A Grammar Research Guide for Ngwi Languages

Abstract
Contents
Introduction
	A new language group
	Endangered Ngwi languages
	Grammar research guides
	Predictable characteristics of Ngwi languages
	Predictable areas of variability among Ngwi languages
	Unpredictable areas of variability among Ngwi languages
	This grammar research guide as a tool
	Order of description
Abbreviations
1 Sentence introducers
	1.1 Interjections
		1.1.1 Bisu interjections
		1.1.2 Lahu interjections
		1.1.3 Lalo interjections
		1.1.4 Nuosu interjections
	1.2 Conjunctions
		1.2.1 Bisu conjunctions
		1.2.2 Lahu conjunctions
		1.2.3 Lalo conjunctions
		1.2.4 Nuosu conjunctions
2 Nouns
	2.1 Noun types, compounding, and derivation
		2.1.1 Bisu noun types, compounding, and derivation
		2.1.2 Lahu noun types, noun structures, and derivation
		2.1.3 Lalo noun types, compounding, and derivation
		2.1.4 Nuosu noun types, compounding, derivation, and nominalization
	2.2 Noun phrase structure
		2.2.1 Bisu noun phrase structure
		2.2.2 Lahu noun phrase structure
		2.2.3 Lalo noun phrase structure
		2.2.4 Nuosu noun phrase structure
	2.3 Noun particles
		2.3.1 Bisu noun particles
		2.3.2 Lahu noun particles
		2.3.3 Lalo noun particles
		2.3.4 Nuosu noun particles
	2.4 Postnominal clausal particles
		2.4.1 Bisu postnominal clausal particles
		2.4.2 Lahu postnominal clausal particles
		2.4.3 Lalo postnominal clausal particles
		2.4.4 Nuosu postnominal clausal particles
	2.5 Noun case usage
		2.5.1 Bisu noun case usage
		2.5.2 Lahu noun case usage
		2.5.3 Lalo noun case usage
		2.5.4 Nuosu noun case usage
3 Numerals
	3.1 Bisu numerals
		3.1.1 Cardinal numerals
		3.1.2 Ordinal numerals
		3.1.3 Fractions
		3.1.4 Approximations
	3.2 Lahu numerals
	3.3 Lalo numerals
	3.4 Nuosu numerals
4 Classifiers
	4.1 Bisu classifiers
		4.1.1 Object classifier: People
		4.1.2 Object classifier: Individual
		4.1.3 Autoclassifiers
	4.2 Lahu classifiers
		4.2.1 General, special, auto-, and round number classifiers
		4.2.2 Time and group classifiers
		4.2.3 Reduplication
	4.3 Lalo classifiers
		4.3.1 Unit classifier
		4.3.2 Measure classifier
		4.3.3 Container classifier
		4.3.4 Autoclassifier
	4.4 Nuosu classifiers
		4.4.1 Shape classifier
		4.4.2 Function
5 Negation
	5.1 Bisu negation
	5.2 Lahu negation
		5.2.1 ‘Not’ to distinguish types of vps
		5.2.2 Nouns and nominalized clauses
		5.2.3 Negative imperatives
	5.3 Lalo negation
	5.4 Nuosu negation
		5.4.1 Forms and placement
		5.4.2 Degrees of negation
		5.4.3 Negative imperatives
6 Adjectives
	6.1 Bisu adjectives
		6.1.1 Six types
		6.1.3 Form
		6.1.4 Juxtaposition of adjectives
		6.1.5 Reduplication
		6.1.6 Increased emphasis or intensity
		6.1.7 Comparison
		6.1.8 Function
	6.2 Lahu adjectives
		6.2.1 Restrictions for combining
		6.2.2 Reduplication
		6.2.3 With suffixes
	6.3 Lalo adjectives
	6.4 Nuosu adjectives
		6.4.1 Prefixes
		6.4.2 Emphasis
		6.4.3 Comparative
7 Pronouns
	7.1 Pronoun types
		7.1.1 Bisu pronoun types
		7.1.2 Lahu pronouns types
		7.1.3 Lalo pronouns types
		7.1.4 Nuosu pronoun types
	7.2 Pronoun use
		7.2.1 Bisu pronoun use
		7.2.2 Lahu pronoun use
		7.2.3 Lalo pronoun use
		7.2.4 Nuosu pronoun use
8 Adverbs
	8.1 Akeu adverbs
	8.2 Bisu adverbs
		8.2.1 Modifiers
		8.2.2 Complements
	8.3 Lahu adverbs and adverbial expressions
		8.3.1 Order
		8.3.2 Qha-adverbials of manner, equality, and extent
		8.3.3 Reduplication
		8.3.4 “Verbal elaborate” expressions
	8.4 Lalo adverbs and adverbial expressions
		8.4.1 Common adverbs
		8.4.2 Xa- and elaborated adverbs
		8.4.3 ‘Like that/this’ adverbs
	8.5 Nuosu adverbs and adverbial expressions
		8.5.1 Adverbs that precede their heads
		8.5.2 Adverbs that follow their heads
		8.5.3 Adverbs that can either precede or follow their heads
		8.5.4 Particle that makes adjectives into adverbs
9 Verbs
	9.1 Verb types
		9.1.1 Bisu verb types
		9.1.2 Lahu verb types and verb phrase types
		9.1.3 Lalo verb types
		9.1.4 Nuosu verb types
	9.2 Verb concatenations: Number of possible verbs combined
		9.2.1 Preverbal slots in concatenations
	9.3 Main/head verbs
		9.3.1 Bisu main/head verbs
		9.3.2 Lahu main/head verbs
		9.3.3 Lalo main/head verbs
		9.3.4 Nuosu main/head verbs
	9.4 Posthead verbal slots in concatenations
		9.4.1 Akeu posthead verbal slots
		9.4.2 Akha posthead verbal slots
		9.4.3 Bisu posthead verbal slots
		9.4.4 Lahu posthead verbal slots
		9.4.5 Lalo postverbal slots
		9.4.6 Nuosu postverbal slots
	9.5 Pre- and posthead verb coordination of auxiliaries/versatiles
		9.5.1 Lahu pre- and posthead verb coordination of auxiliaries in Lahu
	9.6 Verb particles
		9.6.1 Bisu verb particles
		9.6.2 Lahu verb particles
		9.6.3 Lalo verb particles
		9.6.4 Nuosu verb particles
	9.7 Clause-final particles and sentence-final particles
		9.7.1 An Akeu sentence-final particle
		9.7.2 Akha sentence-final particles
		9.7.3 Bisu sentence-final particles
		9.7.4 Lahu clause-final particles and sentence-final particles
		9.7.5 Lalo clause-final and sentence-final particles
		9.7.6 Nuosu clause-final and sentence-final particles
10 Unrestricted particles
11 Sentential structure
	11.1 Simple sentences
		11.1.1 Bisu simple sentences
		11.1.2 Lahu simple sentences
		11.1.3 Lalo simple sentences
		11.1.4 Nuosu simple sentences
	11.2 Compound and complex sentences
		11.2.1 Bisu compound and complex sentences
		11.2.2 Lahu compound and complex sentences
		11.2.3 Lalo compound and complex sentences
		11.2.4 Nuosu compound and complex sentences
References