A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand

Title Page......Page 3
Copyright......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface
......Page 7
WHY STUDY NEW ZEALAND?......Page 9
KEY QUESTIONS......Page 11
EXPERIMENTAL TARGETS......Page 14
THE SIGHT PROJECT AND GREATER SOUTHISLAND OROGEN PROJECT......Page 16
Previous Studies of Orogens......Page 17
Crustal Structure......Page 18
Mantle Structure......Page 20
SUMMARY......Page 23
REFERENCES......Page 24
INTRODUCTION......Page 27
PLATE MOTION HISTORY OF NEW ZEALAND......Page 28
BASEMENT......Page 32
SEDIMENTARY COVER SEQUENCES......Page 41
SURFICIAL DEPOSITS AND LANDSCAPEEVOLUTION......Page 42
SUMMARY......Page 47
REFERENCES......Page 48
INTRODUCTION......Page 55
GEOPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOUTHISLAND COLLISIONAL OROGEN......Page 57
STRUCTURE OF THE OROGEN......Page 73
CONCLUSIONS......Page 77
REFERENCES......Page 78
1. Introduction......Page 82
2. Relative Plate Motion......Page 83
3. Deformation in Plate Boundary Zones......Page 85
4. Fault Locking and Slip Rates fromHorizontal Deformati on......Page 89
5. Vertical Deformation......Page 92
6. Upper Mantle/Lower Crust Behavior......Page 93
7. Combining Long-Term Evolutionof Plate Boundary Collision with theEarthquake Cycle......Page 94
9. Discussion......Page 95
10. Conclusions......Page 98
References......Page 99
1. Introduction......Page 102
2. Methods......Page 103
3.1 Location Depth Extent of Anisotropy......Page 104
3.2 Lateral Extent of Anisotropy at Surface and at Depth......Page 112
4.3. Asthenospheric Flow......Page 115
4.4. Lithospheric Deformation......Page 116
5. Summary......Page 118
References......Page 119
1. Introduction......Page 122
2. Refraction analysis......Page 123
3. Crustal thickness......Page 124
4. Pn anisotropy......Page 125
5. Conclusions......Page 127
References......Page 128
Introduction......Page 130
Experimental Procedures......Page 131
Compa risons with published laboratoryand field measurements......Page 149
Velocity-density and velocity-chemistrysystematics......Page 152
Elastic anisotropy and rock fabric......Page 156
Conclusions......Page 160
References......Page 161
Introduction......Page 163
Structural features of the Alpine Fault......Page 164
Late Quaternary slip rates......Page 167
Fault rocks......Page 169
Summary......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 182
Geological Setting......Page 184
A well -exposed array oframp -related backshears......Page 186
Quantifying deformation and strain in thehangingwall of the Alpine Fault......Page 197
Estimation of fluid volumes requiredto precipitate infilling-veins and itstectonic implications......Page 200
Geodynamic implications and rheologicalfeedback of fluid flow......Page 202
Evidence for ramp -related deformationaccommodated at structurally highercrustal levels in the Pacific Plate......Page 203
Deformati on partitioning in the SouthernAlps orogen......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 206
References......Page 207
Geophysical Exploration and Dynamics of the Alpine Fault Zone......Page 211
1. Introduction......Page 212
2. Crustal structure from the SIGHTprogramme......Page 213
Position and Dip of Alpine Fault Reflectors......Page 214
4. Attribute anal ysis of Alpine Fault reflection......Page 217
5. Detection of low seismic wave speeds within the Alpine Fault Zone......Page 221
7. Migrated seismic reflectionimage of the Alpine Fault Zone......Page 225
8. Low speed , high fluid pressure , strongreflectivit y faults and seismicity......Page 227
10. Fle xural rigidit y of Central SouthIsland lithosphere......Page 229
11. Discussion......Page 232
REFERENCE......Page 234
Introduction......Page 238
surface expression......Page 239
Evidence for Alpine faultcreep at the surface......Page 240
Evidence for Ancient Alpinefault earthquakes......Page 241
High Heat flow and geothermal gradient......Page 244
Alpine fault Locking inferred from geodetic data......Page 245
Discussion: Alpine faultrupture mechanisms......Page 246
Alpine Fault dynamic Rupture model......Page 247
Discussion: Alpine fault Rupture scenarios......Page 248
Discussion: Maximum earthquake magnitude......Page 249
Conclusions......Page 250
References......Page 251
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 255
2. THE SOUTHERN ALPS OF NEW ZEALAND......Page 256
3. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND......Page 257
4. RESULTS: KINEMATIC ANALYSIS OF MODELS......Page 261
5. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 269
Introduction......Page 273
Transpression Models......Page 274
Styles of Lithospheric Transpressionin San Andreas Fault  System andSouthern Alps......Page 276
Accommodating Transpression in theLower Crust of the Central Southern Alps......Page 280
Discussion and Conclusions......Page 286
References......Page 287
1. Introduction......Page 291
2. Method......Page 293
4. Results......Page 296
5. Discussion......Page 301
References......Page 305
INTRODUCTION......Page 308
GENERAL DISSIMILARITIES BETWEEN THE ALPINEAND SAN ANDREAS FAULT SYSTEMS......Page 311
COMPARISON BETWEEN CRUSTAL STRUCTURESACROSS THE ALPINE AND SAN ANDREAS FAULTS......Page 312
UPPER-MANTLE VELOCITIES AND STRUCTURE......Page 315
TECTONICS......Page 324
SUMMARY OF LITHOSPHERICSTRUCTURE AND TECTONICS......Page 325
REFERENCES......Page 326
INTRODUCTION......Page 329
GEOLOGIC FRAMEWORK......Page 331
PLATE TECTONIC ENVIRONMENTS......Page 334
TOPOGRAPHY, SURFACE DEFORMATIONAND EROSION......Page 335
CRUSTAL AND UPPER MANTLE STRUCTURES......Page 338
SEISMICITY......Page 340
DISCUSSION......Page 342
CONCLUSION......Page 344
References......Page 345
1. INTRODUCTION......Page 347
2. PLATE BOUNDARY STUDY AREAS: CONDUCTIVEAND SEISMOGENIC ZONES......Page 349
3. DEEP FLUIDIZED ZONES......Page 356
4. INTERCONNECTIVITY OF FLUIDIZED ZONES......Page 360
5. EARTHQUAKES AND FLUIDSIN THE DUCTILE CRUST......Page 362
6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS......Page 363
REFERENCES......Page 365