A history of psychology : globalization, ideas, and applications

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Title
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Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Timeline of Philosophy and Psychology in the Context of General History
SECTION I The Present: Globalization, Psychology, and History
	1 Contemporary Psychology: Global Forces
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Coming Together: The Evolution of Globalization
			The Growth of Psychology Around the Globe
			Global Psychological Associations
		Postmodernism and the Multicultural Movement
			Postmodernism
			A Reevaluation of Psychology
			Cross-Cultural Psychology
			Culture and Boundaries
		Development Initiatives and Indigenization
			The Call for Indigenization
			Systematic Deterrents to the Development of Psychology in the Developing World
			Linking the Social and the Economic
		Toward a Global Psychology Paradigm
		History of Psychology: A Framework
		Summary
	2 Psychology: The American Approach
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Local–Global Dynamics in American Psychology
			American Psychological Association (APA)
			Association for Psychological Science (APS)
		Three Issues in American Psychology
			Credentials
			Diversity
			Prescription Privileges
		Definition and a New Vision for Psychology
		Summary
	3 Nature of History and Methods of Study
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
			What’s Important
			Making History
			Approaches to the History of Psychology
		Methods of Study in Psychology
			Spiritualism and Science
			Sorcery in Salem
			The New History of Psychology
			Paradigms and Revolutions
			Specialization in Psychology
		Psychology Makes a Difference
		Summary
SECTION II Early Philosophical and Biological Foundations of Scientific Psychology
	4 Philosophical Foundations of Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		The Dawn of Civilization: Four River Valley Civilizations
		Early Explanatory Systems: Animism and Spirits
		Early Philosophies and Religions
			Confucianism and Taoism
			Indian Religions: Hinduism and Buddhism
			Judaism
		Greek Philosophy
			Thales
			Anaximander and Pythagoras
			The Eleatics
			Heraclitus, Empedocles, and Democritus
			Socrates
			Plato
			Aristotle
		Roman Philosophies
		Christianity
		Islam
			Islamic Science and Philosophy
		Judaic Philosophers
		Scholasticism: Thomas Aquinas and William of Occam
		The Renaissance: The Place and the People
			Francesco Petrarch
			Martin Luther
			Niccolò Machiavelli
		Renaissance Science
			Nicolas Copernicus
			Galileo Galilei
			Isaac Newton
			Francis Bacon
		The Modern Period: René Descartes
		Summary
	5 Biological Foundations of Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
			Mind–Body Relationship
			Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)
		Spinal Cord Studies
			René Descartes (1596–1650)
			Robert Whytt (1714–1766)
			Charles Bell (1774–1842)
			Francois Magendie (1783–1855)
			Bell–Magendie Law
			Johannes Müller (1801–1858)
			Neural Impulses
		Brain Localization
			Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens (1794–1867)
			Pierre-Paul Broca (1824–1880)
			Electrical Stimulation of the Brain
			Phantom Limbs and Causalgia
			Phineas Gage (1823–1860)
		Neural Units and Processes
			The Golgi–Ramón y Cajal Controversy
			The Microelectrode
			CATS, PETS, and MRI
			Split Brains
		Matters of the Mind
			Decade of the Brain
			Minds and Monkeys
			Brain Challenges
			Affect and Health
		Summary
	6 Phrenology, Mesmerism, and Hypnosis
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
			Mind and Soul
			Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677)
			Conscious and Unconscious Minds
		Phrenology
			Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828)
			Phrenology in America
			Personality Assessment
		Mesmerism
			Franz Anton Mesmer (1734–1815)
			Marquis de Puysegur (1751–1825)
		Hypnosis
			The Nancy School of Hypnosis
			The Parisian School of Hypnosis
			Laboratory Studies of Hypnosis
			The State and Non-State Model of Hypnosis
			Dissociation Theories of Hypnosis
			Hypnotic Phenomena: Age Regression
		Hypnosis and Clinical Psychology, Efficacy Studies, and Prevention
		Summary
	7 Associationism
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Origins of Human Knowledge
			Empiricism
			Revelation
			Positivism
			Associationism
		The British Empiricists
			John Locke (1632–1704)
			George Berkeley (1685–1753)
			David Hume (1711–1776)
		The British Associationists
			David Hartley (1705–1757)
			The Family Mills
			Alexander Bain (1818–1903)
