A History Of Psychology: From Antiquity To Modernity

Cover......Page 1
Time line......Page 2
Half Title......Page 6
Title Page......Page 8
Copyright Page......Page 9
Brief Contents......Page 10
Table of Contents......Page 12
Preface to the Eighth Edition......Page 22
Part I Situating Psychology......Page 24
Understanding Science......Page 26
Modes of Scientific Explanation......Page 27
The Nomological Approach: Explanation by Laws of Nature......Page 28
The Causal Approach: Laws Are Not Enough......Page 30
The Syntactic Approach: Theories Are Collections of Sentences......Page 31
The Semantic Approach: Theories Are Simplified Models of the World......Page 33
Reduction and Replacement......Page 34
Particular and Universal Knowledge......Page 36
Science as the View from Nowhere......Page 37
Understanding History......Page 38
Reasons and Causes......Page 39
Ideas or People?......Page 40
Historiography of Science and Psychology......Page 41
Philosophy of Science: Defining Science Statically......Page 43
After Kuhn: Defining Science Dynamically......Page 44
Was Mind Discovered, Invented, or Constructed?......Page 46
What Is the History of Psychology About?......Page 48
Modernity and Modernism......Page 50
Postmodernism......Page 52
Note......Page 53
Part II The Premodern World......Page 54
The Past Is Another Country......Page 56
The Bronze (3000–1200 BCE) and Dark Ages (1200–700 BCE)......Page 59
The Social Context: Warriors and Kings......Page 60
Psychology of the Bronze Age......Page 61
The Phalanx and the polis......Page 62
The polis at the Extreme: Sparta......Page 63
Greek Democracy and the Critical Tradition......Page 64
The First Natural Philosophers......Page 65
The First Protopsychologists: Alcmaeon and Empedocles......Page 67
The Social Context: Empire and War......Page 68
Humanism: The Sophists......Page 69
Enlightenment and Eudaemonia: Socrates......Page 71
Cognition: What Is Knowledge?......Page 74
Motivation: Why Do We Act as We Do?......Page 82
Conclusion: Plato’s Spiritual Vision......Page 84
Aristotle: The Quest for Nature......Page 85
Philosophy of Science......Page 86
Psychology......Page 88
Ethics......Page 92
Conclusion: The Commonsense Naturalist......Page 93
Conclusion: The Greek Legacy......Page 94
The Social Context: Hellenism and Empire......Page 96
Therapeutic Philosophies of Happiness......Page 97
Skepticism......Page 98
Stoicism......Page 99
Gnosticism and Hermeticism......Page 101
Neoplatonism......Page 102
Mystery Cults......Page 103
Early Christian Thought......Page 104
Fall of the Roman Empire......Page 105
The Social Context: Picking Up the Pieces......Page 108
Islamic Medical Psychology
......Page 109
Christian Problems of Mind and Body......Page 112
The Individual, Mind, and Psychology in Popular Culture......Page 114
Changing Conceptions of the Individual......Page 115
The Mind Without......Page 117
The End of Antiquity......Page 118
Note......Page 119
The Middle Ages (1000–1350)......Page 120
Scholastic Psychology in the High Middle Ages......Page 121
Psychology in the Late Middle Ages: Rebirth of Empiricism......Page 125
The Individual in Popular Psychology......Page 127
The Individual in Academic Psychology......Page 129
The Ancients and the Moderns: The Revival of Humanism......Page 130
Dante Alighieri (1265–1321)......Page 131
Geoffrey Chaucer (1343–1400)......Page 134
William Shakespeare (1564–1616)......Page 135
Miguel Cervantes (1547–1616)......Page 136
The Reformation......Page 137
Skepticism and Its Discontents......Page 138
The World We Have Lost: The End of the Premodern Outlook......Page 139
Part III Constructing the Modern World......Page 142
The Scientific Revolution......Page 144
Continuity or Revolution?......Page 145
Why Did the Scientific Revolution Take Place in Europe?......Page 146
Authority of the Book......Page 147
Public knowledge......Page 148
Secondary causation......Page 149
Revolution: The Mechanization of the World Picture......Page 150
What Was Revolutionized? Mathematical versus Experimental Sciences......Page 152
The Transformation of Experience and the Disenchantment of the World......Page 156
Consciousness Created: René Descartes (1596–1650)......Page 158
Descartes as Physiological Psychologist......Page 160
Descartes as Philosopher......Page 163
Difficulties with Cartesian Philosophy and Psychology......Page 167
Conclusion......Page 168
Sensation, Perception, and Attention......Page 169
The Laws of Social Life: Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)......Page 170
Determinism Extended: Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)......Page 171
Wagering on God: Blaise Pascal (1623–1662)......Page 172
Note......Page 174
What Was The Enlightenment?......Page 175
The Industrial Enlightenment......Page 178
The Skeptical Question: Is Knowledge Attainable?......Page 179
Human Understanding: John Locke (1632–1704)......Page 180
Berkeley’s Idealism......Page 182
Why Do We See the World in Three, Not Two, Dimensions?......Page 183
