A Generation at Risk: The Global Impact of HIV AIDS on Orphans and Vulnerable Children

Cover......Page 1
Half-title......Page 3
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Foreword......Page 9
Preface......Page 11
Contributors......Page 15
Introduction: HIV/AIDS and Its Long-Term Impact on Children......Page 23
paradoxes and dilemmas......Page 24
the hiv/aids epidemic: scope and trends......Page 26
building an effective response......Page 30
References......Page 31
1 Family- and Community-Based Care for Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: Strengthening the Front Line Response......Page 33
the case against institutional care......Page 34
the need for strategies to support families and communities......Page 38
The Front Line: Building on Existing Coping Strategies......Page 39
The Influence Arena......Page 41
The Enabling Arena......Page 46
Fostering......Page 47
Legal Adoption......Page 51
Other Community-Based Approaches for Children Lacking
Protection and Care......Page 52
conclusions......Page 55
References......Page 56
2 Strengthening Households and Communities: The Key to Reducing the Economic Impacts of HIV/AIDS
on Children and Families......Page 59
the economic impact on children of hiv/aids-related
illness and death......Page 61
the economic impact of hiv/aids-related
crises on households......Page 63
how poor households cope economically in response to crises......Page 66
Microfinance Services......Page 69
Savings Mobilization......Page 72
Business Development Services......Page 74
community mechanisms that support households under stress......Page 76
Fund-Raising Activities......Page 77
Community Participation......Page 78
interrelationship between household and community safety nets......Page 79
combining forces: “where there is a will,
there is a way”......Page 80
applying the “rule of the tool”......Page 82
References......Page 85
3
The Response of the Educational System to the Needs
of Orphans and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS......Page 88
HIV-Infected Children......Page 89
Orphans and Other Children Affected by HIV/AIDS......Page 92
Children Who Become Heads of Households......Page 98
Teacher Absenteeism......Page 99
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Resources for Education......Page 100
Mainstreaming HIV/AIDS Issues......Page 101
The Need for a More Practically Oriented Curriculum......Page 102
Addressing Psychological Needs of Children Affected by AIDS......Page 103
Integrating AIDS-Affected Children into School Systems......Page 104
What Have Education Systems Done for Orphans
and HIV/AIDS-Affected Children in the Past?......Page 106
What Are Education Systems Doing for Orphans
and HIV/AIDS-Affected Children Now?......Page 107
What Should Education Systems Do for Orphans
and HIV/AIDS-Affected Children in the Future?......Page 108
an expanded vision: the school at the heart
of the community......Page 110
References......Page 112
4 Psychosocial Impact of the HIV/AIDS Epidemic
on Children and Youth......Page 115
Childhood Chronic and Terminal Illness......Page 117
Illness in a Parent......Page 118
Parental Depression......Page 120
Parental Death......Page 121
Problems of Children of Single Parents with HIV/AIDS......Page 122
Parentification: Child Caregiving to Siblings or an Ill Parent......Page 123
HIV/AIDS Disclosure and Psychosocial Problems in Children......Page 125
Other Risk Factors for Child Mental Health Problems......Page 128
resilience and protective factors......Page 129
Family Characteristics......Page 131
Community Strengths......Page 133
symptoms and manifestations of psychosocial problems......Page 134
Depression......Page 135
Bereavement and Grief in Children......Page 136
Effects in Adulthood......Page 137
strategies for responding to children’s
psychosocial needs......Page 138
Screening Children for Psychological and Behavioral Problems......Page 139
Interventions to Meet Children’s Psychosocial Needs......Page 141
putting knowledge into practice: lessons learned......Page 146
References......Page 149
5
Human Rights and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS......Page 156
children’s rights in the context of hiv/aids......Page 158
Children Living with HIV/AIDS......Page 159
Affected Children......Page 160
Vulnerable Children......Page 161
the advent of the rights of the child......Page 162
the crc’s four general principles......Page 163
governments at the forefront: respect, protect,
and fulfill rights......Page 165
is there an age for childhood and an age for hiv?......Page 169
still ignoring gender?......Page 171
so where do we go from here? programming efforts......Page 173
conclusion......Page 177
References......Page 178
6 Religion and Responses to Orphans in Africa......Page 181
teachings of major religions on orphans......Page 182
influence of traditional religions......Page 185
religious organizations responding to orphans......Page 187
the values built into faith-based responses......Page 189
strategies for expanding the responses of religious groups......Page 192
acknowledgments......Page 200
References......Page 201
7 Making the Right Choices in the Asia-Pacific Region: Protecting Children and Young People from HIV
and Its Impacts......Page 203
diversity in the epidemics of the asia-pacific region......Page 204
Loss of Social and Family Support......Page 206
Stigma and Discrimination......Page 208
at heightened risk: vulnerable children and youth
in asia and the pacific......Page 209
evolving patterns of sexual risk among youth in the region......Page 211
evolving patterns of risk through drug use......Page 213
Preemption: Protecting Parents from HIV and Children
from Orphaning......Page 215
Preemption: Protecting Children from Perinatal Infections
and Loss of Their Mothers......Page 218
Care and Support: Reducing HIV’s Consequences for Children......Page 220
Care and Support: Reducing Stigma and Discrimination......Page 223
Care and Support: Caring for Children Living with HIV
and Their Families......Page 224
forewarned, but up to the challenge?......Page 225
References......Page 229
the family center: a team approach......Page 235
the evolution of hiv/aids in the united states......Page 236
public and private responses to hiv/aids
in the united states......Page 239
Case Study......Page 241
Health Care......Page 242
Mental Health......Page 243
Fathers......Page 244
Poverty of Income and Housing......Page 245
Secrecy and Stigma......Page 246
custody planning......Page 247
Case Study......Page 248
practices that support families and children......Page 249
References......Page 252
9 Interventions to Support Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: Priority Areas for Future Research......Page 254
which aids-affected children need support?......Page 255
family responses......Page 257
the psychosocial consequences of aids for children......Page 258
children as caregivers......Page 261
extended family support......Page 263
missing the most vulnerable?......Page 266
closing the information gap: what is being evaluated
and for whom?......Page 268
conclusion......Page 269
References......Page 272
the elements of an adequate and effective response......Page 276
analyzing the situation......Page 278
a strategic framework......Page 280
programmatic interventions......Page 281
Education......Page 283
Community Mobilization and Capacity Building......Page 284
Microeconomic Strengthening......Page 286
Other Development Interventions......Page 287
Support Grants......Page 289
Activities to Promote Psychosocial Well-being......Page 290
HIV/AIDS Prevention, Treatment, and Care......Page 291
scaling up and sustaining responses......Page 292
targeting responses......Page 293
monitoring, evaluation, and research......Page 295
conclusion......Page 296
References......Page 297
Chronology of Important Events......Page 301
Resource Guide......Page 307
Index......Page 317