A grammar of Toba-Batak

A grammar of Toba-Batak
Contentsiii
Introductionviii
Introduction to the Thesis (1958): Chapters on Phonologyxvi
Introduction to the Dissertation (1966): From Morphophonemics to Syntaxxx
Mapsxxiii
CHAPTER I - THE BATAK PHONEMES1
1. Consonants1
1.1. The Stops2
1.2. The Fricatives3
1.3. The Affricates5
1.4. The Nasals6
1.5. The Linguals7
1.6. The Semivowels8
1.7. The Glottal Stop9
1.8. Concluding Remarks11
2. Vowels13
2.1. The Suprasegmental Phonemes21
3. Stress21
4. Juncture29
5. Pitch33
CHAPTER II - PHONOTACTICS41
2.1. Word Patterns41
2.2. Consonant Clusters43
2.3. Vowel Clusters50
CHAPTER III - MORPHOPHONEMICS57
3.1. Words57
3.2. External Sandhi58
3.2.1. Examples of External Sandhi59
3.3. Internal Morphophonemics60
3.3.1. Regular Internal Alternations60
3.3.2. Irregular Internal Alternations61
3.3.3. Stress Alternation63
3.3.4. Examples63
3.4. Conclusion64
CHAPTER IV - MORPHOLOGY65
4.0. Introduction65
4.1. Parts of Speech65
4.2. Inflectional Categories66
4.2.1. Substantive Class66
4.2.2. Substantive Reference66
4.2.2.1. Allocation67
4.2.2.2. Actor67
4.2.2.3. Object68
4.2.3. Voice and Resolution68
4.2.3.1. Voice68
4.2.4. Mode and Aspect68
4.2.4.1. Mode: Active Transitive68
4.2.4.2. Passive Transitive69
4.2.4.3. Aspect70
4.2.5. Degree71
4.2.6. Ordinal72
4.3. Contentives72
4.3.1. Nouns72
4.3.2. Verbs73
4.3.3. Adjectives75
4.3.4. Adjuncts75
4.3.5. Interjections76
4.4. Functors76
4.4.1. Substitutes76
4.4.1.1. Pronouns77
4.4.1.2. Proverbs79
4.4.1.3. Pro-adjective79
4.4.1.4. Pro-adjuncts79
4.4.1.5. Pro-clauses80
4.4.2. Directive Particles80
4.4.2.1. Prepositions80
4.4.2.1.1. Locative Prepositions80
4.4.2.1.2. Instrumental Prepositions81
4.4.2.1.3. Attributive Preposition81
4.4.2.1.4. Possessive-Agentive Preposition81
4.4.2.1.5. Objective Preposition81
4.4.2.1.6. Comparative Prepositions82
4.4.2.1.7. Resultative Prepositions82
4.4.2.1.8. Some Phrases Function as Prepositions82
4.4.2.2. Subordinating Conjunctions82
4.4.3. Modal Particles84
4.4.3.1. Predicative Particles84
4.4.3.2. Imperative Particles85
4.4.4. Connectives86
4.4.5. Auxiliaries86
4.4.5.1. Predicator Auxiliaries86
4.4.5.2. Noun Auxiliaries87
4.4.5.3. Adjective Auxiliaries88
4.4.5.4. Adjunct Auxiliary88
4.4.5.5. Substitute Auxiliary89
4.4.5.5.1. Numeral Auxiliaries89
4.5. Structure of Words90
4.5.1. Composition90
4.6. Structure of Stems91
4.6.1. Secondary Derivation91
4.6.2. Primary Derivation91
4.6.2.1. Root Compounds92
4.6.3. Noun Stems93
4.6.3.1. Simple Noun Stems93
4.6.3.2. Primary Derived Noun Stems93
4.6.3.3. Secondary Derived Noun Stems95
4.6.4. Verb Stems97
4.6.4.1. Intransitive Verb Stems97
4.6.4.1.1. Simple Intransitive Verbs97
4.6.4.1.2. Primary Derived Intransitive Verbs97
4.6.4.1.3. Secondary Intransitive Verbs98
4.6.4.2. Transitive Verbs101
4.6.4.2.1. Simple Transitive Verbs102
4.6.4.2.2. Primary Transitive Verbs102
4.6.4.2.3. Secondary Transitive Verbs102
4.6.5. Stems of other Word Classes104
4.7. Roots104
CHAPTER V - SYNTAX107
5.0. Introduction107
5.1. Constructions107
5.1.1. Endocentric Constructions107
5.1.1.1. Attributive Constructions107
5.1.1.1.1. Noun Phrase108
5.1.1.1.2. Verb Phrases109
5.1.1.1.3. Adjective Phrases110
5.1.1.1.4. Adjunct Phrases110
5.1.1.1.5. Substitute Phrases111
5.1.1.2. Co-ordinate Constructions111
5.1.1.2.1. Additive Constructions111
5.1.1.2.2. Alternative Constructions111
5.1.1.2.3. Appositive Constructions112
5.1.2. Exocentric Constructions112
5.1.2.1. Directive Constructions112
5.1.2.1.1. Marked Directive Constructions112
5.1.2.1.2. Verbal Directive Constructions112
5.1.2.2. Predicative Constructions113
5.1.2.2.1. Verbal Predicative Constructions113
5.1.2.2.2. Equational Constructions114
5.2. Clauses114
5.2.1. Word Order115
5.2.1.1. Direct Order115
5.2.1.2. Inverted Order116
5.2.2. Clause Types117
5.2.2.1. Favourite Types117
5.2.2.2. Minor Types118
5.3. Sentences119
Appendix I - SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF A TEXT121
1. Introduction121
2. Text121
3. Free Translation122
4. Analysis123
Appendix II - SPECTROGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF SOME BATAK PHONEMES133
1. Vowel Length133
2. Vowel Formants135
3. Junctures136
4. Pitch Contours137
5. Phonotactics138
Appendix III - THE BATAK ALPHABET141
Bibliography145