A Concise Introduction To Logic

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 5
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 12
Why Study Logic?......Page 23
1.1 Arguments, Premises, and Conclusions......Page 26
1.2 Recognizing Arguments......Page 39
1.3 Deduction and Induction......Page 58
1.4 Validity, Truth, Soundness, Strength, Cogency......Page 70
1.5 Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity......Page 84
1.6 Extended Arguments......Page 92
2.1 Varieties of Meaning......Page 106
2.2 The Intension and Extension of Terms......Page 117
2.3 Definitions and Their Purposes......Page 122
2.4 Definitional Techniques......Page 131
2.5 Criteria for Lexical Definitions......Page 142
3.1 Fallacies in General......Page 150
3.2 Fallacies of Relevance......Page 153
3.3 Fallacies of Weak Induction......Page 172
3.4 Fallacies of Presumption, Ambiguity, and Illicit Transference......Page 190
3.5 Fallacies in Ordinary Language......Page 212
4.1 The Components of Categorical Propositions......Page 231
4.2 Quality, Quantity, and Distribution......Page 235
4.3 Venn Diagrams and the Modern Square of Opposition......Page 240
4.4 Conversion, Obversion, and Contraposition......Page 254
4.5 The Traditional Square of Opposition......Page 265
4.6 Venn Diagrams and the  Traditional Standpoint......Page 277
4.7 Translating Ordinary Language Statements into Categorical Form......Page 285
5.1 Standard Form, Mood, and Figure......Page 299
5.2 Venn Diagrams......Page 307
5.3 Rules and Fallacies......Page 321
5.4 Reducing the Number of Terms......Page 330
5.5 Ordinary Language Arguments......Page 333
5.6 Enthymemes......Page 337
5.7 Sorites......Page 343
6.1 Symbols and Translation......Page 352
6.2 Truth Functions......Page 366
6.3 Truth Tables for Propositions......Page 379
6.4 Truth Tables for Arguments......Page 389
6.5 Indirect Truth Tables......Page 396
6.6 Argument Forms and Fallacies......Page 406
7.1 Rules of Implication I......Page 428
7.2 Rules of Implication II......Page 441
7.3 Rules of Replacement I......Page 451
7.4 Rules of Replacement II......Page 465
7.5 Conditional Proof......Page 478
7.6 Indirect Proof......Page 485
7.7 Proving Logical Truths......Page 491
8.1 Symbols and Translation......Page 495
8.2 Using the Rules of Inference......Page 505
8.3 Quantifier Negation Rule......Page 518
8.4 Conditional and Indirect Proof......Page 523
8.5 Proving Invalidity......Page 530
8.6 Relational Predicates and Overlapping Quantifiers......Page 537
8.7 Identity......Page 548
9.1 Analogical Reasoning......Page 565
9.2 Legal Reasoning......Page 568
9.3 Moral Reasoning......Page 572
10.1 "Cause" and Necessary and Sufficient Conditions......Page 585
10.2 Mill's Five Methods......Page 587
10.3 Mill's Methods and Science......Page 597
11.1 Theories of Probability......Page 610
11.2 The Probability Calculus......Page 614
12.1 Evaluating Statistics......Page 629
12.2 Samples......Page 630
12.3 The Meaning of "Average"......Page 634
12.4 Dispersion......Page 636
12.5 Graphs and Pictograms......Page 641
12.6 Percentages......Page 644
13.1 The Hypothetical Method......Page 652
13.2 Hypothetical Reasoning: Four Examples from Science......Page 655
13.3 The Proof of Hypotheses......Page 661
13.4 The Tentative Acceptance of Hypotheses......Page 664
14.1 Distinguishing between Science and Superstition......Page 671
14.2 Evidentiary Support......Page 672
14.3 Objectivity......Page 677
14.4 Integrity......Page 682
14.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 686
Answers to Selected Exercises......Page 701
Glossary/Index......Page 745