Living with Skepticism: David Hume (1711–1776)......Page 184
Contents of the Mind......Page 185
Association: The Gravity of the Mind......Page 186
Hume’s Adaptive Skepticism......Page 187
Associationism......Page 188
Reviving Realism......Page 189
Reid’s Nativism......Page 190
Kantian Philosophy: Reasserting Metaphysics......Page 191
Kant on Scientific Psychology......Page 193
The Moral Question: Is Society Natural?......Page 194
Cartesian Materialism......Page 195
French Empiricism......Page 196
Consequences of French Materialism and Empiricism......Page 197
Ethics of Outcomes: Utilitarianism......Page 199
Ethics of Duty: Kant......Page 200
Ethics of Sensibility: The Scottish School of Moral Sense......Page 202
Applying Psychological Ideas: Social Engineering......Page 203
The Enlightenment and Women......Page 204
The Counter-Enlightenment: Are the Fruits of Reason Poisoned?......Page 205
The Criterion and Rule of Truth Is to Have Made It: Giambattista Vico (1668–1744)......Page 206
We Live in a World We Ourselves Create: Johann Gottfried Herder (1744–1803)......Page 208
Nature versus Civilization: Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778)......Page 209
The Irrational Realm of the Unconscious: Mesmerism......Page 210
Conclusion: Reason and Its Discontents......Page 211
Introduction......Page 214
The Reassertion of Emotion and Intuition: The Romantic Revolt......Page 216
The Continuing Enlightenment: Developments in Utilitarianism and Associationism......Page 217
A Philosophy of and for Science: Positivism......Page 219
Naturalizing the Supernatural......Page 221
Spiritualism and Psychical Research......Page 222
The Brain: Localization of Function......Page 224
The Emerging Reflex Theory of the Brain......Page 226
Experimental Psychology......Page 227
Mental Testing......Page 229
Philosophy to the Threshold of Psychology......Page 232
Psychiatry and Neurology......Page 234
French Clinical Psychology......Page 236
Conclusion......Page 237
Part IV Founding Psychology......Page 240
The German University: Wissenschaft and Bildung......Page 242
German Values: The Mandarin Bildungsbürger......Page 246
Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)......Page 249
Making Psychology a Science: The Path through Physiology......Page 250
Wundt’s Two Systems of Psychology: Heidelberg and Leipzig......Page 251
Physiological Psychology......Page 254
Völkerpsychologie......Page 256
E. B. Titchener’s Structural Psychology......Page 258
Franz Brentano’s Act Psychology......Page 260
Wilhelm Dilthey and the Human Sciences......Page 262
Systematic Introspection: The Würzburg School (1901–1909)......Page 263
Studying Memory......Page 267
Gestalt Psychologists’ Rejection of the Cartesian Framework......Page 268
The Gestalt Research Program......Page 269
Reception and Influence of Gestalt Psychology......Page 272
The Practical Turn: Applied Psychology......Page 273
Slow Growth in Germany......Page 274
Transplantation to America......Page 275
Note......Page 276
Introduction: The Rise, Influence, and Decline of Psychoanalysis......Page 277
Freud and Biology......Page 279
Freud and Reductionism: The “Project for a Scientific Psychology”......Page 280
The Puzzle of Hysteria......Page 283
Studies in Hysteria (1895) and Anna O.......Page 287
Psychoanalytic Myths......Page 288
The Probable Truth......Page 290
Consequences of the Seduction Episode: Phantasy Trumps Reality......Page 292
The Basic Tenets of Freud’s Psychoanalysis......Page 293
Interpretation......Page 294
Motivation......Page 295
Personality......Page 297
Culture......Page 300
Psychoanalysis as a Movement......Page 301
Is Psychoanalysis a Failed Science?......Page 303
Notes......Page 305
The Darwinian Revolution......Page 306
Romantic Evolution......Page 307
Shaping the Theory......Page 308
Formulating the Theory......Page 309
Publishing the Theory......Page 310
Reception and Influence of Evolution by Natural Selection......Page 311
Lamarckian Psychology: Herbert Spencer (1820–1903)......Page 312
Darwin on Humans......Page 314
The Spirit of Darwinian Psychology: Francis Galton (1822–1911)......Page 315
The Rise of Comparative Psychology......Page 317
General Intellectual and Social Environment......Page 319
The Old Psychology: Psychology in Religion......Page 321
The Metaphysical Club......Page 322
Charles Saunders Peirce (1839–1914)......Page 323
James’s Principles of Psychology......Page 324
The Challenge of Will and the Reflex Theory of the Brain......Page 325
James’s Envoi to Psychology......Page 328
Jamesian Pragmatism......Page 329
Building on James: The Motor Theory of Consciousness (1892–1896)......Page 331
Hugo Münsterberg and Action Theory......Page 332
John Dewey and the Reflex Arc......Page 333
Experiments Become Functional......Page 334
Functional Psychology Defined......Page 336
From Undercurrent to Main Current......Page 337
Rethinking Mind: The Consciousness Debate (1904–1912)......Page 340
The Relational Theory of Consciousness: Neorealism......Page 341
