A Modern Introduction to Particle Physics

Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
	1.1 Fundamental Forces
		1.1.1 The Gravitational Force
		1.1.2 The Weak Nuclear Force
		1.1.3 The Electromagnetic Force
		1.1.4 The Strong Nuclear Force
	1.2 Relative Strength of Four Fundamental Forces
	1.3 Range of the Three Basic Forces
	1.4 Classification of Matter
	1.5 Strong Color Charges
	1.6 Fundamental Role of “Charges” in the Unification of Forces
	1.7 Strong Quark-Quark Force
	1.8 Grand Unification
	1.9 Units and Notation
	1.10 Problems
	1.11 References
2. Scattering and Particle Interaction
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Kinematics of a Scattering Process
	2.3 Interaction Picture
	2.4 Scattering Matrix (S-Matrix)
	2.5 Phase Space
	2.6 Examples
		2.6.1 Two-body Scattering
		2.6.2 Three-body Decay
			2.6.2.1 Three-body Phase Space
	2.7 Electromagnetic Interaction
	2.8 Weak Interaction
	2.9 Hadronic Cross-section
	2.10 Problems
	2.11 References
3. Space-Time Symmetries
	3.1 Introduction
		3.1.1 Rotation and SO(3) Group
		3.1.2 Translation
		3.1.3 Lorentz Group
	3.2 Invariance Principle
		3.2.1 U Continuous
		3.2.2 U is Discrete (e.g. Space Reflection)
	3.3 Parity
	3.4 Intrinsic Parity
		3.4.1 Intrinsic Parity of Pion
	3.5 Parity Constraints on S-Matrix for Hadronic Reactions
		3.5.1 Scattering of Spin 0 Particles on Spin 1/2 Particles
		3.5.2 Decay of a Spin 0+ Particle into Three Spinless Particles Each Having Odd Parity
	3.6 Time Reversal
		3.6.1 Unitarity
		3.6.2 Reciprocity Relation
	3.7 Applications
		3.7.1 Detailed Balance Principle
			3.7.1.1 Determination of Spin of the Pion
	3.8 Unitarity Constraints
		3.8.1 Two-Particle Partial Wave Unitarity
	3.9 Problems
4. Internal Symmetries
	4.1 Selection Rules and Globally Conserved Quantum Numbers
	4.2 Isospin
		4.2.1 Electromagnetic Interaction and Isospin
		4.2.2 Weak Interaction and Isospin
	4.3 Resonance Production
		4.3.1 Δ-resonance
		4.3.2 Spin of Δ
	4.4 Charge Conjugation
	4.5 G-Parity
	4.6 Problems
	4.7 References
5. Unitary Groups and SU(3)
	5.1 Unitary Groups and SU(3)
	5.2 Particle Representations in Flavor SU(3)
		5.2.1 Mesons
		5.2.2 Baryons
			5.2.2.1 Baryon States
	5.3 U-Spin
	5.4 Irreducible Representations of SU(3)
		5.4.1 Young’s Tableaux
	5.5 SU(N)
	5.6 Applications of Flavor SU(3)
		5.6.1 SU(3) Invariant BBP Couplings
		5.6.2 VPP Coupling
	5.7 Mass Splitting in Flavor SU(3)
	5.8 Problems
	5.9 References
6. SU(6) and Quark Model
	6.1 SU(6)
		6.1.1 SU(6) Wave Function for Mesons
	6.2 Magnetic Moments of Baryons
	6.3 Radiative Decays of Vector Mesons
	6.4 Radiative Decays (Complementary Derivation)
		6.4.1 Mesonic Radiative Decays V = P + γ
		6.4.2 Baryonic Radiative Decay
	6.5 Problems
	6.6 References
7. Color, Gauge Principle and Quantum Chromodynamics
	7.1 Evidence for Color
	7.2 Gauge Principle
		7.2.1 Aharanov and Bohm Experiment
		7.2.2 Gauge Principle for Relativistic Quantum Mechanics
	7.3 Non-Abelion Local Gauge Transformations (Yang-Mills)
	7.4 Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
		7.4.1 Conserved Current
		7.4.2 Experimental Determinations of αs(q2) and Asymptotic Freedom of QCD
	7.5 Hadron Spectroscopy
		7.5.1 One Gluon Exchange Potential
		7.5.2 Long Range QCD Motivated Potential
			7.5.2.1 The string picture of hadrons
		7.5.3 Spin-Spin Interaction
	7.6 The Mass Spectrum
		7.6.1 Meson Mass Relations
		7.6.2 Baryon Mass Spectrum
	7.7 Problems
	7.8 References
8. Heavy Flavors
	8.1 Discovery of Charm
		8.1.1 Isospin
		8.1.2 SU(3) Classification
	8.2 Charm
		8.2.1 Heavy Mesons
		8.2.2 The Fifth Quark Flavor: Bottom Mesons
