heritage and politics
	The Buddhas in a global heritage discourse
	New forms of heritage diplomacy
	Heritage for international development
	Heritage for post-conflict rehabilitation
	An \'Islamic heritage\' discourse
	Heritage spectacles
	Conclusions
5. Looking for \'Europe in Asia\': Historical heritage intervention in Afghanistan 1833-2001
	Introduction
	A brief cultural history
	Imperial paradigm: British colonialism and archaeology (1833-1850)
		Charles Masson in Afghanistan (1833-1842)
		Looking for a European past, moral authority and a \'civilising mission\'
	Modernisation paradigm: French archaeologists and Afghan nation building (1920-1960)
		Amanullah Khan and the French archaeologists
		French political objectives
		Cultural diplomacy \'on the ground\'
		Constructing an Afghan national heritage (1930-1960)
	Cold War paradigm: Soviets, the US and Afghan archaeology (1960-1990)
		Cold war dynamics and Afghan archaeology
		Loss and destruction during the conflict
	Conclusions
6. Reconstructing Afghan identity?: Nation-building and the safeguarding of Afghanistan\'s Buddhist heritage
	A new politics of Afghanistan\'s pre-Islamic heritage
		International technical expertise at the Buddhas
	A conflict of expertise
	An ambivalence about pre-Islamic heritage
		\'We value Islamic heritage over Buddhism\'
		Displaying pre-Islamic heritage
		Pre-Islamic heritage and public relations
	Mes Aynak and Buddhist heritage under threat
		\'Little source of copper\'
	Heritage for \'hearts and minds\'
	A narrative of threat
	Military engagement
	Conclusions
7. The Aga Khan Trust for Culture and differentiated soft power in Balkh
	The Aga Khan Trust for Culture
	A hybridised approach
	Mutually affirming agendas
	The history and heritage of Balkh
		\'Mother of Cities\'
	A history of the Khwaja Parsa complex
	Heritage preservation and public relations
		Heritage as an international \'calling card\'
		The soft power of pluralism
	The hard politics of economic investment
	\'On the ground\' in Balkh
		Local experts
		A hybridised approach in practice
		Social authenticity
		Local public relations
	Conclusions
8. 21st century Orientalism: Turquoise Mountain and the liberal intervention
	A vision for heritage preservation
		Preserving Afghan \'traditions\'
		\'Heritage for development\'
		Popular guided tours
	Turquoise Mountain and Orientalism
	Orientalism \'on the ground\'
	Marketing Afghan \'traditions\'
	Craft and the language of the liberal intervention
	Orientalism, dialogue and empathy
	Conclusions
9. Bamyan, the Buddhas and a Hazara political space
	\'They\'re SO big aren\'t they?\'
	The Hazaras
	Bamyan
		The Buddhas \'resplendent with ornamentation\'
		Shifting interpretations
		The Buddhas as \'world heritage\'
		A daily reminder of past violence
		Local ideas of authenticity
	The Buddhas and a Hazara history-making project
		\'The destruction of the Buddhas put us on the map!\'
		A rising Hazara political consciousness
		A narrative of marginalisation
		\'One Night with Buddha\'
	Conclusions
Conclusions
References
Index