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دانلود کتاب A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main 2017
دانلود کتاب یک کتاب منبع کامل در شیمی برای JEE Main 2017
مشخصات کتاب
A Complete Resource Book in Chemistry for JEE Main 2017
ویرایش:
نویسندگان: Atul Singhal
سری:
ISBN (شابک) : 9789332570290, 9332579199
ناشر: Pearson India
سال نشر: 2017
تعداد صفحات: [1369]
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 76 Mb
قیمت کتاب (تومان) : 83,000
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توضیحاتی در مورد کتاب یک کتاب منبع کامل در شیمی برای JEE Main 2017
*نظریه مختصر و مثالهای حلشده فراوان برای به کارگیری مفاهیم *سوالات اصلی 14 سال قبل AIEEE/JEE *شامل سوالات حل شده JEE Main 2016 * تمرین مسائل با راهحلهای کامل * پیوست شامل 5 تست آزمایشی برای تمرین * 5 تست آنلاین رایگان تست های آزمایشی برای تمرین
توضیحاتی درمورد کتاب به خارجی
*Brief Theory and Ample Solved Examples to apply the concepts *Chapter-wise Previous 14 years\' AIEEE/JEE Main questions *Includes Solved JEE Main 2016 Questions * Practice Problems with complete solutions * Appendix includes 5 Mock Tests for practice * 5 Free Online Mock Tests for Practice
فهرست مطالب
Book Cover Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Acknowledgements Basics of Chemistry Chapter 1: Chapter Highlights BASIC CONCEPTS MATTER Mixture Pure Substance Dalton’s Atomic Theory Main Assumptions Modern view about atom Molecule Berzelius Hypothesis PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR MEASUREMENTS Precision and Accuracy Significant Figures Rules to determine significant numbers Rounding-off non-significant figures Exponential notation or scientific notation LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Constant Composition or Law of Definite Proportion Law of Multiple Proportion Law of Reciprocal Proportion Law of Combining Volume AVOGADRO’S LAW MOLE To find total number of identities MASS Atomic Mass Atomic mass unit Average atomic mass Molecular Mass Determination of molecular mass Vapour density method Graham’s diffusion method Colligative properties method EQUIVALENT WEIGHT Methods to Find Equivalent Weight For compounds For redox reactions For acidic salts Other methods MOLE FRACTION CHEMICAL EQUATION AND STOICHIOMETRY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS SOLVED EXAMPLES Mole Concept Questions Based on Concentration Calculations Based on Reactions CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 2: Solid State Chapter Highlights SOLID STATE GENERAL PROPERTIES TYPES OF SOLIDS Crystalline Solids Amorphous Solids Terms related to crystalline solids BRAGG’S EQUATION Types of crystalline solids Applications UNIT CELL Types of Unit Cell Simple or primitive or basic unit cell Face-centred unit cell Body-centred unit cell End-centred unit cell Types of Symmetry in Crystals Crystal Systems MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF CUBIC SYSTEM Atomic Radius (r) Number of Atoms Per Unit Cell or Unit Cell Content (Z) Coordination Number (C. No.) Density of Lattice Matter (d) Packing Fraction Interstitial Voids (a) Trigonal void (b) Tetrahedral voids (c) Octahedral voids Location and number of voids Radius Ratio PACKING OF CONSTITUENTS IN CRYSTALS Close Packing in Two Dimensions Square close packing Hexagonal close packing Packing in Three Dimensions Hexagonal close packing Cubic close packing Body-centred cubic packing Structure of Some Ionic Solids Rock salt (NaCl) type CsCl type Zinc blende (ZnS type) Fluorite structure (CaF2 type) Antiἀuorite structure (Na2O type) Normal spinel structure [AB2O4] Structure of Fe3O4 (Magnetite) IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS Electronic Imperfection Atomic Imperfection Stoichiometric defects Non-stoichiometric defect MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Diamagnetic Substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances Antiferromagnetic substances Ferrimagnetic substances ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS GENERAL PROPERTIES Vapour Pressure Trouton’s law Difference Between Evaporation and Boiling Processes Surface Tension Measurement of surface tension Surface Energy Viscosity Viscosity coefficient (η) Effect of temperature on viscosity Measurement of viscosity Fluidity SOLVED EXAMPLES Radius, Packing Fraction, Density and Bragg’s Equation CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOLL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 3: Gaseous State Chapter Highlights GASEOUS STATE GENERAL PROPERTIES GAS LAWS Boyle’s Law Plots between pressure and volume Charles Law Plots between volume and temperature Absolute scale of temperature and absolute zero Pressure Temperature Law (Gay-Lussac’s Law) Plots between pressure and temperature Avogadro’s Law Molar volume Avogadro number Combined gas law and ideal gas equation Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure Graham’s Law of Diffusion Uses of diffusion KINETIC THEORY OF GASES Main Features Kinetic Gas Equation Molecular Speed Graph or Maxwell’s Distribution of Velocities Different Velocity Terms Relation between α, u¯ and urms IDEAL AND REAL GASES Ideal Gases Real Gases Deviation in the behaviour of real gas: VAN DER WAALS EQUATION Volume correction Pressure correction Boyle’s temperature Inversion temperature (Ti) Mean free path Collision frequency (Z) CRITICAL PHENOMENON AND LIQUEFACTION OF GASES Critical temperature (Tc) Critical volume (Vc) Critical pressure (Pc) Liquefaction of gases Methods of liquefaction of gases SOLVED EXAMPLES Gas Laws Kinetic theory of gases and various velocities Van der Waals equation CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOLL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single option correct type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 4: Atomic Structure Chapter Highlights ATOM AND ITS CONSTITUENTS ATOM AND ATOMIC THEORY Sub Atomic Particles Electrons (–1e0 or e–) Proton (1H1 or p) Neutron (0n1) Meson or Pion Neutrino and antineutrinoz Quarks Positron or antielectron Antiproton (p) v-Particles Atomic Number (Z) Some facts about atomic number (Z) Isotopes Isobars Isotones Isoelectronics Isoesters Isomorphs Isodiaphers THOMSON ATOMIC MODEL RUTHERFORD ATOMIC MODEL Strengths Limitations ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS Wave theory Wavelength Frequency Velocity of light Wave number Corpuscular Theory of Light Quantum Theory Photoelectric Effect SPECTRUM Emission Spectrum Continuous Spectrum Absorption Spectrum Discontinuous or Line Spectrum BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL Few Important Terms Quanta Photon Excited state De-excited state Merits of Bohr’s Atomic Model Spectral series for hydrogen atom To Find Total Number of Spectral Lines Calculation of Energy, Wave Length Shortcomings of Bohr’s Theory DE BROGLIE EQUATION AND DUAL NATURE THEORY HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE SCHRODINGER WAVE EQUATION Signiἀcance of ψ and ψ2 Orbital Degenerate Orbital Radial Probability Distribution Function Radial node Nodal point Nodal plane Calculation of Nodes QUANTUM NUMBERS Principle Quantum Number Azimuthal or Secondary or Angular Momentum Quantum Number Magnetic Quantum Number Spin Quantum Number AUFBAU PRINCIPLE (n + l) Rule Electronic Configuration Some Exceptional Conἀgurations Some Other Exceptional Conἀgurations PAULI’S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE Applications of Pauli Exclusion Principle Violation of Pauli’s Law HUND’S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY Applications of Hund’s Rule SOLVED EXAMPLES Wave Nature, Wavelength Spectral Series and Rydberg Formula De Broglie Relation and Uncertainty Principle Miscellaneous CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELTIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match The Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 5: Solutions Chapter Highlights SOLUTIONS AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES SOLUTION Solutions of Solids in Liquids Solubility of Gases Expression of Concentration of Solution Concentration Concentration in parts per million (ppm) Concentration in parts per billion (ppb) Molarity Molality Normality Formality Mole fraction Weight per cent Volume per cent VAPOUR PRESSURE Vapour Pressure of a Liquid Vapour Pressure of a Solution RAOULT’S LAW Raoult’s Law for Volatile Solutes Raoult’s Law for Non-volatile Solutes Ideal Solutions Non-Ideal Solutions Types of non-ideal solutions (a) Non-ideal solutions showing positive deviations (b) Non-ideal solutions showing negative deviations Azeotropic Mixture Azeotropic Mixture and Composition Curves: Types of azeotropic mixtures Solubility of Partially Miscible Liquids Conjugate solutions Critical temperature COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure Osmotic Pressure Van’t Hoff equation of osmotic pressure Determination of molecular weight from osmotic pressure Elevation in Boiling Point Depression in Freezing Point Van’t Hoff Factor SOLVED EXAMPLES Concentration Terms Raoult’s Law Elevation in Boiling Point and Depression in Freezing Point Osmotic Pressure Van’t Hoff Factor CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 6: Energetics Chapter Highlights HEAT AND ENERGY CHANGES THERMODYNAMICS Main Objectives Limitations Terms Related to Thermodynamics Surrounding System Properties of a System or State Variables State variables or functions Intensive properties Extensive properties THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS Types of Processes Isothermal process Isobaric process Isochoric process Adiabatic process Cyclic process Reversible or Quasi-static Process Irreversible Process THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM Mechanical equilibrium Thermal equilibrium Chemical equilibrium HEAT WORK Different Types of Work and their Formulas INTERNAL ENERGY FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS OR LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Enthalpy Change Relation between Δ H and Δ E Jououle–Thomson Effect Joule–Thomson coefḀcient (µ) SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS Carnot Cycle ENTROPY Facts about Entropy Spontaneous Process Entropy Changes in different Processes ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS THIRD LAW OF THERMODYANMICS GIBBS FREE ENERGY (G) Heat Capacity Importance of Cp and Cv Phase transition Heat engine Driving force THERMOCHEMISTRY Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction HEAT OR ENTHALPY OF REACTION Heat of Combustion Calorimetry Heat of Formation Heat of Neutralization Bond Energy Heat of Atomization Phase Transition and Transition Energy Heat of Hydration Heat of Dilution Heat of Solution Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization Heat of Sublimation Hess's Law SOURCES OF ENERGY Fossil fuels Wood and dung Falling water Nuclear energy The Sun as the Primary Source of Energy CONSERVATION OF ENERGY SOLVED EXAMPLES Work, Energy Entropy Various Enthalpies CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Type Question Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 7: Chemical Equilibrium Chapter Highlights CHEMICAL PROCESSES AND REVERSE REACTIONS TYPES OF REACTIONS Irreversible Reactions Reversible Reactions EQUILIBRIUM Physical Equilibrium Chemical Equilibrium Features Homogeneous Heterogeneous Law of Mass Action Equilibrium Constant Kc does not depend upon Kc depends upon Equilibrium constant in terms of partial pressure Relation between Kp and Kc Units of equilibrium constant (K) Relation between standard Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant Degree of Dissociation (α) Le Chatelier’s Principle Effect of concentration Effect of pressure Effect of temperature Applications of Le Chatelier’s principle Reaction or Concentration Quotient (Q) SOLVED EXAMPLES Kp and Kc Degree of Dissociation Standard Free Energy Change CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Passage Based Questions Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 8: Ionic Equilibrium Chapter Highlights IONIC EQUILIBRIUM TYPES OF SUBSTANCES Non-electrolytes Electrolytes Strong electrolytes Weak electrolytes ARRHENIUS THEORY Evidence in Support of lonic Theory Degree of lonization OSTWALD DILUTION LAW IONIC PRODUCT OF WATER pH Scale pH of weak acid pH of weak base pOH Limitations of pH Scale BUFFER SOLUTION Features Buffer Capacity Types of Buffer Solutions Uses of Buffer solutions SOLUBILITY AND SOLUBILITY PRODUCT Solubility Simultaneous solubility Solubility Product General representation Relation Between Solubility (s) and Solubility Product (Ksp) Solubility Product and Precipitation SALT HYDROLYSIS Various Expressions for Kh , h and pH for Different Type of Salts ACID AND BASES Arrhenius Concept of Acid and Base Acid Base Bronsted Lowery Concept or Proton Concept Acid Base Amphoteric or Ampholyte Substances Lewis Concept of Acid and Base Lewis bases Factors Affecting Acidic Strength Effect of electronegativity difference Effects of a solvent on acidic strength Nature of Oxides Lux–flood concept Acid–Base Indicators Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB Principle) SOLVED EXAMPLES Dissociation Constant, Degree of Dissociation pH Scale Buffer Solutions Solubility Product Salt Hydrolysis CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 9: Redox Reactions and Electrochemistry Chapter Highlights REDOX REACTIONS BASIC CONCEPTS Oxidation Reduction Redox Reaction Intermolecular redox reactions Auto redox or disproportion reaction Intramolecular redox reactions Oxidizing Agents or Oxidants Some common oxidants Reducing Agents or Reductants Some common reductants Oxidation Number Rules to ἀnd oxidation number Oxidation number of oxygen Oxidation number halogens Oxidation number of metals in metal carbonyls Range of oxidation number Application of oxidation number BALANCING OF REDOX REACTIONS By Ion-Electron Method By Oxidation Number Change Method ELECTROCHEMIESTRY ELECTROLYSIS Electrolysis of Aqueous NaCl Solution Electrolysis of H2SO4 Electrolysis with Active Electrodes FARADAY’S LAWS First Law of Electrolysis Second Law of Electrolysis Application of Faraday’s Laws TERMS AND CONCEPTS RELATED TO ELECTROCHEMISTRY Electrical Conductance Resistance (R) Speciἀc resistance (ρ) Conductance Specific conductance Effect of dilution on speciἀc conductivity Equivalent conductivity Molar conductivity Effect of dilution on molar conductivity Debye-Huckel-Onsager equation Factors affecting molar conductivity Kohlrausch law The conductivity of an electrolytic solution depends upon ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL The Daniell Cell Saltbridge Liquid junction potential Electrodes or Half Cells Types of Electrodes or Half Cells Metal-metal ion electrode Amalgam electrode Gas electrode Metal-metal insoluble salt-salt anion Redox electrode Electrode Potential or Single Electrode Potential Electromotive Force or emf of the Cell or Cell Voltage Calculating the emf of a cell Nernst Equation ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Features of Electrochemical Series CONCENTRATION CELLS SOME COMMERCIAL CELLS Primary Cells Dry cell Mercury cell Secondary Cells Lead storage battery Fuel cell RUSTING OR CORROSION OF METAL Prevention of Corrosion Sacrifical protection Galvanization Electrical protection Using antirust solutions SOLVED EXAMPLES Conductance Faraday’s Law emf and Nernst Equation CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Following Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 10: Chemical Kinetics Chapter Highlights KINETICS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS RATE OF REACTION Instantaneous Rate of Reactions Features of Rate of Reaction Speciἀc Reaction Rate or Velocity Constant Rate law equation Factors Affecting Rate of Reaction Physical state of reactants COLLISION THEORY Activation Energy Arrehenius Equation Graph between log10 k and 1/T ELEMENTARY AND COMPLEX REACTIONS MOLECULARITY ORDER OF REACTION Zero-order Reaction Examples of a zero-order reaction Features of a zero-order reaction First-order Reaction Examples of a first-order reaction Features of a first-order reaction Second-order Reaction Examples of a second-order reaction Features of a second-order reaction Third-order Reaction Examples of a third-order reaction Features of a third-order reaction Pseudo First-order Reactions Hydrolysis of ethyl acetate Hydrolysis of sugar SOLVED EXAMPLES Rate of Reaction, Rate Constant Activation Energy Determination of Order of Reaction CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE SOME IMPORTANT GRAPHS TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions Chapter 11: Surface Chemistry Chapter Highlights ADSORPTION, CATALYSIS, COLLOIDS AND EMULSIONS ADSORPTION Features of Adsorption Types of Adsorption Physical adsorption Chemical adsorption (Activated Adsorption) Factors Effecting Adsorption Nature of gas or adsorbent Effect of pressure Effect of temperature Surface area of adsorbent Activation of solid adsorbent Adsorption isotherm Freundlich adsorption isotherm Langmuir adsorption isotherm Uses of Adsorption CATALYSTS Homogenous Catalysis Heterogenous Catalysis Features of a Catalyst Catalyst Promoter or Activators Catalyst Poison Types of Catalysts Negative catalyst Auto catalysts Induced catalyst Acid base catalysts Shape selective catalysts or zeolites Theories of Catalysis Intermediate compound formation theory Adsorption theory Modern adsorption theory Energy of activation theory Enzyme Catalyst or Biochemical Catalyst Co-enzyme Lock and key hypothesis as a mechanism of enzyme action COLLOIDAL STATE Classification of Colloids Based upon appearance Based upon charge Based on interaction or affinity of phase Based on molecular size Preparation of Lyophilic Sols Preparation of Lyophobic Sols Dispersion method Condensation methods Chemical methods Physical methods Puriἀcation of Colloidal Solutions Dialysis Electrodialysis Ultrafiltration Properties of Colloidal Solutions Physical properties Mechanical properties Optical properties (Tyndall effect) Electrical properties Colligative properties Emulsions Gels Elastic gels Non-elastic gels Thixotropy Application of Colloids Food Medicine Industrial materials Rubber plating Detergent action of soap Cleaning of water Cottrell precipitator Chrome-tanning Smoke screens Formation of deltas CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Matching the type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 12: Periodic Properties Chapter Highlights PERIODIC LAWS AND PERIODIC TREND IN PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS MODERN PERIODIC LAW Moder n Periodic Table Long Form of Periodic Table Features Periodic table Type of Elements s-block elements p-block elements d-block elements f-block elements TRENDS IN PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS Atomic Size or Radius Covalent radius Van der Waals radius Metallic radius Ionic radius Factors affecting size Variation in the value of radii Ionization Enthalpy Factors affecting ionization energy Variation in value of ionization energy Electron Gain Enthalpy or Electron Affinity (EA) Factors affecting electron affinity Variation in value of electron affinity Electronegativity Factors affecting electronegativity Variation in electronegativity value Applications of electronegativity Nature of Oxides and Hydroxides Nature of Oxy-acids Nature of Hydrides Atomic Volume Boiling Point, Melting Point and Density Hydration Energy (∆ Hy.) and Lattice Energy (U) Ionic Mobility CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 13: Chemical Bonding Chapter Highlights BONDS VALENCY CHEMICAL BOND Types of Bonds IONIC OR KERNEL BOND Conditions for the Formation of an Ionic Bond Born–Haber Cycle Properties of Ionic Compounds COVALENT BOND Features of Covalent Compounds Sigma (σ) Bond Pi (π) Bond To Find the Number of Sigma and Pi Bonds in a Molecule COORDINATE OR SEMI-POLAR BOND HYDROGEN BOND Intermolecular H-Bonding Facts Related to Intermolecular Hydrogen Bonding Effects of Intermolecular H-Bonding Intramolecular H-Bonding or Chelation Effects of Intramolecular H-Bonding METALLIC BONDING Conditions for Formation of Metallic Bond Properties Related to Metallic Bond Demerits of Electron-Sea Model RESONANCE Resonance Energy Stability of Different Canonical Structures Types of Resonance HYBRIDIZATION Facts About Hybridization Types of Hybridization Rules to Find the Type of Hybridization For covalent compounds and ions Rule to find the geometry of covalent compounds To find lone pair of electrons Hybridization in complexes VSEPR (Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory) sp3 Hybridization sp3d Hybridization sp3d2 Hybridization sp3d3 Hybridization Dipole Moment Exception Specific Cases of Dipole Moment Uses MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY Facts Related to HoMOs and LuMOs Formation of Various Molecular Orbital Order of Filling Electrons in Molecular Orbital Some Orders Related to Molecular Orbital Theory Some Important Features of a Bond Bond length Bond energy Bond angle Van der Waals interactions CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Question Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 14: Chemistry of Representive Elements Chapter Highlights s-BLOCK AND p-BLOCK ELEMENTS ALKALI METALS (GROUP IA) Trends in Physical Properties Chemical Properties of Alkali Metals Effect of air Reaction with O2 Reaction with water Reaction with hydrogen Reaction with halogen Reactivity order Metal carbonates (M2CO3) Metal bicarbonates (MHCO3) Formation of amalgam Effect of Heat on Alkali Metal Salts Effect on carbonates Effect on nitrates ALKALINE EARTH METALS (GROUP IIA) Trends in Physical Properties Chemical Properties and Compounds Oxides (MO) Hydroxides M(OH)2 Hydrides (MH2) Halides (MX2) Nitrides (M3N2) Carbides (MC2) Carbonates (MCO3) Sulphates (MSO4) Metal nitrates [M(NO3)2] BORON FAMILY (GROUP IIIA OR GROUP 13) Properties of Boron Family Atomic and ionic radii Boiling point and melting point Electropositive nature Oxidation state Ionization energy Nature of compounds Reactivity CARBON FAMILY Properties of Carbon Family Atomic radii Ionization enthalpy Electronegativity Oxidation states Allotropy Melting and boiling points Density Abnormal behaviour of carbon Hydrides Halides Oxides NITROGEN FAMILY(GROUP VA OR GROUP 15) Properties of Nitrogen Family Atomic radii Ionization enthalpy Electronegativity Electron affinity Melting and boiling point Oxidation state Catenation Allotropy Oxides OXYGEN FAMILY (CHALCOGENS) (GTOUP VIA OR GROUP 16) Properties of Oxygen Family Atomic and ionic radii Ionization enthalpy Electronegativity Electron gain enthalpies or electron afἀnity Oxidation States Non-metallic and metallic character Allotropy Reactivity Hydrides (H2M) Halides Oxides (MO2, MO3 type) Oxyacids HALOGEN FAMILY (SEA SALT FORMING) (GROUP VII A OR GROUP 17) Properties of Halogen Family Atomic and ionic radii Ionization enthalpy Electronegativity Oxidation state Nature of bonds Non-metallic character Physical state Colour Bond dissociation energy or enthalpy of dissociation Bond length in X2 molecule