A history of Southeast Asia: critical crossroads

List of Tables xi    List of Maps xii    List of Illustrations xiii    Series Editor   s Preface xiv    Preface xvii    Glossary xxii    Abbreviations xxv    1 People in the Humid Tropics 1    Benign Climate, Dangerous Environment 1    Forests, Water, and People 4    Why a Low but Diverse Population? 6    Agriculture and Modern Language Families 10    The Rice Revolution and Population Concentration 13    The Agricultural Basis of State and Society 16    Food and Clothes 18    Women and Men 21    Not China, not India 26    2 Buddha and Shiva Below the Winds 30    Debates about Indic States 30    Bronze, Iron, and Earthenware in the Archaeological Record 32    The Buddhist Ecumene and Sanskritization 34    Shiva and Nagara in the    Charter Era,    900   1300 39    Austronesian Gateway Ports     the Negeri 45    Dai Viet and the Border with China 47    The Stateless Majority in the Charter Era 49    Thirteenth/Fourteenth  ]Century Crisis 53    3 Trade and Its Networks 57    Land and Sea Routes 57    Specialized Production 59    Integration of the Asian Maritime Markets 62    Austronesian and Indian Pioneers 63    The East Asian Trading System of 1280   1500 65    The Islamic Network 69    The Europeans 71    4 Cities and Production for the World, 1490   1640 74    Southeast Asia   s    Age of Commerce    74    Crops for the World Market 76    Ships and Traders 80    Cities as Centers of Innovation 81    Trade, Guns, and New State Forms 85    Asian Commercial Organization 91    5 Religious Revolution and Early Modernity, 1350   1630 96    Southeast Asian Religion 97    Theravada Cosmopolis and the Mainland States 98    Islamic Beginnings: Traders and Mystics 101    Polarizations of the First Global War, 1530   1610 106    Rival Universalisms 111    Pluralities, Religious Boundaries, and the    Highland Savage    114    6 Asian European Encounters, 1509   1688 120    The Euro  ]Chinese Cities 120    Women as Cultural Mediators 125    Cultural Hybridities 130    Islam   s    Age of Discovery    133    Southeast Asian Enlightenments     Makassar and Ayutthaya 135    Gunpowder Kings as an Early Modern Form 139    7 The Crisis of the Seventeenth Century 142    The Great Divergence Debate 142    Southeast Asians Lose the Profits of Long  ]Distance Trade 144    Global Climate and Local Crises 149    Political Consequences of the Crisis 152    8 Vernacular Identities, 1660   1820 157    Eighteenth  ]Century Consolidation 157    Religious Syncretism and Localization 158    Performance in Palace, Pagoda, and Village 167    History, Myth, and Identity 172    Consolidation and its Limitations 175    9 Expansion of the Sinicized World 177    Fifteenth  ]Century Revolution in Dai Viet 177    Viet Expansion, Nam Tien 179    Cochin  ]China   s Plural Southern Frontier 183    The Greater Viet Nam of the Nguyen 185    The Commercial Expansion of a    Chinese Century,    1740   1840 188    Chinese on Southern Economic Frontiers 191    10 Becoming a Tropical Plantation, 1780   1900 196    Pepper and Coffee 197    Commercialization of Staple Crops 198    The New Monopolies: Opium and Tobacco 200    Java   s Coerced Colonial Agriculture 204    Plantations and Haciendas 207    Mono  ]crop Rice Economies of the Mainland Deltas 209    Pre  ]colonial and Colonial Growth Compared 211    11 The Last Stand of Asian Autonomies, 1820   1910 213    Siam as    Civilized    Survivor 214    Konbaung Burma     a Doomed Modernization 219    High Confucian Fundamentalism     Nguyen Viet Nam 224       Protected    Negeri 227    Muslim Alternatives in Sumatra 230    Bali Apocalypse 233    Mobile    Big Men    in the Eastern Islands 235    The Last State Evaders 237    12 Making States, 1824   1940 240    European Nationalisms and Demarcations 240    From Many to Two Polities in Nusantara 241    Maximal Burma, Viable Siam 246    Westphalia and the Middle Kingdom 250    Building State Infrastructures 251    How Many States in Indochina? 255    Ethnic Construction in the New Sovereign Spaces 256    States, not Nations 260    13 Population, Peasantization, and Poverty, 1830   1940 261    More People 261    Involution and Peasantization 263    Dual Economy and the Absent Bourgeoisie 266    Subordinating Women 268    Shared Poverty and Health Crises 272    14 Consuming Modernity, 1850   2000 276    Housing for a Fragile Environment 276    The Evolution of Foods 278    Fish, Salt, and Meat 279    Stimulants and Drinks 281    Cloth and Clothing 284    Modern Dress and Identity 286    Performance, from Festival to Film 289    15 Progress and Modernity, 1900   1940 295    From Despair to Hope 296    Education and a New Elite 302    Victory of the National Idea in the 1930s 306    Negotiating the Maleness of Modernity 314    16 Mid  ]Twentieth  ]Century Crisis, 1930   1954 319    Economic Crisis 319    Japanese Occupation 323    1945     the Revolutionary Moment 331    Independence     Revolutionary or Negotiated? 341    17 The Military, Monarchy, and Marx: The Authoritarian Turn, 1950   1998 347    Democracy   s Brief Springtime 347    Guns Inherit the Revolutions 350    Dictatorship Philippine Style 358    Remaking    Protected    Monarchies 359    Twilight of the Indochina Kings 364    Reinventing a Thai Dhammaraja 367    Communist Authoritarianism 370    18 The Commercial Turnaround, 1965    373    Economic Growth at Last 373    More Rice, Fewer Babies 376    Opening the Command Economies 378    Gains and Losses 380    Darker Costs     Environmental Degradation and Corruption 384    19 Making Nations, Making Minorities, 1945    390    The High Modernist Moment, 1945   1980 390    Education and National Identity 394    Puritan Globalism 400    Joining an Integrated but Plural World 405    20 The Southeast Asian Region in the World 413    The Regional Idea 414    Global Comparisons 419    References 423    Further Reading 431    Index 436