A grammar of Komnzo

Contents
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 Preliminaries
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Typological overview
		1.2.1 Introduction
		1.2.2 Phonology
		1.2.3 Morphology
		1.2.4 Distributed exponence
		1.2.5 Syntax
	1.3 The Farem people and their language
		1.3.1 Location
		1.3.2 Geography and environment
		1.3.3 Agriculture and subsistence
			1.3.3.1 Yam counting
		1.3.4 Demography and vitality
		1.3.5 History
			1.3.5.1 Pre-contact history
			1.3.5.2 Modern history
		1.3.6 Mythology and the origin of people
		1.3.7 Social organisation
		1.3.8 Exogamy
		1.3.9 Kinship terminology
		1.3.10 Person reference and name avoidance
		1.3.11 Language ideology and multilingualism
	1.4 Komnzo within the Yam languages
		1.4.1 Phonology
		1.4.2 Lexicon
		1.4.3 Morpho-syntax
		1.4.4 Summary
	1.5 Previous work and methodology
		1.5.1 Previous work
		1.5.2 This project
		1.5.3 The text corpus
2 Phonology
	2.1 Consonant phonemes
		2.1.1 Obstruents
			2.1.1.1 Stops
			2.1.1.2 Labialised velar stops
			2.1.1.3 Affricates
			2.1.1.4 Fricatives
		2.1.2 Nasals
		2.1.3 Trill, tap - /r/
		2.1.4 Approximants
		2.1.5 Minimal pairs for Komnzo consonants
	2.2 Vowel phonemes
		2.2.1 Phonetic description and allophonic distribution of vowels
			2.2.1.1 Allophones of /o/
			2.2.1.2 Analytic problems with /œ/
		2.2.2 The non-phonemic status of schwa
		2.2.3 Minimal pairs for Komnzo vowels
	2.3 Regular phonological processes
		2.3.1 Gemination
		2.3.2 Final-devoicing
		2.3.3 Glottal stop insertion
	2.4 The syllable and phonotactics
		2.4.1 Syllable structure
		2.4.2 Consonant clusters
			2.4.2.1 Tautosyllabic clusters
			2.4.2.2 Heterosyllabic clusters
		2.4.3 Syllabification and epenthesis
		2.4.4 Minimal word
		2.4.5 Stress
	2.5 Morphophonemic Processes
		2.5.1 Vowel harmony after =wä
		2.5.2 Dissimilation between prefix and verb stem
		2.5.3 Approximant ↔ high vowel
	2.6 Loanwords and loanword phonology
	2.7 Orthography development
3 Word classes
	3.1 Nominals
		3.1.1 Overview of criteria
		3.1.2 Nouns
		3.1.3 The semantics of the gender system
		3.1.4 Property nouns
		3.1.5 Adjectives
		3.1.6 Quantifiers and numerals
			3.1.6.1 Quantifiers
			3.1.6.2 Numerals
		3.1.7 Locationals
		3.1.8 Temporals
		3.1.9 Personal pronouns
		3.1.10 Interrogatives
		3.1.11 Indefinites
		3.1.12 Demonstratives
			3.1.12.1 Pronominal and adnominal demonstratives
			3.1.12.2 Adverbial demonstratives
			3.1.12.3 Clitic demonstratives
			3.1.12.4 Anaphoric ane
			3.1.12.5 Immediate zf
			3.1.12.6 Recognitional baf
			3.1.12.7 Manner demonstrative nima
	3.2 Verbs
	3.3 Adverbs
	3.4 Particles
		3.4.1 TAM particles
		3.4.2 Discourse particles
	3.5 Clitics
		3.5.1 Nominal enclitics
		3.5.2 Verbal proclitics
	3.6 Connectives
	3.7 Ideophones
	3.8 Interjections
4 Nominal morphology
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Reduplication
	4.3 The form and function of case markers
	4.4 Absolutive
	4.5 Ergative =f, =è
	4.6 Dative =n, =nm
	4.7 Possessive marking
		4.7.1 Possessive =ane, =aneme
		4.7.2 Close possession
	4.8 Spatial cases
		4.8.1 Locative =en
		4.8.2 Allative =fo
		4.8.3 Ablative =fa
	4.9 Temporal cases
		4.9.1 Temporal locative =thamen
		4.9.2 Temporal purposive =thamar
		4.9.3 Temporal possessive =thamane
	4.10 Instrumental =me
	4.11 Purposive =r
	4.12 Characteristic =ma
	4.13 Proprietive =karä
	4.14 Privative =märe
	4.15 Associative =ä
	4.16 Similative =thatha
	4.17 Further nominal morphology
		4.17.1 Emphatic =wä
		4.17.2 Exclusive =nzo
		4.17.3 Etcetera =sü
		4.17.4 Distributive -kak
		4.17.5 Diminuitive fäth
	4.18 A few historical notes