Melting and boiling point Electron afἀnity Oxidizing power Order of reactivity NOBLE GASES OR ZERO GROUP (GROUP VIIIA OR GROUP 18) Properties of Noble Gases Atomic radii or van der Waals radii Ionization enthalpy Electron gain enthalpy or electron affinity Melting and boiling point Solublility Adsorption Diffusion EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Previous Years' Questions Chapter 15: Chemistry of Non-Metals I Chapter Highlights HYDROGEN, OXYGEN AND NITROGEN HYDROGEN OR ROGUE ELEMENT Resemblance of Hydrogen with Alkali Metals (Group IA) Resemblance with Halogens Isotopes of Hydrogen Isotopic effect Different Forms of Hydrogen Nascent hydrogen Occluded hydrogen Preparation of Hydrogen By the action of water on metals By the action of water on ionic hydrides Industrial methods Bosch Process Lane Method Uyeno method Water gas shift reaction From hydrocarbons From natural gas Properties of Hydrogen Reactions of Hydrogen Reaction with nitrogen Reaction with metals Reducing properties Hydrogenation reactions Uses of Hydrogen Hydrogen economy HYDRIDES Types of Hydrides Metallic or interstitial hydrides Covalent or molecular hydrides OXYGEN (O2) Preparation of Oxygen Properties of Oxygen Reactions with metals Reactions with various compounds Oxidative reactions Uses of Oxygen OXIDES Classfication Normal oxides Poly oxides (O–O) Based upon nature OZONE (O3) Preparation of Ozone Decomposition Oxidizing property Reducing properties Bleaching action Ozonolysis Structure of Ozone Uses of Ozone WATER HYDRATES OR HYDRATED SALTS HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) Preparation of H2O2 Merck method By the electrolysis of (50%) or moderately concentrated H2SO4 By redox reaction Concentrating H2O2 Strength of H2O2 Storage of H2O Physical Properties of H2O2 Chemical Properties of H2O2 Oxidizing properties Structure of H2O2 Uses of H2O2 NITROGEN (N2) Preparation of Nitrogen Properties of Nitrogen Oxides of Nitrogen AMMONIA (NH3) Preparation of Ammonia Properties of Ammonia NITRIC ACID (HNO3) Preparation of Nitric Acid Properties of Nitric Acid Uses of Nitric Acid Structure of Nitric Acid CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Previous Years' Questions Chapter 16: Chemistry of Non-Metals II Chapter Highlights BORON, CARBON, SILICON, PHOSPHORUS, SULPHUR, HALOGENS, NOBLE GASES BORON (5B11) Occurrence Extraction of Boron Properties of Boron Physical properties Chemical properties Uses of Boron Compounds of Boron Boric acid or orthoboric acid (H3BO3 or B(OH)3) Hydrides of Boron Diborane (B2H6) Halides of Boron (BX3) Preparation Properties Lewis acid character Structure of BF3 CARBON(6C12) Occurrence Crystalline Form Diamond Graphite (Black Lead or Plumbago) Fullerenes Amorphous Form Coal Wood charcoal Animal charcoal Properties of Carbon Formation of carbon dioxide Formation of carbides Reducing properties Reaction with non-metals Compounds of Carbon Carbon Monoxide :C≡O: Carbon dioxide O=C=O Carbides SILICON (28Si14) Occurrence Preparation of Silicon From silica From silicon tetrachloride From silicon hydride Properties of Silicon Amorphous Crystalline Reaction with Steam Uses of Silicon Compound of Silicon Silicones Occurrence Preparation of Silicon From silica From silicon tetrachloride From silicon hydride Properties of Silicon Amorphous Crystalline Reaction with Steam Uses of Silicon Compound of Silicon Silicones Silicates Phosphrous(15P31) Occurrence Allotropic Forms of Phosphorus White phosphorus Red phosphorus Black Phosphorous Preparation Properties Structure Phosphorus Trichloride (PCl3) Preparation Physio-chemical Properties Structure Phosphorus Pentachloride (PCl5) Preparation Physio-chemical properties Uses Structure Phosphine (PH3) Preparation Physical Properties Chemical properties Uses Structure Oxide of Phosporous Phosphorus trioxide (P4O6) Phosphorus pentoxide (P4O10) Oxyacids of Phosphorus Phosphorus Acid (H3PO3) Orthophosphoric Acid (H3PO4) Pyrophosphoric acid (H4P2O7) Metaphosporic acid (HPO3) FERTILIZERS Nitrogenous Fertilizers Urea or carbamide (NH2CONH2) Calcium cyanamide (CaCN2) Ammonium sulphate or sindri fertilizer [(NH4)2 SO4] Basic calcium nitrate Calcium ammonium nitrate (CAN) Phosphatic Fertilizers Superphosphate of lime Triple superphosphate Thomas slag or phosphate slag Nitrophos Potash Fertilizers Mixed Fertilizers SULPHUR (16S32) Occurrence Extraction of Sulphur Properties of Sulphur Allotropic forms Effect of heat Reducing properties Reaction with alkalies Compounds of Sulphur Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) Sulphur Trioxide (SO3) Preparation of hybridized structures of SO2 Sulphuric acid (H2SO4) Sodium Thiosulphate or Hypo (Na2S2O3 .5H2O) Preparation of sodium trosulphate Properties of sodium thiosulphate Uses of sodium thiosulphate HALOGENS AND HALOGEN ACIDS Fluorines (9F19) Occurrence Preparation of fluroine Properties of fluorine Uses of fluroine Chlorine (17Cl35) Occurrence Preparation of chlorine Dichloro oxide (Cl2O) Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) Dichlorine hexoxide (Cl2O6) Chlorine Heptoxide (Cl2O7) Hypochlorous Acid (HClO) Preparation Physiochemical properties Uses Structure Chlorous Acid (HClO2) Preparation Physiochemical properties Structure Chloric Acid (HClO3) Preparation Physiochemical properties Structure Preparation Physiochemical properties Structure Uses Properties of Chlorine Uses of chlorine Bromine(35Br80) Occurrence Preparation of Bromine Properties of Bromine Uses of bromine Iodine(53l127) Occurrence Preparation of iodine Properties of iodine Common Reactions of Halogens Reaction with hydrogen Hydra Acids (HX) Methods of preparation Properties of hydra acids Uses of hydra acids NOBLE GASES Occurrence Isolation or Separation of Noble Gases from Air Ramsay–Rayleigh l method Ramsay–Rayleigh ll method Fischer–Ringe’s method Separation of Noble Gases from a Mixture Dewar’s charcoal adsorption method Physical Method or Fractional Distillation of Liquid Air Physicochemical Properties Compounds of Inert Gases Compounds of Xenon Xenon Diἀuoride (XeF2) Preparation of xenon difluoride Properties of xenon diffuoride Structure of XeF2 Xenon Tetraἀuoride (XeF4) Preparation of xenone tetrafluoride Properties of xenone tetrafluoride Xenon hexafluoride (XeF6) Preparation of xenon hexafluoride Properties of xenon hexafluoride Oxides of Xenon Oxides of trioxide XeO3 XeO4 Uses of Inert Gases Helium (2He4) Neon(10Ne20) Argon(18Ar40) Krypton(36Kr84) Xenon(54Kr131) Radon(86Kr222) CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Previous Years' Questions Chapter 17: Chemistry of Lighter Elements Chapter Highlights SODIUM, POTASSIUM, MAGNESIUM, CALCIUM, ALUMINIUM SODIUM (11NA23) Occurrence Preparation of Sodium Down’s method Castner process Compounds of sodium Caustic soda or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) Preparation of sodium hydroxide Gossage or causticization method Lowing’s method Electrolysis of brine solution [aqueous NaCl] Properties of NaOH Uses of NaOH Sodium chloride (NaCl) Properties of Sodium chloride Sodium Bicarbonate or Baking Stoda (NaHCO3) Methods of preparation Properties of sodium carbonate POTASSIUM (19K39) Occurrence Extraction of Potassium By the electrolysis of fused KOH Modern method Compounds of Potassium Potassium hydroxide (KOH) Preparation of potassium chloride Properties of potassium chloride Uses of potassium chloride MAGNESIUM (12Mg24) Occurrence Extraction of Magnesium By the electrolysis of anhydrous MgCl2 or MgO By thermal reduction of MgO Properties of Magnesium Uses of Magnesium Compounds of Magnesium Properties and uses of magnesia Magnesium Chloride (MgCl2) Properties and uses of magnesium chloride Magnesium Sulphate or Epsom Salt or Epsomite