A History of the Modern Middle East, Seventh Edition

Cover
Half Title
Endorsements
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Illustrations
Preface to the Seventh Edition
Acknowledgements
A Note About Place Names and Transliteration
Part One The Development of Islamic Civilisation to the Eighteenth Century
	1 The Rise and Expansion of Islam
		Pre-Islamic Arabia
		Muhammad and the Foundations of Islam
		The Arab Conquests and the First Empire
		The First Civil War and the End of the Rashidun Caliphate
		From Arab Exclusivism to Islamic Universalism: The Umayyad and Abbasid Empires
		Conclusion
	2 The Development of Islamic Civilisation to the Fifteenth Century
		Patterns of Islamic History
		The Creation and Uses of Wealth
		Islamic Rituals and Institutions
		Two Versions of Leadership: Sunni Caliph and Shi’a Imam
		The Middle East From the Eleventh to the Fifteenth Centuries: An Overview
		Conclusion
	3 The Ottoman and Safavid Empires: A New Imperial Synthesis
		The Rise of the Ottoman Empire
		Ottoman Ruling Institutions and Attitudes
		The Loss of Ottoman Superiority
		The Triumph of Shi’ism: The Safavid Empire of Iran, 1501–1736
		Conclusion: The Sunni-Shi’a Struggle for Iraq
Part Two The Beginnings of the Era of Transformation
	4 Forging a New Synthesis: The Pattern of Reforms, 1789–1849
		Selim III (1789–1806): Between Old and New
		A Revived Centre of Power: The Egypt of Muhammad Ali, 1805–1848
		Nationalism and Great Power Intervention: The Greek Revolt, 1821–1829
		Sultan Mahmud II (1808–1839): Centralisation and Transformation
		Conclusion
	5 The Ottoman Empire and Egypt During the Era of the Tanzimat
		The Tanzimat: Continued Ottoman Reform Under the Bureaucrats
		The Arab Provinces of Greater Syria During the Tanzimat
		Egypt During the Era of Civilian Reform
		Conclusion: The Dualism of the Nineteenth-Century Reforms
	6 Egypt and Iran in the Late Nineteenth Century
		England on the Nile: The British Occupation of Egypt, 1882–1914
		Iran During the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century
		Conclusion
	7 The Response of Islamic Society
		Religious Assertiveness and Authoritarian Reform: The Era of Abdul Hamid II
		Islamic Puritanism on the Tribal Frontiers: The Wahhabi, Sanusi, and Mahdiyyah Movements
		The Reform of High Islam
		Emerging Currents of Arab Cultural Distinctiveness
		Conclusion
	8 The Era of the Young Turks and the Iranian Constitutionalists
		The Revolt of 1908 and the Young Turks in Power
		The Period of the Iranian Constitutional Revolution
		Conclusion
	9 World War I and the End of the Ottoman Order
		The Middle East in World War I: An Overview of Military and Diplomatic Initiatives
		The Peace Settlement
		Conclusion: The End of the Ottoman Order in the Middle East
Part Three The Struggle for Independence: The Inter-war Era to the End of World War II
	10 Authoritarian Reform in Turkey and Iran
		The Atatürk Era in Turkey
		Iran Under Reza Shah
		Turkey and Iran During World War II: Sovereignty and Occupation
		Conclusion
	11 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Egypt, Iraq, and Transjordan From the Inter-war Era to 1945
		The Struggle for Power in Egypt in the Inter-war Period
		An Overview of World War II
		Egypt During World War II: Pivot of the British Defence System
		Iraq Between the Wars
		Iraq During World War II
		Transjordan: The Desert Mandate
		Conclusion
	12 The Arab Struggle for Independence: Syria, Lebanon, and Saudi Arabia From the Inter-war Era to 1945
		The French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon
		Lebanon Under the Mandate: The Establishment of Confessional Politics
		Syria and Lebanon During World War II: The Troubled Path to Independence
		New Kingdom in Arabia: The Rise of the Saudi State