		8.2.3 The Sixth Quark Flavor: The Top
	8.3 Strong and Radiative Decays of D* Mesons
	8.4 Heavy Baryons
	8.5 Quarkonium
	8.6 Leptonic Decay Width of Quarkonium
	8.7 Hadronic Decay Width
	8.8 Non-Relativistic Treatment of Quarkonium
	8.9 Observations
	8.10 Tetraquark
	8.11 Problems
	8.12 References
9. Heavy Quark Effective Theory
	9.1 Effective Lagrangian
	9.2 Spin Symmetry of Heavy Quark
	9.3 Mass Spectroscopy for Hadrons with One Heavy Quark
	9.4 The P-wave Heavy Mesons: Mass Spectroscopy
	9.5 Decays of P-wave Mesons
	9.6 Problems
	9.7 References
10. Weak Interaction
	10.1 V − A Interaction
		10.1.1 Helicity of the Neutrino
	10.2 Classification of Weak Processes
		10.2.1 Purely Leptonic Processes
		10.2.2 Semileptonic Processes
		10.2.3 Non-Leptonic Processes
		10.2.4 μ-Decay
		10.2.5 Remarks
			10.2.5.1 Decay of polarized muon
		10.2.6 Semi-Leptonic Processes
	10.3 Baryon Decays
	10.4 Pseudoscalar Meson Decays
		10.4.1 Pion Decay
			10.4.1.1 Remarks
		10.4.2 Strangeness Changing Semi-Leptonic Decays
	10.5 Hadronic Weak Decays
		10.5.1 Non-Leptonic Decays of Hyperons
		10.5.2 ΔI = 1/2 Rule for Hyperon Decays
		10.5.3 Non-leptonic Hyperon Decays in Non-Relativistic Quark Model
	10.6 Problems
	10.7 References
11. Properties of Weak Hadronic Currents and Chiral Symmetry
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Conserved Vector Current Hypothesis (CVC)
	11.3 Partially Conserved Axial Vector Current Hypothesis (PCAC)
	11.4 Current Algebra and Chiral Symmetry
		11.4.1 Explicit Breaking of Chiral Symmetry
		11.4.2 An Application of Chiral Symmetry to Non-Leptonic Decays of Hyperons
	11.5 Axial Anomaly
	11.6 QCD Sum Rules
	11.7 Problems
	11.8 References
12. Neutrino
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Intrinsic Properties of Neutrinos
	12.3 Mass
		12.3.1 Constraints on Neutrino Mass
			12.3.1.1 Direct Limits
			12.3.1.2 Double β-Decay
			12.3.1.3 Cosmology
			12.3.1.4 Astrophysical Constraints
		12.3.2 Dirac and Majorana Masses
		12.3.3 Fermion Masses in the Standard Model (SM) and See-saw Mechanism
	12.4 Neutrino Oscillations
		12.4.1 Mikheyev-Smirnov-Wolfenstein Effect
		12.4.2 Evolution of Flavor Eigenstates in Matter
	12.5 Evidence for Neutrino Oscillations
		12.5.1 Disappearance Experiments
		12.5.2 Appearance Experiments
			12.5.2.1 Atmospheric neutrino anomaly
			12.5.2.2 Solar neutrinos
	12.6 Neutrino Mass Models and Mixing Matrix and Symmetries
	12.7 Neutrino Magnetic Moment
	12.8 Problems
	12.9 References
13. Electroweak Unification
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Higgs Mechanism
		13.2.1 Higgs Mechanism
		13.2.2 Gauge Symmetry Breaking for Chiral U1 U2 Group
	13.3 Renormalizability
	13.4 Electroweak Unification
		13.4.1 Experimental Consequences of the Electroweak Unification
		13.4.2 Need for Radiative Corrections
		13.4.3 Experiments which Determine sin2θW
	13.5 Decay Widths of W and Z Bosons
	13.6 Tests of Yang-Mills Character of Gauge Bosons
	13.7 Higgs Boson Mass
	13.8 Upper Bound
		13.8.1 Unitarity
		13.8.2 Finiteness of Couplings
	13.9 Standard Model, Higgs Boson Searches, Production at Decays
		13.9.1 LEP-2
		13.9.2 LHC and Tevatron
	13.10 Two Higgs Doublet Model (2HDM)
	13.11 GIM Mechanism
	13.12 Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa Matrix
	13.13 Axial Anomaly
	13.14 Problems
	13.15 References
14. Deep Inelastic Scattering
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Deep-Inelastic Lepton-Nucleon Scattering
	14.3 Parton Model
	14.4 Deep Inelastic Neutrino-Nucleon Scattering
	14.5 Sum Rules
	14.6 Deep-Inelastic Scattering Involving Neutral Weak Currents