Properties of magnesium sulphate Uses of magnesium sulphate CALCIUM (20Ca40) Occurrence Extraction of Calcium Properties of Calcium Uses of Calcium Compounds of Calcium Calcium oxide or quick-lime (CaO) Uses of calcium oxide Preparation of calcium hydroxide Properties of calcium hydroxide Calcium oxide or marble or limestone (CaCO3) Preparation of calcium oxide Preparation of calcium sulphate dihydrate Properties of calcium sulphate dihydrate Uses of calcium sulphate dihydrate Properties of bleaching powder Uses of bleaching powder ALUMINIUM (9Al27) Occurrence Extraction of Aluminium Bayer process Hall’s process Serpeck’s process Electrolysis of fused alumina (Hall and Heroult’s method) Properties of Aluminium Uses of Aluminium Some Important Alloys of Aluminium Compounds of Aluminium Aluminium chloride AlCl3 or Al2Cl6 Macah’s method Properties of aluminium chloride Uses of aluminium chloride Alums Uses of alums Cement Composition of cement Setting of Cement BIOLOGICAL ROLE OF Na, K, Mg, Ca Sodium (Na) Functions Potassium (K) Function Calcium (Ca) Function Deficiency Magnesium (Mg) Function Deficiency CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Previous Years' Questions Chapter 18: Chemistry of Heavier Elements (Metallurgy) Chapter Highlights IRON, COPPER, SILVER, ZINC, MERCURY, TIN, LEAD HEAVIER ELEMENTS Occurrence in Atmosphere Occurrence in Sea Occurrence in Earth Crust (Lithosphere) Classification of Ores EXTRACTION OF METALS (METALLURGY) Crushing of Ore Removal of Impurities from the Crushed Ore Reduction of Metal Oxides into Free Metals Reἀning or Purification of Metals Physical methods Chemical methods Metallurgical processes IMPORTANT ORES OF Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg, Sn AND Pb Ores of Iron (Fe) Ores of Copper (Cu) Ores of Silver (Ag) Ores of Zinc (Zn) Ores of Mercury (Hg) Ores of Tin (Sn) EXTRACTION OF Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg, EXTRACTION OF Fe, Cu, Ag, Zn, Hg, Surface treatment of steel Uses of steel OXIDES Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) Preparation Properties Reaction with NaOH Effect of heat Some other reactions Uses Cupric Oxide (CuO) Preparation Properties Uses Cuprous Oxide (Cu2O) Preparation Properties Silver Oxide (Ag2O) Preparation Properties Zinc Oxide (ZnO) Preparation Properties Uses Stannous Oxide (SnO) Preparation Properties Stannic Oxide (SnO2) Preparation Properties Uses Lead Monoxide (PbO) Preparation Properties Uses Lead Dioxide (PbO2) Preparation Properties Uses Red Lead (Pb3O4) Preparation Properties Uses HALIDES Ferric Chloride (FeCl3) Preparation Properties Uses Cupric Chloride (CuCl2. 2H2O) Preparation Properties Silver Bromide (AgBr) Preparation Properties Uses Zinc Chloride (ZnCl2.2H2O) Preparation Properties Uses Mercuric Chloride (HgCl2) Properties Uses Mercurous Chloride or Calomel (Hg2Cl2) Preparation Properties Uses Stannous Chloride (SnCl2) Preparation Properties Uses Stannic Chloride (SnCl4) Preparation Properties Uses Lead Chloride or Plumbous Chloride (PbCl2) Preparation Properties Lead Tetrachloride or Plumbic Chloride (PbCl4) Preparation Properties SULPHATES Ferrous Sulphate or Green Vitriol (FeSO4 .7H2O) Preparation Properties Uses Copper Sulphate or Blue Vitriol (CuSO4 .5H2O) Preparation Properties Uses Zinc Sulphide (ZnS) Preparation Properties Uses Zinc Sulphate or White Vitriol (ZnSO4 .7H2O) Preparation Properties Uses CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 19: Transition Metals Including Lanthanides and Actinides Chapter Highlights d-BLOCK AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS TRANSITION ELEMENTS Electronic Configuration In case of 3d-series In case of 4d-series In Case of 5d-Series Physicochemical Properties Metallic character and related properties Atomic volume and density Melting Point and Boiling Point Atomic radii Ionic radii Ionization potential Variable oxidation state Reactivity Complex formation Catalytic activity Magnetic properties Alloy Formation Formation of non-stoichiometric compounds and interstitial compounds Standard reduction potential and reducing property Some Important Compounds of Transition Elements Oxides Halides Sulphides Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) Uses K2Cr2O7 INNER TRANSITION ELEMENTS OR F-BLOCK ELEMENTS Lanthanides Oxidation states Colour Properties dependent on standard reduction potential (E°) values Physical properties Magnetic properties Chemical reactivity Lanthanide Contraction Consequences of lanthanide contraction Actinides or Actinones Actinides have Following Important Properties: Electronic Configuration Oxidation State Physical properties Chemical reactivity Magnetic property CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type Match the Column Type Previous Year’s Questions Chapter 20: Coordination Compounds Chapter Highlights COORDINATION COMPLEXES TYPES OF COORDINATION COMPLEXES Perfect or Penetrating Complex Imperfect or Normal Complex REPRESENTATION OF A COORDINATE COMPLEX TERMS RELATED TO A COMPLEX Coordination Sphere Central Metal Atom or Ion or Centre of Coordination Ligand Unidentate ligands Bidentate ligands Tridentate ligands Tetradentate ligands Pentadentate ligands Hexadentate ligands Chelating ligands Ambidentate ligands Flexidentate ligands π-acid ligands Coordination Number or Ligancy Effective Atomic Number (EAN) PREPARATION OF COMPLEXES By Substitution Reactions By Direct Combinations By Redox Reactions NOMENCLATURE OF COORDINATION COMPOUNDS ISOMERISM IN COORDINATION COMPOUNDS Structural Isomerism Ionization isomerism Hydrate isomerism Linkage isomerism Coordination isomerism Polymerization isomerism Ligand isomerism Valency isomerism Coordination position isomerism Stereo Isomerism Geometrical isomerism Optical isomerism BONDING IN COMPLEXES Werner’s Theory Primary valency Secondary valency Valence Bond Theory Postulates for valance bond theory Structures and shapes of complexes on the basis of valence bond theory Crystal Field Theory Features of crystal field theory Splitting in octahedral and tetrahedral complexes Crystal field stabilization energy depends upon Significance of ∆o Magnetic nature and colour of complex Spectrochemical Series Applications of crystal Ḁeld theory ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS Types of Organometallic Compounds σ-bonded organometallic compounds Preparation π-bonded organometallic compounds Preparation σ- and π-bonded organometallic compounds Preparation Structure and bonding in metal carbonyl Applications of Organometallic Compounds As homogeaneous catalysts As heterogenous catalysts In analytical chemistry In extraction of metals Biological applications Coordination Compounds in Biological System Haemoglobin Chlorophyll Vitamin B12 or cyanocobalamin (C63H88CoN14O14P) CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 21: Nuclear Chemistry Chapter Highlights RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR REACTIONS RADIOACTIVITY Reasons for Unstable Nucleus or Radioactivity Nature of Radiations Group Displacement Law Radioactive Disintegration Series Rate of Radioactive Disintegration and Disintegration Constant Radioactive Equilibrium or Steady State Half-life Period (t½ ) Average Life NUCLEAR REACTIONS Difference Between a Nuclear and a Chemical Reaction Types of Nuclear Reactions Nuclear Fission Controlled chain reaction Facts about Nuclear Reactor Uncontrolled chain reaction Spallation Nuclear Fusion Uses of Artificial Radioactive Isotope Carbon dating Rock dating In medicines In industry In agriculture Bioprocesses (Tracer technique) SOLVED EXAMPLES Mass Defect and Binding Energy Number of α and β Particles Half-life, Rate Constant Carbon Dating, Rock Dating TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 22: Purification and Characterization of Carbon Compounds Chapter Highlights METHODS OF PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION PURIFICATION Sublimation Crystallization Fractional Crystallization Fractional Distillation Steam Distillation Vacuum Distillation or Distillation Under Reduced Pressure Chromatography Types of chromatography Some Separation Methods Based on Chemicals DETECTION OF ELEMENTS OR QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS Test for Carbon and Hydrogen Test for Nitrogen Test for Sulphur Middleton’s test Test for Phosphorus Test for Halogens Beilstein’s test CHCl3 or CCl4 layer test (for Br and I) ESTIMATION OF ELEMENTS OR QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen Estimation of Nitrogen Duma’s method Kjeldahl’s method Estimation of Halogens Carius method Estimation of Phosphorus Estimation of Sulphur MOLECULAR WEIGHT DETERMINATION Silver salt method Platinichloride method Volumetric method Victor Mayer Method EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULAS Empirical Formula Duma’s method Kjeldahl’s method Molecular Formula MODERN METHODS OF STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION Mass Spectroscopy SOLVED EXAMPLES CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE TOOL BOX AND SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT RELATIONS EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 23: General Organic Chemistry I Chapter Highlights NOMENCLATURE AND ISOMERISM ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS Berzelius Hypothesis Wohler’s Synthesis Modern Definition of Organic Chemistry Diversity of Organic Compounds Catenation Electronegativity and strength of bonds Tendency to form multiple bonds Isomerism Tetravalency of carbon Classification of Organic Compounds Acyclic compounds Cyclic compounds HOMOLOGOUS SERIES Characteristics of Homologous Series Hydrocarbon radicals HYBRIDIZATION Facts about Hybridization Types of Hybridization (1) sp Hybridization (2) sp2 Hybridization IUPAC SYSTEM Basic Rules of Nomenclature Selection of the Longest Chain of C-atoms Rules for Numbering of C-atoms of the Chain Lowest Sum Rule Naming of Complex Alkyl Substituents FUNCTIONAL GROUP PREFERENCE TABLE Examples of Nomenclature Acid derivatives Cynides and Isocynides Nomenclature of Aromatic Compounds Some Speciἀc Examples ISOMERISM Structural or Constitutional Isomerism Chain or skeleton or nuclear isomerism Ring chain isomerism Position isomerism Functional isomerism Metamerism Tautomerism Some Specific Cases of Tautomerism Stereoisomerism or Space Isomerism Geometrical isomerism Geometrical isomerism in alkenes Optical isomerism Plane polarized light To find the number of optical isomers Conformational Isomerism CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Assertion-Reason Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 24: General Organic Chemistry II Chapter Highlights REACTION INTERMEDIATES AND REACTION MECHANISMS BOND FISSION Homolytic Fission or Homolysis Heterolytic Fission or Heterolysis ELECTROPHILE OR ELECTROPHILLIC SPECIES Positively Charged Electrophiles Exception Neutral electrophiles NUCLEOPHILE OR NUCLEOPHILIC SPECIES Negatively charged Neutral REACTION INTERMEDIATES Charged Reaction Intermediates Carbocation or carbonium ion Carbanion or carbanium ion Carbene Formation of carbenes Nitrene Free Radicals ELECTRON DISPLACEMENT EFFECTS Inductive Effect +I Effect Application of inductive effect Stability of Carbocations Stability of carbanion Some important relations Basic nature of aliphatic amines Electromeric Effect +E effect Resonance Resonance energy Stability of different canonical structure Types of resonance Hyper Conjugation Mesomeric Effect +M effect –M effect Consequences of Mesomeric Effect Stability of substituted benzyl carbocations: Basicity of compounds containing nitrogen: REACTION MECHANISMS Substitution or Displacement Reaction Types of substitution reactions Electrophilic Substitution Mechanism of halogenation Mechanism of Sulphonation Mechanism of alkylation Mechanism of acylation Nucleophillic substitution: Addition Reactions Electrophilic Addition Mechanism Nucleophilic Addition Reaction Mechanism Specific Example Elimination Reaction α-elimination or 1,1 elimination reaction α–β or 1, 2 elimination reaction Mechanism of dehydration Rearrangement Reactions CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single option correct type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 25: Hydrocarbons and Petroleum Chapter Highlights HYDROCARBONS ALKANES Methods of Preparation of Alkanes By decarboxylation of sodium salts of faty acids Corey–house synthesis Birch reduction Wolf–Kishner reduction Clemmensen reduction Physical Properties of Alkanes Chemical Properties of Alkanes Halogenation Pyrolysis or cracking Isomerization Alkylation ALKENES OR OLEFINS Methods of Preparation of Alkenes From dehalogenation of dihalogen derivative By Kolbe’s electrolytic reaction By partial reduction of alkynes From Grignard reagent By heating tetraalkyl ammonium halide or hydroxide From esters by pyrolysis Wittig reaction Physical Properties of Alkenes Chemical Properties of Alkenes ALKYNES Methods of Preparation of Alkynes From carbides Kolbe’s method By elimination reaction Physical Properties Chemical Properties Hydrogenation Stereochemistry of the reaction Reaction with halogen Reaction with HCN Reaction with alcohol Reaction with acetic acid Reaction with AsCl3 BENZENE Methods of Preparation of Benzene From light oil fraction From petroleum From acetylene From phenol From chlorobenzene From benzoic acid From benzene diazonium chloride From benzene sulphonic acid Physical Properties Chemical Properties Addition reaction Electrophilic substitution reaction Various Structural Formulae of Benzene Landenberg prism formula Clausing diagonal formula Dewars parallel’s formula Baeyer and Armstrong centric formula Resonance Hybrid of Kekule’s structure of Benzene TOLUENE OR METHYL BENZENE Methods of Preparation of Toluene From light oil fraction of coal tar Physical Properties Chemical Properties Reactions due to benzene ring PETROLEUM Synthetic petrol Bergius method Fischer Tropsch method Refining of petroleum Liqueἀed petroleum gas (LPG) Natural gas Compressed natural gas (CNG) Octane number Cetane number Flash point Cracking Liquid phase cracking CONCEPT AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Year’s Questions Chapter 26: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Halogens (X) Chapter Highlights HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES HALOALKANES Monohalides (R–X) Dihalides (Cn H2n X2) Trihalides (Cn H2n–1 – 1 X3) or haloforms Tetrahalides Monohalides Methods of preparation Bromoalkanes Physical properties of monohalides Solubility Chemical properties of monohalides Dihalides Gem or geminal halide or alkylidene halides Vic or vicinal dihalide or alkylene halides Trihalides or Haloforms (CHX3) Chloroform (CHCl3) CCl4 OR PYRENE (CARBON TETRA-CHLORIDE) Methods of preparation Physical properties of pyrene Chemical properties of pyrene TEFLON (–CF 2–CF2–)n CHLOROBENZENE Methods of preparation Physical properties of Chlorobenzene Chemical properties of Chlorobenzene CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions Chapter 27: Alcohol, Phenol, Ether Chapter Highlights ALCOHOLS, PHENOL AND ETHER ALCOHOLS Types of Alcohols Monohydric alcohols Dihydric alcohols Trihydric alcohols Nomenclature of Alcohols Isomerism Shown by Alcohols General Methods of Preparation From alkanes (R–H) From haloalkanes (R–X) From ether (R–O–R) From grignard reagent By the reduction of carbonyl compound (R–CHO and R–CO–R) By