		The Search for Identity: Regionalism, Arabism, Islam
		Conclusion
	13 The Palestine Mandate and the Birth of the State of Israel
		The Emergence of Political Zionism
		The Balfour Declaration
		The Mandate for Palestine: British Administration
		The Palestinian Arab Community: Leadership and Institutions
		The Jewish Community: Leadership and Institutions
		Immigration and Land
		Communal Conflict and the British Response
		World War II and the Birth of the State of Israel
		The First Arab-Israeli War
		Conclusion
Part Four The Independent Middle East From the End of World War II to the 1970s
	14 Democracy and Authoritarianism: Turkey and Iran
		The Role of the United States in the Post-war Years
		Turkey: The Transition to a Multiparty System
		Turkish Foreign Policy and the Cyprus Question
		Iran: The Re-establishment of Royal Autocracy
		Conclusion
	15 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Egyptian Base
		The Paralysis of the Old Regime, 1945–1952
		The Free Officers and the Coup d’État of 1952
		Foreign Relations After 1952
		The Adoption of Arab Socialism
		Conclusion
	16 The Middle East in the Age of Nasser: The Radicalisation of Arab Politics
		Syria: The Military in Politics
		Iraq: The End of the Monarchy
		The Hashimite Kingdom of Jordan: The Survival of Monarchy
		Lebanon: The Precarious Sectarian Balance
		Israel, the Arab States, and the June War
		Conclusion: The Nasser Era in Perspective
	17 Israel and the Palestinians From 1948 to the 1970s
		The Israeli Political System and Political Culture
		The Elections of 1977: Israel in Transition
		The Palestinian Factor After 1948
		Conclusion
Part Five The Resurgence of Islam: The Middle East From the 1970s to the 1991 Gulf War
	18 The Iranian Revolution and the Revival of Islam
		The Stages of Revolution in Iran
		The Revival of Islam
		Conclusion
	19 Changing Patterns of War and Peace: Egypt and Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s
		Egypt Under Sadat: Domestic and Diplomatic Realignments
		The Lebanese Civil War, 1975–1990
		Egypt in the 1980s
		Conclusion
	20 The Arabian Peninsula in the Petroleum Era
		The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
		Kuwait, Oman, and the Smaller Gulf States
		Conclusion
	21 The Consolidation of Authoritarian Rule in Syria and Iraq: The Regimes of Hafiz al-Asad and Saddam Husayn
		Syria in the al-Asad Era
		Iraq in the Era of Saddam Husayn and the Ba’th
		The Iran-Iraq War, 1980–1988
		Conclusion
Part Six Challenges to the Existing Order: The Middle East in the 1990s and 2000s
	22 The Palestinian Intifada and the 1991 Gulf War
		The Intifada From 1987 to 1991
		The Gulf Crisis of 1990–1991
		The Aftermath of the Gulf War
		Conclusion
	23 A Peace So Near, a Peace So Far: Israeli-Palestinian Relations Since the 1991 Gulf War
		The Road to the Oslo Peace Accords
		The Unravelling of the Oslo Peace Process
		The One-State Reality
		Conclusion
	24 Patterns of Continuity and Change in Turkey, Iran, and Lebanon Since the 1990s
		Turkey and Iran: Nations at a Crossroads
		Hizbullah and the Struggle for Lebanon
		Conclusion
	25 America’s Troubled Moment in the Middle East
		The Policy of Dual Containment
		Al-Qa’ida and the Attacks of September 11, 2001
		The Occupation of Iraq
		Iran’s Nuclear Program
		Conclusion
Part Seven Revolution and Counter-Revolution: The Middle East Since 2011
	26 The 2011 Arab Uprisings and Their Aftermath
		Understanding the Uprisings’ Dynamics
		Egypt
		Syria
		Yemen and Libya
		Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Monarchies
		Conclusion: Connecting Threads
	27 A Shifting Geopolitical Landscape
		The Gulf Divided
		Saudi-Qatar Rift
		Saudi-Iranian Rivalry
		Multipolarity
		Conclusion
List of Major Leaders
Glossary
Select Bibliography
Index