5 Verb morphology
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Morphological complexity
	5.3 Stem types
		5.3.1 The formal relationship of extended and restricted stems
		5.3.2 Dual marking with extended and restricted stems
		5.3.3 The combinatorics of extended and restricted stems
		5.3.4 A comparative note on multiple stems
	5.4 Alignment and verb templates
		5.4.1 Grammatical relations
		5.4.2 Morphological templates
		5.4.3 Valency alternations
		5.4.4 The prefixing template
			5.4.4.1 Introduction
			5.4.4.2 Positional verbs
		5.4.5 The middle template
		5.4.6 The ambifixing template
	5.5 Person, gender and number
		5.5.1 Person
			5.5.1.1 Person suffixes
			5.5.1.2 The morphemic status of the first singular -é
			5.5.1.3 Morpheme slots in the suffix system
			5.5.1.4 Person prefixes
		5.5.2 Gender
		5.5.3 Number
			5.5.3.1 Ambiguities in the reference of the duality affix
			5.5.3.2 Large plurals with prefixing verbs
			5.5.3.3 Allomorphy in the post-stem duality slot
			5.5.3.4 Pre-stem dual marking with restricted stems
	5.6 Deixis and directionality
		5.6.1 The directional affixes n- and -o
		5.6.2 The deictic clitics z=, b=, f= and m=
6 Tense, aspect and mood
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The combinatorics of TAM
		6.2.1 The prefix series
		6.2.2 The irrealis prefix ra-
		6.2.3 The past suffix -a
		6.2.4 The durative suffix -m
		6.2.5 The imperative suffixes
	6.3 The TAM particles
		6.3.1 The imminent particle n
		6.3.2 The apprehensive particle m
		6.3.3 The potential particle kma
		6.3.4 The future particle kwa
		6.3.5 The iamitive particle z
		6.3.6 The habitual particle nomai
	6.4 Some remarks on the semantics of TAM
		6.4.1 Tense
		6.4.2 Aspect
		6.4.3 Mood
7 Syntax of the noun phrase
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 The structure of the noun phrase
	7.3 The determiner slot
	7.4 The modifier slots
	7.5 The head slot
		7.5.1 Introduction
		7.5.2 Ellipsis of the head
		7.5.3 Compounds
	7.6 The inclusory construction
8 Clausal syntax
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Constituent order
	8.3 Clause types
		8.3.1 Non-verbal clauses
		8.3.2 Copula clauses
		8.3.3 Intransitive clauses
		8.3.4 Impersonal clauses
		8.3.5 `Passive' clauses
		8.3.6 Reflexive and reciprocal clauses
		8.3.7 Suppressed-object clauses
		8.3.8 Transitive clauses
		8.3.9 Ditransitive clauses
		8.3.10 Experiencer-object constructions
		8.3.11 Cognate and pseudo-cognate object constructions
		8.3.12 Light verb constructions
	8.4 Questions
	8.5 Negation
9 Complex syntax
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Coordinated clauses
	9.3 Complement clauses
		9.3.1 Phasal verbs
		9.3.2 Complements of knowledge
		9.3.3 Complements of desire
	9.4 Adverbial clauses
		9.4.1 Purposive adverbials
		9.4.2 Temporal adverbials
		9.4.3 Manner adverbials
	9.5 Relative clauses
	9.6 Conditional and time clauses
	9.7 Direct speech and thought
10 Information structure
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Clitics and particles
	10.3 The paragraph marker watik
	10.4 Fronted relative clauses
	10.5 TAM categories and event-sequencing
11 Aspects of the lexicon
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Sign metonymies
		11.2.1 Overview
		11.2.2 Metaphor
		11.2.3 Metonymy
		11.2.4 Conclusion
	11.3 Landscape terminology
		11.3.1 Conceptualisation of landscape
		11.3.2 Place names
		11.3.3 Mixed place names
		11.3.4 Social landscape
Sample text: Nzürna trikasi
Sample text: Kwafar
Sample text: Fenz yonasi
List of recordings
References
Index
	Name index
	Language index
	Subject index