			Counterpoint: Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
		Associationism: Later Developments
			Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850–1909)
			Sensory Conditioning
			Selective Deprivation Studies
			Repressed Memories
			The Seven Sins of Memory
		Summary
SECTION III Schools of Psychology
	8 Voluntarism and Structuralism
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Psychophysical Laws and Consciousness
			Weber’s Law
			Weber–Fechner Law
			Stevens’ Law
		Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920)
			Establishment of Psychology as an Independent Science
			Voluntarism: The Subject Matter and Method of Study
			The Composition of Consciousness
			Apperception
			Mental Chronometry
			Völkerpsychologie or Cultural Psychology
		Alternatives to Voluntarism
			Franz Brentano (1838–1917) and Act Psychology
			Oswald Külpe (1862–1915) and Imageless Thought
			Edward Bradford Titchener (1867–1927) and Structuralism
		The Origins of the Psychological Experiment
		The Elements of Love
		Summary
	9 Functionalism
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Setting the Stage for Functionalism
			Charles Darwin: Evolution Is Adaptive and Functional
			Darwin and Psychology
			The Legacy of Charles Darwin
			Sir Francis Galton: To Quantify Is to Know
			Galton and Psychology: Individual Differences
			Herbert Spencer: Social Darwinism
		Forerunners of Functionalism
			William James: Psychologist, Philosopher, and Pragmatist
			James as a Psychologist
			James as a Philosopher
			Granville Stanley Hall: Scientific and Professional Psychology
			Hall Entering Psychology
			Hall as an Established Psychologist
			Hall and Scientific/Applied Psychology
		The Founding of Functionalism
			John Dewey: A Vermonter and Functionalist
			Dewey and Education
			James Rowland Angell: Popularizing Functionalism
			Harvey A. Carr: A Mature Functionalism
		Functionalism at Columbia University
			James McKeen Cattell: A Quantifiable and Functional Psychology
			Edward Lee Thorndike: Animal Behavior and Connectionism
			Robert Sessions Woodworth: Author and Educator
		The Legacy of Functionalism and Contemporary Issues
			Hugo Münsterberg: Popularizing Applied Psychology
			Forensic Psychology
			Clinical Psychology
			Industrial/Applied Psychology
			Lightner Witmer: The Beginnings of Clinical Psychology
		A Functional Future
		Summary
	10 Behaviorism
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Models of Learning
			Stimulus–Response (S–R)
			Stimulus–Organism–Response (S–O–R)
			Response (R)
		Mind, Motion, and Mapping: The Beginning
			John Broadus Watson (1878–1958)
			Emotions, Thinking, and Instinct
			Karl Lashley (1890–1958)
			Mass Action and Equipotentiality
		Pavlovian or Classical Conditioning
			Basic Pavlovian Conditioning
			Applied Pavlovian Conditioning
		Neobehaviorism
			Clark Hull (1884–1952)
			Methodology and Learning
			Hypothetico-Deductive Theory of Behavior
			Drive Reduction Theory of Learning
		Edward Chace Tolman (1886–1959)
			Fundamental Ideas
			Theory and Experiments
		Orval Hobart Mowrer (1907–1983)
			Two-Factor Theory of Learning
			Emotional Conditioning
		Burrhus Fredric Skinner (1904–1990)
			Types of Conditioning
			Schedules of Reinforcement
			Law of Acquisition
			Behavioral Technology
		Martin Seligman (1942–)
			Learned Helplessness
			Learned Optimism
			Explanatory Style
		Albert Bandura (1925–)
			Social Learning
			Self-Efficacy
			Self-Regulation
		Positive Psychology
		Summary
	11 Gestalt Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction: The Figure and the Ground
			Laying the Groundwork for Revolution
		Max Wertheimer (1880–1943)
			Phi Phenomenon
			Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organization
			Productive Thinking
		Kurt Koffka (1886–1941)
		Wolfgang Köhler (1887–1967)
			The Mentality of Apes
			Coming to America
		From Structuralism to Behaviorism
		Kurt Lewin (1890–1947)
			Field Theory
			The Zeigarnik Effect
			Lewin in America
			The Child Welfare Research Station
			Action Research
		Expanding Gestalt’s Influence
		Gestalt Therapy
		Gestalt Psychology Today
		Summary
	12 Psychoanalysis
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Setting the Stage: Antecedent Influences on Psychoanalysis
			The History of Attitudes/Ideas Concerning Psychopathology
		Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
			Early Life
			The Development of Psychoanalysis
			Breuer and the Case of Anna O., Studies on Hysteria
			Freud’s Seduction Theory
			The Interpretation of Dreams
			The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
			Building a Legacy: Freud and His “Naughty Boys”