	14.7 Problems
	14.8 References
15. Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors
	15.1 Leptonic Decays of τ Lepton
	15.2 Semi-Hadronic Decays of τ Lepton
		15.2.1 Special Cases
	15.3 Weak Decays of Heavy Flavors
		15.3.1 Leptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
		15.3.2 Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
		15.3.3 (Exclusive) Semileptonic Decays of D and B Mesons
		15.3.4 Weak Hadronic Decays of B Mesons
		15.3.5 Inclusive Hadronic B Decays
		15.3.6 Radiative Decays of Bq Mesons
	15.4 Inclusive Hadronic Decays of D-Mesons
		15.4.1 Scattering and Annihilation Diagrams
	15.5 Problems
	15.6 References
16. Particle Mixing and CP-Violation
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 CPT and CP Invariance
	16.3 CP-Violation in the Standard Model
	16.4 Particle Mixing
	16.5 K0 − K0 Complex and CP-Violation in K-Decay
	16.6 B0 − B0 Complex
	16.7 CP-Violation in B-Decays
	16.8 CP-Violation in Hadronic Weak Decays of Baryons
	16.9 Problems
	16.10 References
17. Grand Unification, Supersymmetry and Strings
	17.1 Grand Unification
		17.1.1 q2 Evolution of Gauge Coupling Constants and the Grand Unification Mass Scale
		17.1.2 General Consequences of GUTS
	17.2 Poincaré Group and Supersymmetry
		17.2.1 Introduction
		17.2.2 Poincaré Group
		17.2.3 Two-Component Weyl Spinors
		17.2.4 Spinor Algebra, Supersymmetry
		17.2.5 Supersymmetric Multiplets
	17.3 Supersymmetry and Strings
		17.3.1 Introduction
		17.3.2 Supersymmetry
			17.3.2.1 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills: An Example
	17.4 String Theory and Duality
		17.4.1 M-theory
	17.6 Conclusions
	17.7 Problems
	17.8 References
18. Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
	18.1 Cosmological Principle and Expansion of the Universe
	18.2 The Standard Model of Cosmology
	18.3 Cosmological Parameters and the Standard Model Solutions
	18.4 Accelerating Universe and Dark Energy
		18.4.1 Evidence from Supernovae
		18.4.2 Evidence from CMB Data
		18.4.3 Quintessence
		18.4.4 Modified Gravity
	18.5 Hot Big Bang: Thermal History of the Universe
		18.5.1 Thermal Equilibrium
		18.5.2 The Radiation Era
	18.6 Freeze Out
	18.7 Limit on Neutrino Mass
	18.8 Primordial Nucleosynthesis
	18.9 Inflation
		18.9.1 Horizon Problem
		18.9.2 Flatness Problem
		18.9.3 Realization of Inflation
		18.9.4 Slow-roll Inflation
	18.10 Baryogenesis
		18.10.1 Sakharov’s Conditions
		18.10.2 Various Scenarios for Baryogenesis
			18.10.2.1 Baryogenesis at GUT (Grand Unification theories) Level
			18.10.2.2 Electroweak Baryogenesis
		18.10.3 Leptogenesis
	18.11 Problems
	18.12 References
Appendix A Quantum Field Theory
	A.1 Spin 0 Field
	A.2 Spin 1/2 Particle
		A.2.1 Pauli Representation of γ Matrices
		A.2.2 Weyl Representation of γ Matrices
	A.3 Trace of γ Matrices
	A.4 Spin 1 Field
	A.5 Massive Spin 1 Particle
	A.6 Feynman Rules for S-Matrix in Momentum Space
	A.7 Application of Feynman Rules
		A.7.1 e+e− → Hadrons
		A.7.2 Electron Scattering an Structureless Spin 1/2 Target
	A.8 Discrete Symmetries
		A.8.1 Charge Conjugation
		A.8.2 Space Reflection
		A.8.3 Time Reversal
	A.9 Problems
Appendix B Renormalization Group and Running Coupling Constant
	B.1 Feynman Rules for Quantum Chromodynamics
	B.2 Renormalization Group, Coupling Constant and Asymptotic Freedom
	B.3 Running Coupling Constant in Quantum Electrody namics (QED)
	B.4 Running Coupling Constant for SU(2) Gauge Group
	B.5 Renormalization Group and High Q2 Behavior of Green’s Function
		B.5.1 Gluon Propagator
		B.5.2 Fermion Propagator
	B.6 References for Appendices
Index