The Mind Within and the Mind Without......Page 342
Mind as Reification......Page 343
The Functional Theory of Consciousness: Instrumentalism......Page 344
The New Psychology and the Old......Page 345
To the Future: Perception and Thinking Are Only There for    Behavior’s Sake......Page 347
Part V Psychological Science in the Modern World......Page 348
From Anecdote to Experiment......Page 350
The Connectionism of Edward Lee Thorndike (1874–1949)......Page 351
The Neuroscience of I. P. Pavlov (1849–1936)......Page 355
Finding a Criterion for Consciousness......Page 357
Discarding Consciousness......Page 358
Critique of Mentalistic Psychology......Page 361
The Behaviorist Program......Page 363
The Initial Response (1913–1918)......Page 364
The Varieties of Behaviorism......Page 366
Human or Robot?......Page 368
Later Watsonian Behaviorism......Page 369
Psychology and the Science of Science......Page 371
Edward Chace Tolman’s Purposive Behaviorism......Page 374
Clark Leonard Hull’s Mechanistic Behaviorism......Page 377
Battling Theories......Page 380
We’re All Behaviorists Now......Page 382
Formal Behaviorism in Peril......Page 383
Radical Behaviorism as a Philosophy......Page 384
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior......Page 385
Interpreting Human Behavior......Page 388
Behaviorism and the Human Mind: Informal Behaviorism......Page 391
Logical Behaviorism......Page 393
Mind as Social Construct......Page 394
The Attack on verbal behavior......Page 398
Chomsky’s Influence......Page 400
Erosion of the Spencerian Paradigm: Constraints on Animal Learning......Page 401
Early Theories in Cognitive Psychology......Page 402
The New Structuralism......Page 403
Cognition in Social Psychology......Page 404
The Study of Thinking......Page 405
Purposive Machines......Page 407
The Rise of Cognitive Science......Page 406
Reverse Engineering the Mind: Artificial Intelligence......Page 409
Disentangling Mind and Body, Program and Computer......Page 410
Simulating Thought......Page 412
Man the Machine: Impact of the Information-Processing Metaphor......Page 413
Behaviorism Defeated or Marginalized......Page 414
The Myth of the Cognitive Revolution......Page 415
Informavores: The Subjects of Cognitive Science......Page 416
The Minds of Informavores: The New Functionalism......Page 417
Uncertainties......Page 418
The Challenges of Intentionality......Page 419
Is the Turing Test Valid?......Page 422
Is Formalism Plausible?......Page 423
A New Game in Town: The New Connectionism......Page 424
Deep Learning......Page 431
Cognitive Neuroscience......Page 432
Rejecting the Cartesian Paradigm: Embodied Cognition......Page 433
Crisis: Reproducibility......Page 435
Conclusion......Page 437
Note......Page 439
Introduction......Page 440
Scientific, Applied, and Professional Psychology......Page 441
From Island Communities to Everywhere Communities......Page 442
The Old Psychology versus the New Psychology......Page 444
Progressivism and Psychology......Page 445
Founding Applied Psychology in the United States......Page 449
Testing: The Galtonian Tradition in the United States......Page 450
Articulating Applied Psychology: Hugo Münsterberg (1863–1916)......Page 452
Clinical Psychology......Page 454
Organizing Professional Psychology......Page 455
The Shattering Impact of World War I......Page 456
Psychology at War......Page 458
Psychology in the American Social Context......Page 459
Is America Safe for Democracy? The “Menace of the Feebleminded”......Page 460
Making America Safe for Democracy: Immigration Control and Eugenics......Page 462
Psychologists at Work......Page 466
When Psychology Was King......Page 468
Flaming Youth and the Reconstruction of the Family......Page 472
Psychologists in Professional Controversy: The Clinicians Walk Out......Page 476
Reconciliation in the Crucible of War......Page 478
New Prospects for Applied Psychology......Page 480
Remaking Clinical Psychology......Page 481
Inventing Counseling Psychology......Page 482
Contending for Respectability and Money at the Dawn of Big Science......Page 483
Psychologists Look Ahead to the Psychological Society......Page 484
Values and Adjustment......Page 485
Professional Psychology in the 1950s......Page 486
Humanistic Psychology......Page 487
The Social “Revolution” of the 1960s......Page 489
The Myth of Mental Illness......Page 490
Humanistic Psychology and the Critique of Adjustment......Page 491
Giving Psychology Away......Page 493
Revolt, but No Revolution......Page 495
Funding Social Science......Page 497
Clinical Psychology in the 1960s and 1970s......Page 498
Challenging the Boulder Model of Clinical Training......Page 499
Competition with Psychiatry......Page 500
The Turn to Service......Page 501
Divorced Again: The Academics Walk Out......Page 502
Postmodern Psychoanalysis......Page 503
Crisis: The APA and Torture......Page 505
Note......Page 506
Concluding Thoughts......Page 507
References......Page 508
Index......Page 549