			Freud in America
			Theory of Personality Development
			Freud in Exile
			The Last Year
		Following in Freud’s Footsteps
			Anna Freud: Child Psychoanalysis
			Ernest Jones
		Carl Jung (1875–1961)
			The Final Break
			Psychological Types
			Personality Structure
		Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
			Individual Psychology
		Summary
	13 Beyond Psychoanalysis: Continuing Developments in Psychotherapy
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Object Relations Theory
			Melanie Klein
			W. R. D. Fairbairn
		Alternatives to Classical Psychoanalysis and Object Relations
			D. W. Winnicott
			Heinz Hartmann
			Margaret Mahler
			Heinz Kohut
			Erich Fromm
			Fromm’s Theory
			Erik Erikson
			Gordon Allport
			Henry Murray
		A Third Force in Psychology: Humanistic Psychology
			Abraham Maslow
			Carl Rogers
			Rollo May
		Summary
SECTION IV Diversity in Psychology
	14 Women in the History of Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction: Women in Psychology
		Early Women in Psychology
			Hildegard von Bingen
			Dorothea Lynde Dix (1802–1887)
		Breaking the Educational Barrier
			Mary Whiton Calkins
			Margaret Floy Washburn
			Christine Ladd-Franklin
			Lillien Jane Martin
		Out of Academia
			Leta Stetter Hollingworth
			Maria Montessori
		Work and Marriage
			Lillian Moller Gilbreth
			Anne Anastasi
			Rosser’s Stages of Women’s Participation in Science
			The Psychology of Women
			Karen Horney
			Re-Defining Gender Difference
			Janet Spence
			Sandra Bem
			Florence Denmark
		Women Challenging Bias
			Evelyn Hooker
			Mamie Phipps Clark
		Women in Developmental Psychology
			Anna Freud
			Mary Cover Jones
			Mary D. Salter Ainsworth
		Groundbreakers and Newsmakers
			Carol Gilligan: In a Different Voice
			Elizabeth Loftus: Eyewitness Memory
		Summary
	15 Ethnic Diversity in American Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Some Factors in the Experience of African Americans in Psychology
			The Association of Black Psychologists
			Kenneth B. Clark
			Francis Cecil Sumner
			Dalmas A. Taylor
			Norman B. Anderson
		Asian- American Contributions to Psychology
			The Asian American Psychological Association (AAPA)
			Stanley Sue
			Richard M. Suinn
		Hispanic American Contributions
			Martha Bernal
		Native Americans and American Psychology
			Carolyn Attneave
		Summary
	16 Psychology in Russia
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		An Overview of Russian History (1860–Present)
			The Pre-Revolutionary Period (1860–1917)
			The Soviet Period (1917–1991)
			The Post-Soviet Period (1991–Beyond)
		Pre-Revolutionary Psychology (1860–1917)
			Ivan Michailovich Sechenov
			Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
		Revolution: The Development of Soviet Psychology (1917–1991)
			Vladimir Bekhterev
		Soviet Repression and Reactology
			Georgy Ivanovich Chelpanov
			Konstantin Kornilov
		Dialectical Materialism, Pedology, and Psychotechnics
			Lev Vygotsky
			Alexander Luria
			Aleksei Nikolayevich Leontiev
		The Soviet Union in the 1960s
		Post-Soviet Psychology: Picking Up the Pieces After Perestroika
		Summary
	17 Psychology in China
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Philosophical Roots of Chinese Psychology
			Confucianism
			Taoism
			The I Ching
			East Meets West: Early European Influence
		Psychological Testing
		The Chinese Medical Model
		Psychology in China as an Experimental Science
			Foreign Imports
			The Impact of Communism
			The Cultural Revolution
			Chinese Economic Reform
		Chinese Psychology Faces Forward: Current Challenges and Opportunities
		Summary
	18 Indigenous Psychologies: Latin America, South Africa, and India-Asia
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		Introduction
		Latin American Psychology
			Formal Institutions
			Social Problem Solvers
		South African Psychology
			Formal Institutions
			Shifts in Research
		Indian-Asian Psychology
			Formal Institutions
			Shifts in Research
		Summary
SECTION V Applied Psychology
	19 Clinical Psychology
		Chapter Overview
		Learning Objectives
		The Making of a Profession
			What Is a Profession
			Precursors and Origin of Clinical Psychology
			A Profession Needs the Backing of a Reputable Organization
		A Defining Role for Clinical Psychologists: Testing and Assessment
			Intelligence Testing
			Personality Testing
		Treatment and Psychotherapy
			From Mental Asylums to Community Mental Health Centers
			The 1920s
			World War II: Clinical Psychology Gains Clout
			From Independent Practice to Managed Care
		Beyond Psychotherapy
			Forensic Psychology
			Training
		Summary
Epilogue
References
Name Index
Subject Index