A grammar of Choguita Rarámuri

Contents
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
1 Introduction
	1.1 Linguistic profile of Choguita Rarámuri
		1.1.1 Choguita Rarámuri in typological context
		1.1.2 Rarámuri language varieties and genetic/genealogical relationships
			1.1.2.1 Dialect variation
			1.1.2.2 Alternative names
			1.1.2.3 Genealogical affiliation
		1.1.3 Previous work
	1.2 Geographic location and physical environment
	1.3 Choguita Rarámuri in social and historical context
		1.3.1 History of contact with Europeans
		1.3.2 Linguistic ecology and sociopolitical context
		1.3.3 Mexican government sponsored ``bilingual/bicultural \" education and literacy
	1.4 This grammar
		1.4.1 Project development
		1.4.2 Theoretical assumptions
		1.4.3 Data sources and methodology
			1.4.3.1 Narratives
			1.4.3.2 Conversations
			1.4.3.3 Interviews
			1.4.3.4 Elicited data
			1.4.3.5 Language teaching sessions
		1.4.4 Language experts and collaborators
		1.4.5 Representation of examples
	1.5 Overview of the grammar
2 Grammatical overview
	2.1 Phonology
		2.1.1 Segmental inventory and processes
		2.1.2 Stress, tone and prosodic structure
	2.2 Pronouns and demonstratives
	2.3 Discourse particles
	2.4 Nouns and noun phrases
	2.5 Verbs
	2.6 Word order
	2.7 Appositive possessive constructions and relative clauses
	2.8 Complement clauses and clause chaining
	2.9 Complex predicates
3 Segmental phonology
	3.1 Overview of the Choguita Rarámuri phonological system
	3.2 Phonological inventory
		3.2.1 Consonants
		3.2.2 Vowels
	3.3 Minimal pairs
		3.3.1 Consonant minimal pairs
		3.3.2 Vocalic minimal pairs
	3.4 Processes
		3.4.1 Palatalization of alveolar fricatives
		3.4.2 Optional nasal place assimilation
		3.4.3 Processes targeting rhotics
		3.4.4 Post-consonantal devoicing
		3.4.5 Spirantization of voiced bilabial stops
	3.5 Phonetic reduction processes
		3.5.1 Lenition of voiceless plosives
		3.5.2 Depalatalization and deaffrication of alveopalatal affricates
4 Syllables
	4.1 Underlying syllable structure
	4.2 Consonant sequences
	4.3 Vowel sequences
	4.4 Semi-vowels
		4.4.1 Semi-vowel deletion
		4.4.2 Semi-vowel monophthongization
5 Stress
	5.1 Acoustic correlates and distributional properties
	5.2 Stress-based vowel reduction and deletion
		5.2.1 Stress-conditioned vowel reduction patterns
			5.2.1.1 Unstressed mid front vowel reduction to [i]
			5.2.1.2 [-high] Unstressed posttonic vowel reduction
			5.2.1.3 Unstressed high vowel reduction to schwa
		5.2.2 Stressed-conditioned vowel deletion
	5.3 Stress properties of roots and suffixes
		5.3.1 Stress properties of monosyllabic roots
		5.3.2 Stress properties of disyllabic roots
		5.3.3 Stress properties of trisyllabic roots
		5.3.4 Stress properties of suffixes
	5.4 Initial three-syllable stress window
6 Tone and intonation
	6.1 Tone
		6.1.1 Tonal inventory
		6.1.2 Tonal (near-)minimal pairs
		6.1.3 Tone patterns by root type and stress position
		6.1.4 Stress-based tonal neutralization
	6.2 Intonation
		6.2.1 H% boundary tones in declarative sentences
		6.2.2 Optional rhythmic `lead tones
		6.2.3 Intonation patterns of declarative sentences
