A History of Hittite Literacy: Writing and Reading in Late Bronze-Age Anatolia (1650–1200 BC)

Cover
Half-title page
Title page
Copyright page
Dedication
Contents
List of
Figures
List of
Tables
Preface and Acknowledgments
Map
Timeline and Hittite Kings
Sigla and Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction
	1.1 Anatolia and Literacy
	1.2 Defining the Hittites
	1.3 A Note on the Hittite Economy
	1.4 Modern Hittite Scholarship and Our Sources
	1.5 The Nature of Our Evidence and How We Use It
	1.6 Doing Things with Tablets
	1.7 A Note on Chronology and Dating
	1.8 Some Final Remarks
Chapter 2 Writing and Literacy among the Anatolians in the Old Assyrian Period
	2.1 The Beginnings of Writing in Anatolia
	2.2 Anitta and the First Unified Anatolian Kingdom
	2.3 Central Anatolia: An Illiterate Society in the Old Assyrian Period
Chapter 3 From Kanesh to Hattusa
	3.1 The End of Anitta and the Rise of Hattusa
	3.2 The Origins of the Hittite Cuneiform
	3.3 The Case for a Syrian Origin
	3.4 A Closer Look at the Alalah Ductus
	3.5 Conclusion
	3.6 Appendix: A Brief Introduction to Hittite Cuneiform
Chapter 4 First Writing in Hattusa
	4.1 From Mursili I to Telipinu
	4.2 First Writing in Hattusa
	4.3 The Allure of Akkadian
Chapter 5 Literacy and Literature in the Old Kingdom until 1500 BC
	5.1 Hatti-Land after Telipinu
	5.2 Literacy and Literature of the Old Kingdom
	5.3 Looking for Writing in the Old Kingdom
	5.4 Scribes in the Old Kingdom
	5.5 Evidence for Record Management
	5.6 The Character of the Earliest Hittite Compositions
	5.7 The Hittite Laws
	5.8 Law and Orality
	5.9 The Corpus of Old Hittite Cult Rituals
	5.10 Socio-Economic, Legal, and Bookkeeping Texts?
	5.11 The Early Hittite Kingdom as an Oral and Aural Society
Chapter 6 The Emergence of Writing in Hittite
	6.1 The Second Half of the Sixteenth Century bc as an Anatolian Renaissance
	6.2 Adapting to Hittite
	6.3 The Charters and the Introduction of Writing in Hittite
	6.4 A Hittite Literature in the Vernacular
Chapter 7 A Second Script
	7.1 The Anatolian Hieroglyphs
	7.2 The Iconographic Repertoire and its Development
	7.3 The Anatolian Hieroglyphs as a Writing System
	7.4 Conclusion
	7.5 Appendix: A Brief Introduction to Anatolian Hieroglyphs
Chapter 8 The New Kingdom Cuneiform Corpus
	8.1 The New Kingdom Period
	8.2 The Cuneiform Corpus
	8.3 Historical Prose and Related Texts Using the Past
	8.4 Treaties, Instructions, Letters, and Depositions
	8.5 Religious Texts
	8.6 Scholarly Texts
	8.7 Bookkeeping and Socio-Economic and Legal Administration
	8.8 Cuneiform Text Corpora from Central Anatolia Outside Hattusa
	8.9 Conclusion
Chapter 9 The New Kingdom Hieroglyphic Corpus
	9.1 Writing for the World
	9.2 Seals
	9.3 Inscriptions Erected in the Public Sphere
	9.4 Graffiti and Small Inscriptions on Objects
	9.5 Conclusion
Chapter 10 The Wooden Writing Boards
	10.1 Problems and Evidence
	10.2 GISˇ.ḪUR
	10.3 [sup((gisˇ.Ḫur))]ḫatiwi(ya)-
	10.4 [sup(giš(.Ḫur))]k/gaštarḫait/da
	10.5 [sup((giš(.ḫur)))]gul-zattar
	10.6 [sup((giš))]k/gurt/da-
	10.7 [sup((giš.Ḫur))]parzaki(š)
	10.8 [sup(giš.Ḫur)]tuppi?
	10.9 [sup(giš)]lE¯ʾu
	10.10 Conclusion on the Words So Far Discussed
	10.11 Other Evidence for Wooden Tablets
Chapter 11 The Seal Impressions of the Westbau and Building D, and the Wooden Tablets
	11.1 The Collections of Seal Impressions in Hattusa
	11.2 The Bullae and the Wooden Tablets: Previous Interpretations
	11.3 Problems with the Traditional View
	11.4 An Alternative Interpretation
	11.5 Conclusion
Chapter 12 In the Hittite Chancellery and Tablet Collections
	12.1 The Reign of Mursili II
	12.2 The Hittite Cuneiform Corpus from an Institutional Perspective
	12.3 Writing: Drafting New Documents
	12.4 Writing: Copying and Editing
	12.5 The Editing Process
	12.6 Writing: Other Types of Documents
	12.7 Reading
	12.8 Record Management
	12.9 Tablet Storage in Hattusa: Can We Detect a System?
	12.10 Appendix: The Editors at Work
Chapter 13 Scribes and Scholars
	13.1 The Last Hundred Years
	13.2 Who Were the Scribes?
	13.3 Scribes and Wood-Scribes
	13.4 The Societal Status of Scribes
	13.5 Scribes and Seal Owners
	13.6 Scribes Elsewhere in the Cuneiform Corpus
	13.7 Elite Scribes
	13.8 Chief Scribes
	13.9 Apprentices
	13.10 The Scribal Organization
	13.11 The Average Scribe
	13.12 Scholars at the Hittite Court
	13.13 The scriba doctus
	13.14 The Tablet Inventories as Scholarly Corpora
	13.15 Memorization as Part of Scholarly Life?
Chapter 14 Excursus: Scribes on Seals? The Hieroglyphic Sign L.326
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 An Alternative Hypothesis
	14.3 The Shape of L.326 and L.326t
	14.4 Conclusions
Chapter 15 The End and Looking Back
	15.1 The Vanishing of the Hittite kingdom
	15.2 Looking Back
Bibliography
Index Locorum
General Index