A History of Medicine, Third Edition

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Authors
1. Paleopathology and paleomedicine
	Paleopathology: Methods and problems
	Diagnosing prehistoric diseases and injuries
	Mummies and signs of disease
	The Iceman
	Paleomedicine and surgery
	Healing rituals, traditions, and magic
	Suggested readings
2. Medicine in ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt
	Mesopotamia
	Hammurabi’s code of laws
	Egypt
	The medical papyri
	Suggested readings
3. The medical traditions of India and China
	India
	Ayurvedic medicine, the science of life
	Surgery, anatomy, and dissection
	Chinese medicine: Classical, traditional, and modern
	The three celestial emperors: Fu Hsi, Shen Nung, and Huang Ti
	Classical Chinese concepts of anatomy
	Acupuncture and moxibustion
	Drug lore and dietetics
	Surgery
	The Chinese cultural sphere
	Medical practice in modern China
	Suggested readings
4. Greco-Roman medicine
	Philosophy and medicine
	Hippocrates and the Hippocratic tradition
	The nature of disease and the doctrine of the four humors
	The cult of Asclepius, god of medicine
	Alexandrian science and medicine
	Medicine in the Roman world
	On Galen and Galenism
	The Plague of Cyprian
	Suggested readings
5. The Middle Ages
	Monasteries and universities
	Surgery in the Middle Ages
	Women and medicine
	Epidemic diseases of the Middle Ages
	Bubonic plague
	From leprosy to Hansen’s disease
	Islamic medicine
	The great sages of Islamic medicine
	The strange case of Ibn an-Nafis
	The survival of Greco-Islamic medicine
	Suggested readings
6. The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution
	The medical humanists
	Autopsies, art, and anatomy
	Andreas Vesalius on the fabric of the human body
	Medicine and surgery
	The occult sciences: Astrology and alchemy
	Syphilis, the scourge of the Renaissance
	Syphilis and human experimentation
	The discovery of the circulation of the blood
	Blood transfusion
	Santorio Santorio and the quantitative method
	Suggested readings
7. New world cultures and civilizations
	New World civilizations and the “Columbian exchange”
	Aztec civilization
	Mayan civilization
	Incan civilization
	Diseases in the Americas
	Suggested readings
8. The Americanization of Old World medicine
	The new republic
	Heroic medicine and the death of George Washington
	Yellow fever
	Medical practice and regional distinctiveness
	The Civil War
	Medical education and the medical profession
	The Flexner Report
	The Flexner Report and the sectarian schools
	Medical colleges for women and African-Americans
	Continuing medical education
	Medical specialization
	Problems in the modern medical workforce
	Hospitals, nurses, and nursing schools
	Suggested readings
9. The medical counterculture
	Alternative medicine
	Ellen White and Seventh Day Adventism
	From Adventist healing to breakfast cereals
	Nutrition science for the poor
	Patent medicines
	Modern diets, paleo, and gluten-free
	Christian Science
	Faith healing
	Religious doctrines and standards of medical care
	Faith healing and prayer tests
	Domestic medicine and advice books
	Medical sects
	Osteopathy
	Chiropractic
	Naturopathy
	Alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine
	The National Center for Complementary Medicine
	Suggested readings
10. Medical theory, medical care, and preventive medicine
	Thomas Sydenham, the “English Hippocrates”
	The eighteenth-century foundations of modern medicine
	Nutrition, malnutrition, health, and disease
	Smallpox: Inoculation, vaccination, and eradication
	Edward Jenner, cowpox, and vaccination
	The global eradication of smallpox
	Suggested readings
11. The art and science of surgery
	Anesthesia
	Laughing gas, ether, and surgical anesthesia
	Postsurgical infections
	Childbirth, midwives, obstetricians, and childbed fever
	Midwives and medical men
	Antisepsis and asepsis
	From hospitalism to nosocomial infections
	Suggested readings
12. Medical microbiology
	Louis Pasteur
	Robert Koch
	Microbes, miasmata, and water-borne diseases
	Invisible microbes and virology
	Emerging diseases
	Biological warfare and bioterrorism
	Suggested readings
13. Diagnostics and therapeutics
	The art and science of diagnosis
	Serum therapy
	Immunology and antibiotics
	Natural defenses: Humoral or cellular?
	Genetics, genomics, and medicine
	Paradoxical progress
	Medical errors and medical malpractice
	Testing the safety and efficacy of drugs
	Suggested readings
14. The quest for wellness: Public health and environmental concerns
	Achievements in public health in the United States, 1900–1999
	Birth control, Comstock, the pill, and abortion
	Modern miasmas and human health
	Hill’s criteria for causation: Occupational diseases and environmental pollution
	Modern miasmata: Air pollution and human health
	Poliomyelitis
	Influenza: The last great plague?
	Paradoxical progress
	Suggested readings
Epilogue
Index