			6.2.3.1 Declarative sentences with lexical L tones
			6.2.3.2 Declarative sentences with lexical H tones
			6.2.3.3 Declarative sentences with lexical HL tones
		6.2.4 Non-tonal encoding of intonation
		6.2.5 Interrogative intonation
			6.2.5.1 Polar question intonation
			6.2.5.2 Content question intonation
			6.2.5.3 Summary
7 Other word-level supra-segmental processes
	7.1 Glottal stop: an initial disyllabic window
	7.2 Minimality effects
	7.3 Loanword prosody
		7.3.1 Exceptionless prosodic loanword adaptation patterns
		7.3.2 Optional prosodic loanword adaptation patterns
8 Nouns
	8.1 Morphotactic generalizations
	8.2 Plural/pluractional marking
	8.3 Case marking
		8.3.1 Instrumental case
		8.3.2 Locative case
	8.4 Possessive marking
		8.4.1 Alienable and inalienable possession
		8.4.2 Meronymic (part-whole) relationships
	8.5 Deverbal nouns
		8.5.1 Agentive, patientive and experiencer nominalizations
		8.5.2 Deverbal nouns with -ri
	8.6 Spanish noun loanwords
	8.7 Tone in morphologically complex nouns
9 Verbs and the verbal complex
	9.1 Verbal root classes
		9.1.1 The contrast between stressed and unstressed roots
		9.1.2 Stress-shifting and stress-neutral constructions across Uto-Aztecan
			9.1.2.1 Morphosyntactic-based accounts
			9.1.2.2 Conjugation class analysis alternative
		9.1.3 The interaction of shifting and neutral morphological constructions: stress and vocalic alternations
		9.1.4 Lexical tone in lexically stressed and unstressed verbs
		9.1.5 Valence alternations
		9.1.6 Change-of-state predicates
		9.1.7 Summary
	9.2 The role of tone in verbal morphology
		9.2.1 Lexical tones of suffixes
		9.2.2 Tone as realizational morphology
		9.2.3 Morphologically-conditioned tone
		9.2.4 Alternating tone stems
		9.2.5 Summary
	9.3 The Inner Stem: noun incorporation, non-concatenative morphology and unproductive processes
		9.3.1 Non-concatenative processes
			9.3.1.1 Conversion
			9.3.1.2 Pluractionality: prefixation and consonant mutation
			9.3.1.3 Imperative L tone and final stem stress
			9.3.1.4 Stress shift as verbalization
		9.3.2 Instrumental prefixes
		9.3.3 Body-part incorporation
		9.3.4 Suppletion and prefixation in pluractional marking
		9.3.5 Denominal verbs
			9.3.5.1 The suffix -tâ `make/become\'
			9.3.5.2 The reversive suffix -bû
			9.3.5.3 The `gather\' suffix -tú
			9.3.5.4 The `have\' -ê suffix
			9.3.5.5 The verbalizer -wi suffix
			9.3.5.6 The verbalizer -pi suffix
			9.3.5.7 Non-concatenative verbalizing constructions
		9.3.6 Summary
	9.4 Verbal structure and verbal domains
		9.4.1 Overview
		9.4.2 Morphotactic evidence for affix ordering generalizations
		9.4.3 Phonological transparency and morpheme boundary strength
			9.4.3.1 Stem-suffix haplology
			9.4.3.2 Compensatory lengthening
			9.4.3.3 Past passive-conditioned lengthening
			9.4.3.4 Imperative singular stem formation: final stem stress shift and tonal alternations
			9.4.3.5 Round harmony
			9.4.3.6 Stress and the morphologically complex verb: stress-shifting and stress-neutral suffixes
	9.5 The verbal complex: clitics and modal particles
	9.6 Summary
10 Minor word classes
	10.1 Pronouns
		10.1.1 Personal pronouns
		10.1.2 Pronominal enclitics