the reduction of acids and acid derivatives (R–COOH, R–COX, R–COOR) From primary amines By hydrolysis of esters Industrial preparation Oximercuration and demercuration of alkenes Oxo process Some specific preparations Physical Properties of Alcohol Chemical Properties of Alcohols Reactions with cleavage of O–H bond or due to H+ Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds Reaction Due to –OH Group (Cleavage of C–OH type) Reaction of R–OH Test for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Alcohols Lucas Method Victor Mayer method Ethylene Glycol Methods of preparation Physical properties of ethylene glycol Chemical properties of ethylene glycol Oxidation By Periodic Acid (HIO4) Uses of ethylene glycol Glycerol or Glycerine Method of preparation of glycerol Physical Properties of Glycerol Chemical properties of glycerol Reaction with HIO4 Tests of glycerol Uses of glycerol PHENOLS Dihydroxy derivatives of benzene Trihydroxy derivatives of benzene PHENOL OR CARBOLIC ACID Methods of Preparation From middle oil fraction of coal tar distillation Lab method Commercial process or Dow’s method From benzene diazonium chloride From grignard reagent From salicylic acid Industrial method (From cumene) Physical Properties of Phenol Chemical Properties of Phenol Electrophilic subsitution Reaction due to OH group Other reactions Test of Phenol Uses of Phenol ETHERS (R–O–R ) Nomenclature of Ethers Isomerism Shown by Ethers Methods of Preparation Williamson synthesis From R–X From alcohols By alkoxy mercuration-demercuration From grignard reagent Aromatic ethers Synthesis of methoxy ethers Physical Properties of Ethers Chemical Reactions Shown by Ethers Peroxide formation Ether peroxide Reaction with lewis acids Formation of oxonium salts Reaction with sulphuric acid Acylation by R–COCl or (R–CO)2 O Reaction with carbon monoxide Reaction with PCl5 Halogenation Dehydration of ether Epoxy Ethers Methods of Preparation of Epoxy Ethers CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 28: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen-II Chapter Highlights ALDEHYDES, KETONES, ACIDS AND ACID DERIVATIVES ALDEHYDES AND KETONES Isomerism Shown by Aldehydes and Ketones General Methods of Preparation for both R–CHO and R–CO–R By Wacker method By the hydration of alkynes (Kucherov’s Reaction) By oxidation of alcohols From diols From amines By decarboxylation of calcium salts of carboxylic acids Preparations for Aldehydes only From Stephen’s reduction From Alkenes by oxo method Preparation for Ketones only From organo metallics By acylation of alkenes Physical Properties Chemical Properties Reactions due to carbonyl group Reduction Reactions Name Reactions Oxidation with SeO2 Reactions Shown only by Aldehydes Reducing properties Reaction with alcohol Reactions Shown by Ketones Only Reaction with chloroform BENZALDEHYDE Methods of Preparation From toluene By the hydrolysis of benzal chloride From benzyl chloride From distillation of mixture of calcium benzoate and calcium formate By Rosenmund reduction By Stephen’s reaction Gatterman aldehyde reaction By Gattermann–Koch reaction By Vilsmeyer Reaction Physical Properties Chemical Properties Benzaldehyde vs Aliphatic Aldehydes CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Isomerism Shown by Acids General Method of Preparation From Grignard reagent and carbon dioxide From dicarboxylic acid or esters Physical Properties Chemical Properties Reactions due to –COOH group BENZOIC ACID Methods of Preparation Chemical Properties DICARBOXYLIC ACID Method of Preparation Physical Properties Chemical Properties MALONIC ACID Method of preparation Properties LACTIC ACID Method of preparation Properties ACID DERIVATIVES Nucleophillic Substitution Reaction ACID HALIDES Methods of Preparation Physical Properties Chemical properties Reduction Reactions Acid Anhydride Methods of Preparation Physical Properties Chemical Properties Amides Methods of Preparation Physical Properties Chemical Properties Esters Methods of Preparation Mechanism of Esteriἀcation Physical Properties Chemical Properties CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years' Question Chapter 29: Organic Compounds with Functional Groups Containing Nitrogen Chapter Highlights AMINES, CYANIDES, ISOCYANIDES AND NITROCOMPOUNDS SOME NITRO COMPOUNDS Alkyl Nitrites and Nitro Alkanes Alkyl Nitrite Methods of preparation Physical properties Chemical properties Nitro Alkanes Method of preparation Physical properties Chemical properties Nitrobenzene Methods of preparation Physical properties Chemical properties Friedel crafts reaction Reduction of nitro benzene Uses AMINES Introduction and Nomenclature Methods of Preparation for all Types of Amines By Hoffmann method By ammonolysis of alcohols Separation of primary, secondary, and tertiary amine and quaternary ammonium salt Methods of Preparation of Primary Amines By reduction of cyanides By reduction of nitro alkanes By reduction of amides By reduction of oximes From alkyl halides and alcohols From grignard reagent By decarboxylation of α-amino acids By hydrolysis of isocyanides and isocyantes From acids By schmidt reaction By Gabriel phthalamide synthesis By the reaction of Azide with NaBH4 By curtivs rearrangement Methods of Preparation for Secondary Amines Platinum catalysed reduction of Iso Cyanides Mannich reaction Hydrolysis of Dialkyl cyanamide Using Grignard reagent Methods of Preparation for Tertiary Amines Reduction of N, N-disubstituted amides By decomposition of Tetra-ammonium hydroxides Physical Properties of Amines Chemical Properties Basic nature Basic nature orders of amines: Reaction with nitrous acid (HNO2): Reaction with NOCl Libermann’s nitroso test Reaction with COCl2 Acetylation or reaction with CH3COCl Carbylamine reaction Aniline or Amino Benzene Methods of Preparation By reduction of nitro benzene From chlorobenzene From phenol From phenyl magnesium bromide Schmidt reaction From benzoic acid By the Hydrolysis of Isocyanide and Isocyanate From benzene sulphonic acid Physical Properties Chemical Properties Electrophilic substitution Halogenation Arylation Friedel crafts reaction Reactions Due to NH2 Group Salt formation Alkylation Acylation Benzylation (schotten bauman reaction) With benzaldehyde Reduction With phosgene With CS2 With benzene chlorosulphonic acid Benzene Diazonium Chloride Diazotization Coupling Reactions With Phenol With Aniline With N,N-dimethyl aniline With anisole With alkaline solution of β–naphthol Cyanides and isocyanides CYANIDES Methods of Preparation From alkyl halide From grignard reagent By the dehydration of amides By the dehydrogenation of primary amines From oximes Physical Properties Chemical Properties Hydrolysis Reduction Stephen's reduction Alcoholysis With Grignard reagent ISOCYANIDES Preparation of RNC Carbylamine reaction From alkyl halides By the dehydration of N-substituted formamides Physical Properties Chemical Properties Hydrolysis Reduction Heating effect or isomerization Addition reactions CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 30: Polymers Chapter Highlights NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS INTRODUCTION Polymers and Macromolecules CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS Classification Bases on Origin Natural polymer or biopolymers Semi synthetic polymers Synthetic polymers Classification Based on Synthesis Addition or chain growth polymers FREE RADICAL ADDITION POLYMERIZATION Condensation or step growth polymers Classification Based on Structure Linear polymers Branch chain polymers Three dimensional network or crossed linked polymers Classiἀcation Based on Molecular Forces Elastomers Fibres Thermoplastic Thermosetting Homopolymer