A Corpus-Based Analysis of Discourses on the Belt and Road Initiative: Corpora and the Belt and Road Initiative

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
	1.1 Research Background
	1.2 Research Rationale
	1.3 Belt and Road Initiative
		1.3.1 Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
		1.3.2 BRI and China’s Neighboring Countries
	1.4 Significance of the Study
	1.5 Objectives of the Research
	1.6 Research Questions
	1.7 Summary
	References
2 Review of Literature
	2.1 Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis
		2.1.1 Language, Ideology and Media Power
	2.2 Studies on Critical Discourse Analysis and Corpus Linguistics
		2.2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
		2.2.2 Faircloughian CDA and Conceptualization of Power
		2.2.3 Corpus Linguistics
	2.3 Studies on CPEC and BRI
		2.3.1 Pak-China Friendship: Iron Brothers
	2.4 Topography of China Pakistan Economic Corridor
	2.5 One Belt One Road (OBOR)
	2.6 Gwadar Port
	2.7 Summary
	References
3 Theoretical Framework and Methodology
	3.1 Overview of CDA and CL
	3.2 Theoretical Framework of the Present Study
		3.2.1 Fairclough Three-Dimension Model
		3.2.2 Corpus-Based CDA
		3.2.3 Merger of CDA and CL
	3.3 Procedures of Data Collection
		3.3.1 Corpus for the Study
	3.4 Software Used in the Study
	3.5 Analysis of the Results
	3.6 Keywords and Corpus Techniques
	3.7 Summary
	References
4 Perceptions of China Pakistan Economic Corridor and Belt and Road Initiative
	4.1 Representation of CPEC in PENC by Frequency Items
	4.2 Representation of CPEC in PENC by Keywords
	4.3 Collocation of ‘Iron Brothers’ and China-Pakistan Alliance
	4.4 N-Grams of Targeted Words
	4.5 Bigrams of Top Twenty Keywords
	4.6 Collocates and Concordance Lines
	4.7 Top Twenty Collocates in PNEC
		4.7.1 Collocates of China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CEPC)
		4.7.2 Collocates of CPEC with T-score
	4.8 Representation of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)
	4.9 Concordance Lines
		4.9.1 Concordance Lines of “CPEC”
		4.9.2 Concordance Lines of “BRI”
		4.9.3 Concordance Lines of ‘China’
		4.9.4 Analysis of Selected Keywords Pertinent to CPEC
		4.9.5 Concordance Lines of “We”
	References
5 Perception of BRI and CPEC in Indian Newspapers
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Perception of the BRI and CPEC by Frequent Items in IENC
	5.3 Key Terms Against BNC in IENC
	5.4 Biagram of Top Twenty Keywords Against BNC
	5.5 Concordances of CPEC in Indian Sub Corpus
	5.6 Modifiers of “China” in Indian Corpus
	5.7 Concordances of “Threat” in Indian Sub-corpus
		5.7.1 Application of “Threat” as a Noun Co-occurring with Modifiers
	5.8 Concordances of “We”
		5.8.1 Verbs Collocating with “We”
	5.9 Concordance of ‘China’
	5.10 Keywords Against BNC in Indian Sub-corpus
	5.11 Representation of BRI by Co-occurring Adverbs
	5.12 Summary
	References
6 Discussions: Similarities and Differences of BRI and CPEC in Media Discourses of India and Pakistan
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Comparison of Keyness of PENC and IENC Against BNC
	6.3 Belt and Road Reshaping the Future
	6.4 Geo-Strategic Perspective
	6.5 Pak-India Relations
	6.6 Indian Influence on CPEC
	6.7 The US Factor in Discourses of PENC and INEC
	6.8 The China Pakistan Economic Corridor of the BRI Concept, Context and Assessment
	6.9 Debunking Condemnation on CPEC
	6.10 Summary
	References
7 Conclusion
	7.1 Key Findings
	7.2 Limitations
	7.3 Future Directions
	References