		10.1.3 Emphatic pronouns
		10.1.4 Interrogative pronouns and phrases
	10.2 Demonstratives
		10.2.1 Demonstrative pronouns
		10.2.2 Adnominal demonstratives
	10.3 Adjectives
		10.3.1 Primary adjectives
		10.3.2 Property concepts derived from verbs
	10.4 Numerals
	10.5 Quantifiers
	10.6 Definite articles
	10.7 Adverbs
		10.7.1 Spatial adverbs
			10.7.1.1 Deictic adverbs
			10.7.1.2 Directional adverbs
		10.7.2 Temporal adverbs
		10.7.3 Manner adverbs
	10.8 Discourse particles and enclitics
		10.8.1 Interjections
		10.8.2 Connective particles
		10.8.3 Negative particles
		10.8.4 Epistemic particles and enclitics
		10.8.5 Pragmatic enclitic
		10.8.6 Final particles
11 Prosody: domains and interactions
	11.1 Defining the Prosodic Word and other prosodic domains in Choguita Rarámuri
	11.2 Vowel length, stress and minimality effects
	11.3 Prosodic properties of morphologically complex verbs
		11.3.1 Stress patterns and metrical feet
		11.3.2 Lexical tone patterns
		11.3.3 Canonical prosodic shapes of roots and suffixes
		11.3.4 Prosodic properties of roots and morphological constructions
		11.3.5 Stress and lexical tone
		11.3.6 Stress and tone properties of compounds
		11.3.7 Grammatical tone
			11.3.7.1 Tone as a morphological exponent
			11.3.7.2 Morphologically-conditioned tone
			11.3.7.3 Grammatical tone distributed by morphological class
		11.3.8 Stress and tonal properties of inflected verbs
	11.4 The interaction between lexical tone and intonation
		11.4.1 Tone-intonation interactions in declaratives
		11.4.2 Tone-intonation interactions in interrogatives
		11.4.3 Summary
	11.5 Prosodic constraints on morphological shapes
		11.5.1 Truncation in body-part incorporation
		11.5.2 Truncation in denominal verb constructions in -ta
		11.5.3 Truncation in aspect/mood marking constructions
			11.5.3.1 Allomorph distribution
			11.5.3.2 A prosodically motivated morpho-phonological alternation
		11.5.4 Prosodic templates in Choguita Rarámuri
12 Noun phrases
	12.1 Simple noun phrases
		12.1.1 Demonstratives
		12.1.2 Definite articles
		12.1.3 Numerals
		12.1.4 Quantifiers
		12.1.5 Adjectives
	12.2 Complex noun phrases: Possessive constructions
		12.2.1 Nominal possessors
		12.2.2 Pronominal possessors
		12.2.3 Appositive possessive constructions
13 Basic clause types
	13.1 Verbal clauses
		13.1.1 Basic clause types and transitivity properties
		13.1.2 Intransitive clauses
		13.1.3 Transitive clauses
		13.1.4 Ditransitive clauses
	13.2 Locative, copula and existential clauses
		13.2.1 Types of copulas
		13.2.2 Clauses headed by nominal predicates
		13.2.3 Clauses headed by locative predicates
		13.2.4 Existential clauses expressing predicate possession
14 Sentence types
	14.1 Declarative sentences
	14.2 Interrogative constructions
		14.2.1 Polar questions
			14.2.1.1 Morphosyntactically unmarked polar questions
			14.2.1.2 Polar questions with interrogative particles
			14.2.1.3 Polar questions with interrogative tags
		14.2.2 Content questions
	14.3 Negation
		14.3.1 Negative free forms
		14.3.2 Clausal negation
		14.3.3 Constituent negation
		14.3.4 Negative existential and locative clauses
	14.4 Imperatives