and co-polymers Some Commercially Important Polymers and their Uses Addition polymers Condensation polymers Poly ß-hydroxy butyrate — co-ß-hydroxy valarate (PHBV) Some more polymers CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Year’s Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Previous Year’s Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Previous Year’s Questions Chapter 31: Biomolecules and Biological Processes Chapter Highlights BIOMOLECULES AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BIOMOLECULES THE CELL Structure of the Cell Extracellular coat Plasma membrane CARBOHYDRATES Classification of Carbohydrates Monosaccharides STRUCTURE OF MONOSACCHARIDES As due to ring formation Glucose or grape sugar or dextrose Disaccharides Polysaccharides Starch (C6H10O5)n Cellulose (C6H10O5)n Gum and pectins Test of Carbohydrates Molisch’s test AMINO ACIDS Effect of pH on the Structure of α-Amino Acid Isoelectric point Types of Amino Acids Essential amino acids Peptide bond or peptide linkage Ramachandaran angles PROTEINS Fibrous Proteins Globular Protiens Hydrolysis of proteins Structure of Proteins Detection of Protein Biuret test Millon’s test Nin-hydrin test Xantho protein test ENZYMES Properties of Enzymes Enzymes and diseases Some common examples of enzyme catalyzed reactions NUCLEIC ACID Constituents of Nucleic Acid Sugars Nucleosides Nucleotides Abbreviated names of nucleotides Differences between DNA and RNA Functions of Nucleic Acids Replication Protein synthesis Mutations LIPIDS Type of Lipids VITAMINS Types of Vitamins HORMONES SOME IMPORTANT HORMONES Some Biological Processes Metabolism Catabolism Anabolism Carbohydrate metabolism Lipid metabolism Amino acids metabolism Free energy change in biological processes Digestion Carbohydrate digestion Digestion of proteins Digestion of lipids Photosynthesis Vital Fluids (Water and Blood) Water (an ideal physiological fluid) Blood Immune System Immunity Antigens and antibodies Allergy Steroids Biotechnology Unforgettable Guidelines Antioxidants CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 32: Chemistry in Everyday Life Chapter Highlights DYES, DRUGS AND PROPELLANTS CHEMICALS IN MEDICINE Chemotherapy Aspirin Paracetamol Phenacetin Penicillin Chloramphenicol Sedatives and hypnotics Anti-depressants Some chemicals used in foods Soaps and Detergents Soaps Cleansing action of soap Detergents Cleansing action of detergents PROPELLANTS Solid Propellant Liquid Propellant Mono propellant Biliquid propellant Hybrid propellants Specific Impulse DYES Cause of Exhibition of Colour Chromophore Auxochrome Classification of Dyes Classification of dyes based on their constitution Classification of dyes based on their application Some Advanced Chemical Materials Ceramics Fungicides, Herbicide and Insecticide etc. Rotenticides CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 33: Environment Chemistry Chapter Highlights FORMS AND CAUSES OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ENVIRONMENT Atmosphere Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND POLLUTANTS Types of Pollutants Primary pollutants Secondary pollutants Biodegradable pollutants Non-biodegradable pollutants Types of Pollution Air pollution Acid rain Controlling air pollution Water pollution Soil or land pollution Types of sand or soil pollution Soil salination CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND GREEN CHEMISTRY Green Chemistry CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type Previous Years’ Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type Previous Years’ Questions Chapter 34: Practical Chemistry Chapter Highlights PRINCIPLES OF PRACTICAL CHEMISTRY DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP Detection and Identification of –OH Group Ester Test Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test Detection and Identification of Phenols Litmus Test Ferric Chloride Test Azo-dye Test Libermann’s Reaction Bromine Water Test Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Test Phthalein Test (Fluorescein Test) Detection and Identification of Aldehydic (2CHO) and Ketonic (2–COR) Groups Common Tests (Test of Carbonyl Groups) Differentiation Tests between Aldehydes and Ketones Test given by Ketones only Detection and Identiἀcation –COOH Group Detection Test Confirmatory Tests for Carboxylic Acids Test for Amines (−NH2) Solubility Test Litmus Test Carbylamine Reaction Nitrous Acid Test Azo Dye Test CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN THE PREPARATION OF COMPOUNDS Mohr’s Salt (Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate) (NH4)2SO4.FeSO4.6H2O Preparation Potash Alum K2SO4 Al2 (SO4)3 24 H2O Preparation Physio-Chemical Properties Uses of Alums Acetanilide Preparation of Acetaniline p-Nitro acetanilide Essential Chemicals Needed Theory CHEMISTRY INVOLVED IN THE TITRIMETRIC EXERCISES Acid base Indicators Oxidation–Reduction Titrations Oxalic Acid – KMnO4 Titrations Ferrous Ammonium-Sulphate − KMnO4 Titration Reaction CONFIRMATORY AND CHARACTERISTIC TEST OF ANIONS (ACIDIC RADICALS) Test of Carbonate (CO32) Test of Sulphide (S2) CHARACTERISTIC TEST OF CATIONS Fusion Mixture Test CHEMICAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN THE FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTS Enthalpy of Solution of CuSO4 Observation and Calculations To Determine the Heat of Neutralization of Sodium Hydroxide and Hydrochloric acid Procedure Preparation of Lyophillic and Lyophobic Sols Dispersion method Condensation method Kinetic Study of Reaction between I– and H2O2 in Acidic Medium Apparatus and Chemical Needed Mechanism EXERCISES Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years' Questions ANSWER KEYS Single Option Correct Type More than One Option Correct Type Passage Based Questions Match the Column Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Single Option Correct Type Integer Type Previous Years’ Questions Appendix Highlights ORGANIC REACTIONS NAME REACTIONS NAMED REACTIONS AND THEIR MECHANISMS (1) ALDOL CONDENSATION: Mechanism (2) BAEYER - VILLIGER REARRANGEMENT: Mechanism (3) BECKMANN REARRANGEMENT: Mechanism (4) BENZOIN CONDENSATION: Mechanism (5) CARBYL AMINE REACTION: Mechanism (6) CANNIZARO REACTION: Mechanism (7) CLAISEN CONDENSATION: Mechanism (8) CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT: Mechanism (9) CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION: Mechanism (10) FRIES REARRANGEMENT: Mechanism (11) HALOFORM REACTION: (Mechanism of Haloform Reaction: (12) HOFMANN BROMAMIDE REACTION: Mechanism (13) PERKIN REACTION: Mechanism (14) PINANACOL -PINACOLONE REARRANGEMENT: (15) REIMER - TIEMANN REACTION: (16) SCHMIDT REACTION: (17) WOLFF - KISHNER REDUCTION: Machanism FACTS TO REMEMBER IMPORTANT FACTS TO MEMORIZE IMPORTANT CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS IMPORTANT ORES Some Important Alloys Important Compounds Water Solubility of Some Common Inorganic Compounds Action of Heat on Some Salts Important Processes IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS IMPORTANT ABBREVIATIONS MINERALS WITH METALLIC LUSTURE INCREASING ORDERS IMPORTANT FORMULAE OF REPLACEMENT OF GROUPS IMPORTANT REAGENTS AND MIXTURES IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Mock Test Mock Test 1 ANSWER KEYS HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Mock Test 2 Assertion-Reason Type ANSWER KEYS Assertion-Reason Type HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Assertion-Reason Type Mock Test 3 ANSWER KEYS HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Mock Test 4 ANSWER KEYS HINTS AND SOLUTIONS Mock Test 5 ANSWER KEYS HINTS AND SOLUTIONS
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