		14.4.1 Positive imperative
		14.4.2 Prohibitive
		14.4.3 Exhortative
		14.4.4 Motion Imperatives
	14.5 Comparatives
15 Complex clauses and complex predication
	15.1 Complement clauses
		15.1.1 Finite complement clauses with complementizer
		15.1.2 Interrogative complement clauses
		15.1.3 Asyndetic finite verb complement constructions
		15.1.4 Reduced complement clauses
		15.1.5 Indirect causative construction
		15.1.6 Switch reference in reportative clauses
		15.1.7 Direct speech complements
	15.2 Adverbial clauses
		15.2.1 Conditional clauses
		15.2.2 Purpose clauses
		15.2.3 Reason clauses
		15.2.4 Locative adverbial clauses
		15.2.5 Temporal clauses
		15.2.6 Manner clauses
	15.3 Relative clauses
		15.3.1 Relative clauses via nominalization
		15.3.2 Relative clauses via finite clauses
	15.4 Coordination
		15.4.1 Conjunction
			15.4.1.1 Conjunction marked with aʔˈlì
			15.4.1.2 Asyndetic conjunction
		15.4.2 Disjunction
			15.4.2.1 Disjunction marked with o `or\'
			15.4.2.2 Disjunction marked with wèra `or\'
			15.4.2.3 Disjunction marked with =ma `or\'
			15.4.2.4 Disjunction through parataxis
		15.4.3 Adversative conjunction
			15.4.3.1 Asyndetic adversative conjunction
			15.4.3.2 Adversative conjunction marked with naˈlîna `but\'
	15.5 Verbal chaining structures
	15.6 Complex predicates
		15.6.1 Light verb constructions
			15.6.1.1 The noˈká ‘do’ construction
			15.6.1.2 The ˈní- `do’ construction
			15.6.1.3 The iˈsì ‘do’ construction
		15.6.2 Auxiliary verb constructions
		15.6.3 Serial verb constructions
		15.6.4 V-V incorporation (secondary verb constructions)
Appendix A: Verbal suffixes
	A.1 The Derived Stem: inchoative and transitivity markers
		A.1.1 Inchoative -bá
		A.1.2 Transitive -nâ
		A.1.3 Pluractional transitive -tʃa
		A.1.4 Transitive -bû
	A.2 The Syntactic Stem: causative and applicative markers
		A.2.1 Applicatives
			A.2.1.1 Applicative -ni
			A.2.1.2 Applicative -si
			A.2.1.3 Applicative -wi
		A.2.2 Causative -ti
		A.2.3 Applicative -ki
	A.3 The Aspectual Stem: desiderative, associated motion and evidential markers
		A.3.1 Desiderative -nále
		A.3.2 Associated motion -simi
		A.3.3 Auditory evidential -tʃane
	A.4 The Finite Verb: voice, tense, aspect and mood markers
		A.4.1 Passive
			A.4.1.1 Past passive -ru
			A.4.1.2 Future passive -pa
			A.4.1.3 Medio-passive -rîwa, -wá
			A.4.1.4 Conditional passive -sûwa
		A.4.2 Future
			A.4.2.1 Future singular -ˈmêa, -ma
			A.4.2.2 Future plural -pô
		A.4.3 Motion imperative -mê
		A.4.4 Conditional -sâ
		A.4.5 Irrealis
			A.4.5.1 Irrealis singular -mê
			A.4.5.2 Irrealis plural -pi
		A.4.6 Potential -râ
		A.4.7 Imperative
			A.4.7.1 Imperative singular -kâ
			A.4.7.2 Imperative singular -sâ
			A.4.7.3 Imperative plural -sì
		A.4.8 Reportative
			A.4.8.1 Reportative different subject -la
			A.4.8.2 Reportative same subject -lo
		A.4.9 Past -li
		A.4.10 Past egophoric -ki
		A.4.11 Imperfective -e
		A.4.12 Progressive -a
		A.4.13 Indirect causative nula
	A.5 The Subordinate Verb: deverbal morphology
		A.5.1 Temporal -tʃi
		A.5.2 Epistemic -o
		A.5.3 Gerund -ká
		A.5.4 Purposive -ra
		A.5.5 Participial -ame
References
Index
	Name index
	Language index